Obesity is caused by an energy imbalance where more calories are consumed than expended over time. This imbalance can be due to individual behaviors, environment, and genetics. Excess weight gain leads to health risks like hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease, colon cancer, gallstones, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and liver disease. The risks of these conditions increase with higher BMI and waist circumference. Losing weight through diet and exercise can significantly reduce health risks.
Here is an amazing presentation about our health.....its about life style diseases , even life style diseases are dangerous.they are preventable in nature and can be lowered with alternations in diet & lifestyles. so guys, if you want to know about the prevention.... just open the slide......
Here is an amazing presentation about our health.....its about life style diseases , even life style diseases are dangerous.they are preventable in nature and can be lowered with alternations in diet & lifestyles. so guys, if you want to know about the prevention.... just open the slide......
Represents 30% of all deaths worldwide (15 million deaths/year)
Leading cause of death and disability
CVD burden in developing countries
Risk factors worldwide
Prof. DR. Dr. Rochmad Romdoni, SpJP(K), FINASIM, FIHA, FAsCC. 3rd Pekanbaru Cardiology Update, August 24th 2013. Pangeran Hotel Pekanbaru. Learn more at PerkiPekanbaru.com
This set of fifteen slides tries to share why the morbidly obese are different from the general, non-obese population.
Where other pre-anaesthetic check-ups (PAC) end, it's from there that the PAC of the morbidly or the super-obese individual starts.
Risk Assessment and Management of Cardiovascular Diseases - an English Approach. Lynam E. Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases (Madrid: Ministry of Health and Social Policy; 2010).
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a serious health problem these days which is prevalent in men. It is reported that 1 in 10 adult men suffer from erectile dysfunction. It originates due to various reasons such as stress, depression, hormonal deficiency, etc. Under severe conditions, erectile dysfunction causes many health co-morbidities. In some cases, it has been seen that erectile dysfunction is one of the indicator of other health consequences such as endothelial dysfunction.
This is a brief presentation on one of the major non-communicable diseases i.e cardiovascular diseases(CVD).
Current burden of the disease and risk factors of CVDs have been discussed.
10 Health Risks Associated With Obesity or Being Overweight and Natural Ways ...Naturogain
Dear friend, in this presentation we are going to discuss about the major causes of obesity or being overweight, 10 health risks associated with it and natural ways to avoid them so that you do not face any life threatening consequences.
Health IT Summit San Diego 2015 - Case Study "Analytics Strategy: Enablement, Innovation, Transformation" with Eric Hixson, PhD., Senior Program Administrator, Business Intelligence, Cleveland Clinic
Represents 30% of all deaths worldwide (15 million deaths/year)
Leading cause of death and disability
CVD burden in developing countries
Risk factors worldwide
Prof. DR. Dr. Rochmad Romdoni, SpJP(K), FINASIM, FIHA, FAsCC. 3rd Pekanbaru Cardiology Update, August 24th 2013. Pangeran Hotel Pekanbaru. Learn more at PerkiPekanbaru.com
This set of fifteen slides tries to share why the morbidly obese are different from the general, non-obese population.
Where other pre-anaesthetic check-ups (PAC) end, it's from there that the PAC of the morbidly or the super-obese individual starts.
Risk Assessment and Management of Cardiovascular Diseases - an English Approach. Lynam E. Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases (Madrid: Ministry of Health and Social Policy; 2010).
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a serious health problem these days which is prevalent in men. It is reported that 1 in 10 adult men suffer from erectile dysfunction. It originates due to various reasons such as stress, depression, hormonal deficiency, etc. Under severe conditions, erectile dysfunction causes many health co-morbidities. In some cases, it has been seen that erectile dysfunction is one of the indicator of other health consequences such as endothelial dysfunction.
This is a brief presentation on one of the major non-communicable diseases i.e cardiovascular diseases(CVD).
Current burden of the disease and risk factors of CVDs have been discussed.
10 Health Risks Associated With Obesity or Being Overweight and Natural Ways ...Naturogain
Dear friend, in this presentation we are going to discuss about the major causes of obesity or being overweight, 10 health risks associated with it and natural ways to avoid them so that you do not face any life threatening consequences.
Health IT Summit San Diego 2015 - Case Study "Analytics Strategy: Enablement, Innovation, Transformation" with Eric Hixson, PhD., Senior Program Administrator, Business Intelligence, Cleveland Clinic
Obesity decoded by California Medical Weight Management | calmwm.comgrayjohn
Obesity decoded by California Medical Weight Management. For weight loss tips and proper medical weight loss book an appointment at http://www.calmwm.com/
Modeling an Integrated System for Obesity & Weight ManagementSIMUL8 Corporation
Worldwide obesity has more than doubled since 1980 (WHO; 2015). This is contributing to the growing number of patients living with chronic diseases and placing mounting pressure on health systems.
In 2013, part of the Public Health system in England transferred out of the NHS into local government. Responsibility for the prevention and management of obesity in adults and children transferred with these teams, while parts of the NHS primary and secondary care system remained responsible for aspects of treatment, including bariatric surgery.
This workshop explores the challenges in commissioning a healthcare organization to provide an integrated service for obesity, weight management, and treatment in Nottinghamshire County, UK. These challenges include:
- Estimating the health needs of overweight and obese people across the County
- Taking into account the fact that needs will change over time
- The lack of available evidence
Learn how out how Scenario Generator, a population health modeling and simulation tool, was used to test assumptions and develop the evidence to procure an integrated service
Coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease ANILKUMAR BR
Cardiovascular disease are becoming a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and they are also emerging as prominent national health problem in developing countries.
Coronary artery disease has become the major cause of early death and disability in the population.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) can also be used interchangeably with the terms atherosclerotic heart disease or ischemic heart disease.
All of these terms imply insufficient perfusion of the coronary arteries from an abnormal narrowing of the vessels, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue.
The term coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease, is a condition refers to diseases of the heart that result from a decrease in blood supply to the heart muscle.
Non modifiable risk factors
Modifiable risk factors
Contributing risk factors
Non-communicalbe diseases and its preventionShoaib Kashem
Non communicable disease account for a large and increasing burden of disease worldwide. It is currently estimated that non communicable disease accounts for approximately 60% of global deaths and 43% of global disease burden. This is projected to increase to 73% of deaths and 60% of disease burden by 2020.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. 2009
Obesity
An Overview
Overweight and obesity are both chronic
conditions that are the result of an energy
imbalance over a period of time.
The cause of this energy imbalance can be due
to a combination of several different factors and
varies from one person to another.
Individual behaviors, environmental factors, and
genetics all contribute to the complexity of the
obesity epidemic.
CDC
3. 2009
Energy Imbalance
What is it?
Energy balance can be compared to a scale.
An energy imbalance arises when the number
of calories consumed is not equal to the
number of calories used by the body.
Weight gain usually involves the combination
of consuming too many calories and not
expending enough through physical activity.
Weight Gain
Calories Consumed > Calories Used
Weight Loss
Calories Consumed < Calories Used
No Weight Change
Calories Consumed = Calories Used
CDC
4. 2009
Energy Imbalance
Effects in the Body
Excess energy is stored in fat cells, which enlarge or multiply.
Enlargement of fat cells is known as hypertrophy,
whereas multiplication of fat cells is known as
hyperplasia.
With time, excesses in energy storage lead to obesity.
Fat cells
J La State Med Soc .2005; 156 (1): S42-49.
5. 2009
Weight Classifications
A Review
Body mass index (BMI) is a
mathematical ratio which is calculated
as weight (kg)/ height squared (m2
).
It is used to describe an
individuals relative weight for height, and
is significantly correlated with total
body fat content. BMI is intended
for those 20 years of age and older.
With a BMI of: You are considered:
Below 18.5 Underweight
18.5 - 24.9 Healthy Weight
25.0 - 29.9 Overweight
30 or higher Obese
You can find tables on the web that have done the math and metric conversions for you.
http://www.pbrc.edu/Division_of_Education/Tools/BMI_Calculator.asp
or
http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi
CDC
6. 2009
Mo rtality and Mo rbidity
Associated with Obesity
The effects of excess weight on mortality and morbidity have been recognized
for more than 2,000 years. It was Hippocrates who recognized that “sudden
death is more common in those who are naturally fat than in the lean.”
Today, obesity is increasing rapidly. Research shows that many factors related
to obesity influence mortality and morbidity.
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
7. 2009
Mortality
Weight, Fat Distribution, and Activity
The following factors have been shown to increase
mortality in individuals:
Excess body weight
Regional fat distribution
Weight gain patterns
Sedentary Lifestyle
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
8. 2009
Mortality
Excess Body Weight
Mortality associated with excess body weight increases as
the degree of obesity and overweight increases.
It is estimated that 280,000 to 325,000 deaths a year can
be attributed to obesity in the United States, more than 80%
of these deaths occur among individuals with a BMI greater
than 30 kg/m2
.
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
9. 2009
Regional fat distribution can contribute to mortality.
This was first noted in the beginning of the 20th
century.
Obese individuals with an android (or apple) distribution of body fat are at a
greater risk for diabetes and heart disease than were those with a gynoid
distribution (pear).
Android fat distribution results in higher free fatty acid levels, higher glucose
and insulin levels and reduced HDL levels. It also results in higher blood
pressure and inflammatory markers.
Mortality
Regional Fat Distribution
Android Gynoid
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
10. 2009
In addition to overweight and central fatness,
the amount of weight gain after ages 18 to 20
also predicts mortality.
The Nurses’ Health Study and the Health
Professionals Follow-up Study showed that
a marked increase in mortality from heart
disease is associated with increasing
degrees of weight gain.
Mortality
Weight Gain
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
11. 2009
Sedentary lifestyle is another important component
in the relationship of excess mortality to obesity.
A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of death
at all levels of BMI.
Unfit men in the BMI range of less than 25 kg/m2
had a significantly higher risk than men with a
high level of cardiovascular fitness.
Obese men with a high level of fitness had risks
of death that were not different from fit men with
normal body fat.
Mortality
Sedentary Lifestyle
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
12. 2009
Mo rbidity
Associated with Obesity
Overweight affects several diseases, although
its degree of contribution varies from one
disease to another.
Additionally, the risk of developing a disease
often differs by ethnic group, and by gender
within a given ethnic group.
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
13. 2009
Obstructive sleep apnea
Osteoarthritis
Cardiovascular disorders
Gastrointestinal
disorders
Metabolic disorders
Endometrial, prostate
and breast
cancers
Complications of pregnancy
Menstrual irregularities
Psychological disorders
Individuals who are obese are at a greater risk of developing:
Morbidity
Associated with Obesity
CDC
14. 2009
Cardiovascular Disorders
Associated with Obesity
Hypertension
Stroke
Coronary Artery Disease
Obese individuals are at a greater risk of developing these cardiovascular disorders:
15. 2009
Hypertension
Hypertension (HTN) is the term for high blood pressure.
Hypertension is identified when a blood pressure is
sustained at ≥140/90 mmHg.
High blood pressure is referred to as the “silent killer,”
since there are usually no symptoms with HTN.
Some individuals find out that they have high blood
pressure when they have trouble with their heart, brain,
or kidneys.
NHLBI
16. 2009
Hypertension
The Dangers
The heart to get larger, which may lead to heart failure.
Small bulges (aneurysms) to form in blood vessels.
Blood vessels in the kidney to narrow, which may lead to kidney failure.
Arteries in the body to harden faster, especially those in the
heart, brain, kidneys, and legs. This can cause a heart attack, stroke,
kidney failure, or can lead to amputation of part of the extremities.
Blood vessels in the eye to burst or bleed. This may cause
vision changes and can result in blindness.
Failure to find and treat HTN is serious, as untreated HTN can cause:
NHLBI
17. 2009
Hypertension
Blood pressure is often increased in overweight individuals.
Estimates suggest that control of overweight would eliminate 48%
of the hypertension in Caucasians and 28% in African Americans.
Overweight and hypertension interact with cardiac
function, leading to thickening of the ventricular
wall and larger heart volume, and thus to a
greater likelihood of cardiac failure.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
19. 2009
Stroke
Normally, blood containing oxygen and
nutrients is delivered to the brain, and carbon
dioxide and cellular wastes are removed.
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to
part of the brain is suddenly interrupted by a
blocked vessel or when a blood vessel in the
brain bursts.
Once their supply of oxygen and nutrients
from the blood is cut off to the brain cells,
they die.
NINDS
20. 2009
Stroke
Sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body
Sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech
Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
Sudden trouble with walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination
Sudden severe headache with no known cause
The symptoms of a stroke include:
NINDS
21. 2009
Stroke
There are two forms of stroke: ischemic and hemorrhagic.
Ischemic stroke occurs when an artery to the brain is blocked.
Overweight and obesity increase the risk for ischemic stroke in men and women.
With increasing BMI, the risk of ischemic stroke increases progressively and is
doubled in those with a BMI greater than 30 kg/m2
when compared to those
having a BMI of less than 25 kg/m2
.
Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a blood vessel in the brain erupts.
Overweight and obesity do not increase the risk for hemorrhagic strokes.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 156 (1): S42-49.
NINDS
22. 2009
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a type of atherosclerosis that occurs when the arteries
supplying blood to the heart muscle (coronary arteries) become hardened and narrowed.
This hardening and narrowing is caused by plaque buildup.
As the plaque increases in size, the insides of the coronary arteries get narrower, and
eventually, blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced.
This is critical because blood carries much-needed oxygen to the heart.
NHLBI
23. 2009
Coronary Arteries
Blood Flow
When the heart muscle is not
receiving the amount of oxygen
that it needs, one of two things
can happen:
Angina
Heart Attack
Angina
This is the chest pain or discomfort that occurs
when the heart is not getting enough blood.
Heart attack
This is what happens when a blood clot develops
at the site of the plaque in a coronary artery.
The result is a sudden blockage, which may
block all or most of the blood supply to the heart
muscle. Because cells in the heart muscle begin to
die when they are not receiving adequate amount
of oxygen, permanent damage to the heart muscle
can occur if blood flow is not quickly restored.
NHLBI
24. 2009
Coronary Artery Disease
Over time, CAD can weaken
the heart muscle and
contribute to:
Heart Failure
Arrhythmias
Heart Failure
In this condition, the heart can’t pump blood
effectively to the rest of the body. Heart
failure does not mean that the heart has
stopped nor does it mean that it is about to.
It means that the heart is failing to pump
blood the way that it should.
Arrhythmias
Arrhytmias are changes in the normal
beating rhythm of the heart. They can be
either faster or slower than normal.
Some arrhythmias can be quite
serious.
NHLBI
25. 2009
Coronary Artery Disease
Obesity is associated with an increased risk for CAD.
Abdominal fat distribution is believed to be related as well.
Data from the Nurses Health Study illustrated that women in the lowest BMI but
highest waist-to-hip circumference ratio had a greater risk of heart attack than
those in the highest BMI but lowest waist-to-hip circumference ratio.
Regional fat distribution appears to have a greater effect on CAD risk than BMI alone.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 156 (1): S42-49.
27. 2009
Colon Cancer
Colorectal cancer is a term used to refer to cancer that
develops in the colon or the rectum.
The colon (a.k.a. the large intestine) is about 5 feet long and its
role in the digestive system is to continue to absorb water and
mineral nutrients from food. Once this process of absorption is
complete, waste matter (feces) remains.
The rectum is the final 6 inches of the digestive system. Feces
are passed from the large intestine to the rectum, to exit the
body through the anus.
American Cancer Society
28. 2009
Colon Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S.
It is estimated to cause about 55,170 deaths during 2006.
American Cancer Society
29. 2009
Colon Cancer
Findings Relating to Obesity
Colon cancer has been shown to occur more
frequently in people who are obese than in
people who are of a healthy weight.
An increased risk of colon cancer has been
consistently reported for men with high BMIs.
Women with high BMI are not at increased risk
of colon cancer.
There is evidence that abdominal obesity may be
important in colon cancer risk.
NCI
30. 2009
Gallbladder Disease
Cholelithiasis is the primary hepatobiliary pathology associated with overweight.
Cholelithiasis is a condition characterized by the presence or formation of
gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
Normally, a balance of bile salts, lecithin, and cholesterol keep gallstones from
forming. However, if there are abnormally high levels of bile salts or, more
commonly, cholesterol, then stones can form.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 156 (1): S42-49.
NIH
31. 2009
Gallstones
Findings Related to Obesity
Obesity appears to be associated with the development of gallstones.
More cholesterol is produced at higher body fat levels.
Approximately 20 mg of additional cholesterol is synthesized for each kg of extra
body fat.
High cholesterol concentrations relative to bile acids and phospholipids in bile
increase the likelihood of precipitation of cholesterol gallstones in the gallbladder.
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
32. 2009
Gallstones
Findings Related to Obesity
In the Nurses’ Health Study, when compared to those having a BMI of 24 or less,
Women with a BMI > 30 kg/m2
had a 2-fold increased risk for symptomatic gallstones.
Women with a BMI > 45 kg/m2
had a 7-fold increased risk for symptomatic gallstones.
The relative increased risk of symptomatic gallstone development with increasing BMI
appears to be less for men than for women.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
33. 2009
Gallstones
Findings Related to Obesity
Ironically, weight loss leads to an increased risk of gallstones--
because of the increased flux of cholesterol through the biliary
system.
Diets with moderate levels of fat that trigger gallbladder
contraction and subsequent emptying of the cholesterol content
may reduce the risk of gallstone formation.
Bile acid supplementation can be used to lower ones risk for
gallstone formation.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
34. 2009
Metabolic Disorders
Associated with Obesity
Obese individuals are at greater risk of developing these metabolic disorders:
Diabetes Mellitus
Dyslipidemia
Liver Disease
35. 2009
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is strongly associated with
overweight and obesity in both genders and in all ethnic groups.
The risk for Type 2 DM increases with the degree and duration
of overweight in individuals.
The risk for Type 2 DM also increases in individuals with a
more central distribution of body fat (abdominal).
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
36. 2009
Obesity and Type 2 DM
In the United States
Among people diagnosed
with Type 2 diabetes,
55 percent have a BMI
≥ 30 (classified as obese),
30 percent have a
BMI ≥ 25 or ≤30
(classified as
overweight), and only 15
percent have a BMI ≤ 25
(classified as normal weight).
Adapted from:
http://www.obesityinamerica.org/trends.html
BMI < 25
BMI > 25 or BMI < 30
BMI > 30
15%
30%55%
37. 2009
Diabetes Mellitus
Findings Related to Obesity
The Nurses’ Health Study demonstrated the curvilinear relationship
between increasing BMI and the risk of diabetes in women:
Women with a BMI below 22 kg/m2
had the lowest risk of DM
At a BMI of 35 kg/m2
, the relative risk of DM increased 40-fold or 4,000%
The Health Professionals Follow-up Study demonstrated a similar
relationship between increasing BMI and the risk of diabetes in men:
Men with a BMI below 24 kg/m2
had the lowest risk of DM
At a BMI of 35 kg/m2
, the relative risk of DM increased 60-fold or 6,000%
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
38. 2009
Diabetes Mellitus
Findings Relating to Weightloss
Weight loss reduces the risk of developing diabetes.
In the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, a weight
loss of 5-11 kg decreased the relative risk for
developing diabetes by nearly 50%.
Type 2 DM was almost nonexistent with a weight loss of
more than 20 kg (44 lbs) or in those with a BMI below 20.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
39. 2009
Dyslipidemia
Dyslipidemia is defined as
abnormal concentration of
lipids or lipoproteins in the
blood.
As BMI increases, there is an
increased risk for heart
disease.
This is because a positive
correlation between BMI and
triglyceride (TG) levels has
been demonstrated.
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
40. 2009
Dyslipidemia
Findings Related to Obesity
An inverse relationship between HDL cholesterol and BMI has been noted.
This relationship may be more important than the relationship between
BMI & TG levels.
Low level of HDL carries more relative risk for developing heart disease
than do elevated triglyceride levels.
Central fat distribution also plays an important role in lipid abnormalities.
Excessive body fat in the abdominal region leads to increased circulating
triglyceride levels.
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
HDL
41. 2009
Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the term
given to describe a collection of liver abnormalities
that are associated with obesity.
In a cross-sectional analysis of liver biopsies of
obese patients, it was found that the prevalence of
steatosis, steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis were
approximately 75%, 20%, and 2% respectively.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
42. 2009
Liver Disease
Fatty Liver
Steatosis is the term for “fatty liver” and it is not
actually a disease, but rather a pathological finding.
Most cases of fatty liver are due to obesity.
Other causes of fatty liver include:
Diabetes
Certain drugs
Intestinal bypass operations
Starvation
Protein malnutrition
Alcoholism
The American Liver Foundation
43. 2009
Liver Disease
Fatty Liver
A gradual weight reduction can help to
reduce the enlargement of the liver due to
fat, and it can normalize the associated liver
test abnormalities.
It is important to limit the amount of alcohol
consumed in the diet. Alcohol can decrease
the rate of metabolism and secretion of fat
in the liver.
The American Liver Foundation
44. 2009
Importance of a Healthy Liver
The 300 billion cells of the liver control a process known as metabolism. During
metabolism, the liver breaks down nutrients into usable products. These products
are then delivered to the rest of the body through the bloodstream.
The liver also metabolizes toxins into byproducts that can be safely eliminated.
The liver also produces many important substances, such as: albumin, bile,
cholesterol, clotting factors, globin, and immune factors.
The liver is the largest organ in the body and it plays a vital role in performing
many complex functions that are essential for life:
Mayo Clinic
45. 2009
Obstructive sleep apnea
Osteoarthritis
Endometrial, prostate, and breast cancers
Complications of pregnancy
Menstrual irregularities
Psychological disorders
Other Disorders
Associated with Obesity
Obese individuals are at greater risk of developing these metabolic disorders:
46. 2009
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by repetitive upper airway obstruction during sleep
as a result of narrowing of the respiratory passages.
Patients having the disorder are most often overweight with associated peripharyngeal
infiltration of fat and/or increased size of the soft palate and tongue.
American Academy of Family Physicians
47. 2009
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Common complaints are loud snoring, disrupted sleep,
and excessive daytime sleepiness.
Individuals with sleep apnea suffer from fragmented sleep
and may develop cardiovascular abnormalities because of
the repetitive cycles of snoring, airway collapse, and
arousal.
Because many individuals are not aware of heavy snoring
and nocturnal arousals, obstructive sleep apnea may remain
undiagnosed.
American Academy of Family Physicians
48. 2009
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Findings Relating to Obesity
Obstructive sleep apnea affects around 4% of middle-aged adults.
Individuals having a BMI of at least 30 are at greatest risk for sleep apnea.
Weight loss has been shown to improve the symptoms relating to sleep apnea.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
49. 2009
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis
40 million Americans currently have osteoarthritis.
It is a degenerative disease which frequently leads to chronic pain and disability.
For individuals over the age of 65, it is the most disabling disease.
Currently, only the symptoms of OA can be treated; there is no cure.
NSLS
50. 2009
Osteoarthritis
Findings Relating to Obesity
The incidence of OA is significantly increased in overweight individuals.
OA that develops in the knees and ankles is probably directly related to
the trauma associated with the degree of excess body weight.
Osteoarthritis in other non-weight bearing joints suggests that there
must be some component of the overweight syndrome responsible
for altering cartilage and bone metabolism, independent of the
actual stresses of body weight on joints.
Areas of the body
most commonly
affected by OA
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
NSLS
51. 2009
Cancer
Findings Relating to Obesity
Overweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of:
esophageal, gallbladder, pancreatic, cervical, breast, uterine,
renal, and prostate cancers.
Obesity and physical inactivity may account for 25 to 30 percent of
several major cancers, including--- colon, breast
(postmenopausal), endometrial, kidney, and cancer of the
esophagus.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
52. 2009
Endocrine Changes
There are various endocrine changes associated with overweight.
Changes in the reproductive system are among the most common.
Irregular menses and frequent anovular cycles are common.
Rates of fertility may also be reduced.
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
53. 2009
Endocrine Changes
Associated with Obesity
Increased cortisol production
Insulin resistance
Decreased sex hormone-binding globulin in women
Decreased progesterone levels in women
Decreased testosterone levels in men
Decreased growth hormone production
Common hormonal abnormalities associated with obesity
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
54. 2009
Psychological Disorders
Associations with Obesity
Obesity is associated with an impaired quality of life.
Higher BMI values are associated with greater adverse effects.
When compared to obese men, obese women appear to be at
a greater risk for psychological dysfunction.
This may be due to the societal pressure on women to be thin.
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
55. 2009
Psychological Disorders
Weight Loss
Intentional weight loss has been
consistently associated with improved
quality of life.
Severely obese patients who lost 43 kg
through gastric bypass demonstrated
improved quality of life scores to such an
extent that their post-weight loss scores
were equal to or even better than
population norms.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
56. 2009
In Conclusion
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Gallbladder Disease
Liver Disease
Cancer
Coronary Artery Disease
Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
Endocrine Changes
Psychosocial Function
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Osteoarthritis
The following conditions have been found to be associated with obesity:
These diseases have been found to be
associated with increased metabolic
activity (secretion) of fat cells in obesity
These diseases have been found to be
associated with increased fat mass
57. 2009
Pennington Biomedical Research
Center
Division of Education
Phillip Brantley, PhD, Director
Pennington Biomedical Research
Center
Claude Bouchard, PhD, Executive
Director
Phillip Brantley, PhD, Director
Heli J Roy, PhD, RD, Associate Professor
Shanna Lundy, BS
Beth Kalicki
58. About Our Company
The Pennington Biomedical Research Center is a world-renowned nutrition research center.
Mission:
To promote healthier lives through research and education in nutrition and preventive medicine.
The Pennington Center has several research areas, including:
Clinical Obesity Research
Experimental Obesity
Functional Foods
Health and Performance Enhancement
Nutrition and Chronic Diseases
Nutrition and the Brain
Dementia, Alzheimer’s and healthy aging
Diet, exercise, weight loss and weight loss maintenance
The research fostered in these areas can have a profound impact on healthy living and on the prevention of common chronic diseases, such as heart
disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and osteoporosis.
The Division of Education provides education and information to the scientific community and the public about research findings, training programs
and research areas, and coordinates educational events for the public on various health issues.
We invite people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in the exciting research studies being conducted at the Pennington Center in Baton
Rouge, Louisiana. If you would like to take part, visit the clinical trials web page at www.pbrc.edu or call (225) 763-3000.
2009
59. 2009
References
CDC: Overweight and Obesity -- Contributing Factors. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/contributing_factors.htm
Bellanger T, Bray G. Obesity related morbidity and mortality.
J La State Med Soc. 2005; 156(1): S42-49.
Bray G. Risks of obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 787-804.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). High Blood Pressure.
Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Hbp/HBP_WhatIs.html
Obesity in America. Obesity Trends. Available at:
http://www.obesityinamerica.org/trends.html
60. 2009
References
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. NINDS Stroke Information Page.
Available at: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/stroke.htm
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). What is Coronary Artery Disease?
Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_WhatIs.html
American Cancer Society (ACS). What is Colorectal Cancer? Available at:
http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1x_What_Is_Colon_and_Rect
um_Cancer.asp?rnav=cri
National Cancer Institute (NCI). Obesity and Cancer. Available at:
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/obesity
61. 2009
References
American Liver Foundation. Diet and Your Liver. Available at:
http://www.liverfoundation.org/cgi-bin/dbs/articles.cgi?
db=articles&uid=default&ID=1022&view_records=1
Mayo Clinic. Your Liver: An Owner’s Guide. Available at:
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/liver/DG00038
American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
Available at: http://www.aafp.org/afp/991115ap/2279.html
National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). Osteoarthritis. Available at:
http://www.nsls.bnl.gov/about/everyday/osteoarthritis.html