anatomy

1. THE LUNGS

2. The lung is the essential respiration organ in all air-breathing
animals, including most tetra pods. In mammals and the more
complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either
side of the heart.Their principal function is to transport oxygen
from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon
dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere.This exchange
of gases is accomplished in the mosaic of specialized cells that form
millions of tiny, exceptionally thin-walled air sacs called alveoli.
In humans, the trachea divides into the two main bronchi that
enter the roots of the lungs.The bronchi continue to divide within
the lung, and after multiple divisions, give rise to bronchioles.The
bronchial tree continues branching until it reaches the level of
terminal bronchioles, which lead to alveolar sacs. Alveolar sacs are
made up of clusters of alveoli, like individual grapes within a bunch.
The individual alveoli are tightly wrapped in blood vessels and it is
here that gas exchange actually occurs. Deoxygenated blood from
the heart is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs,
where oxygen diffuses into blood and is exchanged for carbon
dioxide in the haemoglobin of the erythrocytes.The oxygen-rich
blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins to be pumped
back into systemic circulation.

3. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiration is the process by which
living organisms take in oxygen and
release carbon dioxide.The human
respiratory system, working in
conjunction with the circulatory
system, supplies oxygen to the body's
cells, removing carbon dioxide in the
process.The exchange of these gases
occurs across cell membranes both in
the lungs (external respiration) and in
the body tissues (internal respiration).
Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation,
describes the process of inhaling and
exhaling air.The human respiratory
system consists of the respiratory
tract and the lungs.

4. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (PIG)
The respiratory system of the
pig commences at the nostrils
which lead into two nasal
passages.These contain the
dorsal and ventral turbinate
bones.The ventral turbinate's
consist of four thin main
bones, two on each side
separated by a cartilaginous
septum.You can imagine
these as four hair curlers
placed inside the nose.

5. Parts of Lungs
Trachea
The trachea, also called that takes air to the lungs.The trachea, which is connected at
the nose and mouth, is a bony, hollow tube in the front of the neck.This tube continues
down the chest where it branches to the left and right lung.
Lobes
The lungs are sectioned in lobes.The right lung is larger than the left, so it has more
lobes.The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung only has two lobes.The left lung
is smaller to compensate for the space taken by the heart. The heart rests between the
right and left lung but is situated more on the left.
Bronchioles
Bronchioles are structures that branch in the lungs.The bronchioles connect on one side
at the trachea and terminate at the alveoli.The bronchioles carry the air to the alveoli,
where gas exchange occurs.They are also the first step after the alveoli in bringing
carbon dioxide out of the lungs when you exhale.

6. Alveoli
The alveoli are tiny sacs responsible for
gas exchange. These sacs hold air, but
they are also surrounded by capillaries.
The capillaries have a tiny wall and are
filled with blood.The alveoli supply the
blood with the oxygen that is inhaled.
When you exhale, the blood exchanges
carbon dioxide for oxygen.The carbon
dioxide is then removed from the body.
Diaphragm
The diaphragm is the muscle
responsible for inflating and expanding
the lungs.When your inhale, the
diaphragm muscle contracts and
presses the bottom parts of the left
and right lung, causing the lungs to
inflate. When you exhale, the
diaphragm relaxes and the lungs are
returned to their original shape.

7. FUNCTIONS OF LUNGS
The lung is a magnificent organ that performs a
multitude of vital functions every second of our lives.
Breathing is the most essential of these functions.With each
breath, the lungs take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
The lungs are also important in the body's defense
against infection and other harmful environmental factors.
While the nose is the first line of defense against inhaled
harmful materials, the lungs provide the second line of
defense. Inhaled particles (smoke, pollution) or infectious
agents (bacteria, viruses) pass through the mouth or nose
and lodge in the lungs.

8. DISEASES
Diseases of the human lung belong to respiratory diseases.The following is a list of important medical
conditions involving the lung. Many of these are caused or worsened by smoking. Lung disorders are
generally handled by general practitioners, although patients may be referred to a pulmonologist.
 Lung cancer
 Emphysema is an enlargement of the air spaces in the lung, making it hard to breathe.
 Asthma is an immunological disease which causes the bronchioles to narrow by inflammation and
spasm of the lining of the airway wall.
 Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease which causes the lung to produce abnormally viscous mucus.
 A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot obstructs an artery leading to the lung.
 Tuberculosis is a transmittable bacterial infection of the lung, the most common infectious disease
today.
 Pneumonia is an infection of the lung, caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi.
 Pneumoconiosis, an occupational lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust.
 Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi.
 A collapsed lung (pneumothorax) can occur when one or both walls of the pleural cavity are
penetrated by injury, allowing air to enter.
 In pulmonary edema fluid from the capillaries enters the alveoli.This can be caused by weakness of
the left side of the heart (resulting in a blood holdup in the lung), altitude sickness, or rarely inhaling
toxic gases.
 Lung pinprick condition is a hereditary disease which results in decreased lung capacity and
occasional shortness of breath.

9. the pleura
a mesothelial surface lining the lungs and
mediastinum mesothelial cells designed for
fluid absorption hallmark of disease is the
pleural effusion

10. LUNG CANCER