1) Blindness is defined as visual acuity less than 3/60 or inability to count fingers at 3 meters. It affects 180 million people worldwide, of whom 45 million are blind.
2) Cataract (19 million), glaucoma (6.4 million), and trachoma (5.6 million) are the leading causes of blindness globally. In India, cataract causes 62.6% of blindness.
3) Prevention programs focus on primary, secondary, and tertiary eye care as well as specific initiatives for conditions like trachoma and school eye health services. The goal is to reduce blindness prevalence through improved access to eye care.
complete information about the refractive errors due to the problem in the acomodation of eye lense , disturbed image formation in the retina, contains -types of disease condition .
This PPT has all the necessary information about 'National Programme For Control of Blindness'. It is useful for students of Medical field learning 'Preventive & Social Medicine'.
Copyright Disclaimer - Use of these PowerPoint Presentation for any commercial purpose is strictly prohibited. The presentations uploaded on this profile are protected under Copyright Act,1957.
complete information about the refractive errors due to the problem in the acomodation of eye lense , disturbed image formation in the retina, contains -types of disease condition .
This PPT has all the necessary information about 'National Programme For Control of Blindness'. It is useful for students of Medical field learning 'Preventive & Social Medicine'.
Copyright Disclaimer - Use of these PowerPoint Presentation for any commercial purpose is strictly prohibited. The presentations uploaded on this profile are protected under Copyright Act,1957.
Community Ophthalmology is a new discipline in Medicine which promotes eye health and blindness prevention through various programs like Vision 2020, National blindness control programme, etc. It covers important causes like Cataract, Childhood blindness, Trachoma, Refractive Errors & low vision, Onchocerciasis. Includes, Eye camps, Eye banking and Rehabilitation of the blind.
NPCB & VISION 2020
School Eye Screening Programme, vision 2020, guidelines in INDIA, TYPES OF BLINDNESS, NPCB Definition of blindness,Prime minister’s -20 point programme, Magnitude Of Blindness
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. BLINDNESS
• WHO definition of blindness
Visual acuity of less than 3/60 (Snellens) or its
equivalent
• In the absence appropriate vision charts (By
non-specialized personnel), the WHO has now
added the “Inability to count fingers in
daylight at a distance of 3 meters” to indicate
less than 3/60 or its equivalent.
3. CATEGORIES OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
CATEGORIES OF VISUAL Visual acuity
IMPAIRMENT
Maximum less than Minimum equal to or
better than
1 6/18 6/60
Low vision
2 6/60 3/60
3 3/60 (finger counting 1/60 (finger counting at
at Three meters) One meter)
4 1/60 (finger counting
Blindness at One meter)
Light perception
5 no light perception
4. The problem
world
• 180 million people worldwide are visually disabled,
of them 45 million are blind
• 80% of blindness is avoidable.
• Major cause of blindness and their estimated
prevalence are
– Cataract 19 million
– Glaucoma 6.4 million
– Trachoma 5.6 million
– Childhood blindness > 1.5 million
– Other 10 million
32% of world’s blind are aged 45-59 years
58% are >60 years old
5. India
• Annual incidence of 2 million cataract
induced blindness
• National survey on blindness 2001-02 shows
prevalence of blindness
– >50 yrs : 8.5%
– General population 1.1%
• 6-7% of children aged 10-14 years have
problem with their eyesight
6. CAUSES OF BLINDNESS
• World
• In developed countries
• Accidents, glaucoma, DM, vascular disease,
cataract & degeneration of ocular tissue
• Leading causes of childhood blindness
• Xerophthalmia, congenital cataract, congenital
cataract, congenital glaucoma & optic atrophy.
7. India
• 2001-02 National survey on blindness
– Cataract 62.6%
– Uncorrected Refractive error 19.7%
– Glaucoma 5.8%
– Posterior segment pathology 4.7%
– Corneal opacity 0.9%
– Other causes 6.2%
8. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
• Age:
– In children & young: Refractive error, trachoma,
conjunctivitis, malnutrition.
– In adults: cataract, refractive error, glaucoma, DM
• Sex:
– Higher prevalence of trachoma, conjunctivitis and
cataract in women leading to higher prevalence of
blindness in women
9. • Malnutrition:
– Infectious diseases of childhood especially measles &
diarrhoea
– PEM
– Severe blinding corneal destruction due to vit. A
deficiency in first 4 to 6 years of life.
• Occupation:
– People working in factories, workshop, industries are
prone to eye injuries because of exposure to dust,
airborne particles, flying objects, gases, fumes,
radiation.
10. • Social class:
– Surveys indicate that blindness twice more
prevalent in poorer classes than in the well to do.
• Social factors:
– Basic social factors are ignorance, poverty, low
standards of personal and community hygiene and
inadequate health care services.
11. PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS
The components for action in national
programmes for the prevention of blindness
comprise the following
• Initial assessment
• Methods of intervention
– primary eye care
– secondary care
– tertiary care
– specific programmes
• Long term measures
• Evaluation
12. • Initial assessment
– Assess the magnitude, geographic distribution,
and causes of blindness within the country by
prevalence survey.
13. METHODS OF INTERVENTION
• Primary eye care
– Wide range of eye conditions can be treated or prevented
at grass root level by locally trained health workers who
are first to make contact with the community.
– They are also trained to refer the difficult cases to the
nearest PHC or district hospital.
– Their activities also involve promotion of personal hygiene,
sanitation, good dietary habits and safety in general.
– The final objective is to increase the coverage ans quality
of eye health care through Primary health care approach
and thereby improve the utilization of existing resources.
14. • Secondary care:
– Involves definitive management of common
blinding conditions as cataract, trichiasis,
entropion, ocular trauma, glaucoma.
– It is provided in PHCs and district hospitals where
eye depts are established.
– May involve the use of mobile eye clinics
– The great advantage of this strategy is, it is
problem specific and makes best use of local
resources and provides inexpensive eye care to
the population at the peripheral level.
15. • Tertiary care
– Established in the national or regional capitals and
are often associated with medical colleges and
institutes of medicine.
– Provide sophisticated eye care such as retinal
detachment surgery, corneal grafting which are
not available in the secondary centres.
– Other measures of rehabilitation comprise
education of blind in the special schools &
utilisation of their services in the gainful
employment.
16. • Specific programmes
– Trachoma control
– School eye health services: Screening and
treatment , Health education
– Vit.A prophylaxis
– Occupational eye health services
17. LONG TERM MEASURES
– Aimed at improving quality of life
– Modifying or attacking the factors responsible for
the persistence of eye health problems.
• Poor sanitation
• Lack of adequate safe water supply
• Poor nutrition
• Lack of personal hyegine
18. NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR CONTROL
OF BLINDNESS
• Launched in 1976
• 100 % centrally sponsored programme
• It incorporates the earlier trachoma control
programme started in the year 1968
• Goal: To reduce the prevalence of blindness
from 1.4 to 0.3% by 2000.
• In the year 2006-07: prevalence was 1.0%
19. STRATEGY OF PROGRAMME:
• Strengthening service delivery
• Developing human resource for eye care
• Promoting out-reach activities & public
awareness
• Developing institutional capacity
• To establish eye care facilities for every 5 lac
persons.
20. REVISED STRATEGIES:
• More comprehensive by strengthening services for other
causes of blindness
• To shift from eye camp approach to fixed facility surgical
approach and from conventional surgery to IOL
implantation.
• To expand World bank project like building eye care
infrastructure all over country
• To strengthen the participation of Voluntary organization
in programme and to earmark geographical areas to
NGOs.
• To enhance coverage of eye care services in tribal and
other under served areas
22. SCHOOL EYE SCREENING PROGRAMME
• 6-7 % children age to 10-14 years – Eye sight
problem
• Children – screened by school teachers.
• Suspected refractive error are seen by
ophthalmic assistants & spectacles are
prescribed free of cost.
23. COLLECTION & UTILIZATION OF DONATED EYE
• 40,000 donated eyes every year
• Hospital retrieval programme- major strategy
for collection of eyes.
• Eye donation fortnight-25th Aug to 8th Sept
24. Vision 2020: The Right to Sight
• Global initiative to reduce avoidable
(Preventable and curable) blindness by the
year 2020.
• Main features:
– Target Diseases
– Human resource development and infrastructure
and technology development.