This presentation is about carbon fibre. Carbon fibre is a technical textile product. In this ppt, we have learnt about the history & introduction of carbon fibre and also morphology, properties, chemical structure, crystal structure, manufacturing process, future scope and some end use of carbon fibre.

1. CARBON FIBER

2. TEAM PRESENTATION
2
Sk M Monowar
Sadik
ID: 201-232-801
Zarin Tasnim Supty
ID: 201-238-801
HELLO!

3. INTRODUCTION
3
1. Carbon fiber is defined as a fiber containing at least
92% carbon by weight obtained by pyrolysis of an
appropriate fiber
2. It is alternatively called Graphite fiber.
3. Each fiber is around 5–10 μm in diameter

4. History
4
1. Sir Joseph Wilson Swan first created carbon fiber in 1860.
2. In 1879, Thomas Edison used cellulose-based carbon fiber
filaments in some of the first light bulbs to be heated by electricity.
3. In 1958, at the UCPTC in Cleveland, OH, Roger Bacon accidentally produced
the first petroleum-based carbon fibers.

5. Modern Carbon Fiber
5
• In the early 1960s, Dr. Akio Shindo, of the Agency of Industrial Science and
Technology in Japan, used polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as his precursor.
• In 1963, British scientists W. Watt, L. N. Phillips, and W. Johnson of the UK Ministry
of Defence, patented a new carbon fiber manufacturing process.
• A joint technology agreement made in 1970 allowed Union Carbide to produce the
PAN-based carbon fiber was previously only manufactured by Toray Industries in Japan.
• By 1991, Courtaulds, a UK-based manufacturer of the fabric, clothing, man-made fibers,
and chemicals stopped production of carbon fiber.

6. Carbon Fiber Today
6
• Since the late 1970s, several other types of carbon fiber yarn have entered the
global market. These newer fibers contain up to 95% carbon and have
considerably increased tensile strength and modulus of elasticity over the
earliest versions.
• These improvements in strength, elasticity, and cost led engineers in the 1990s
and 2000s to finally fully understand the vast potential of carbon fiber in a
variety of manufacturing applications, making it a favorite design choice today.

7. Properties of carbon fiber
Carbon atoms dominate the structure of carbon fibers,
which have diameters ranging from around 5 to 10 μm.
A superposition of long, flat microcrystals that are
parallel to the fiber axis makes up their structure.
7

8. • Incredibly high compressive and
tensile strengths
• Elevated modulus.
• A low density.
• Exceptional chemical
resistance.
• Greater tolerance for heat.
• Conducts electricity.
Characteristics of carbon fibre

9. 9
Carbon Fibre Strength:
• In order for the material chosen to have sufficient strength to resist applied loads or forces and
maintain its original shape, these elements must be taken into account while constructing
structures and machines.
Yield Strength of Carbon Fiber
• Carbon fiber has a yield strength of 2500 MPa.
Modulus of Elasticity of Carbon Fiber
• Carbon fiber has an elasticity Young's modulus of 500 MPa.
Melting Point:
• Melting point of carbon fibre is 3657C
Heat Capacity:
• Heat capacity of carbon fibre is 200 J/g K
Hardness of carbon fibre:
• Hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation and scratching. We can get idea of carbon
fibre hardness by Brinell hardness number (HB).
Characteristics of carbon fibre

10. ○ Carbon fiber is a material consisting of
fibers around 5–10 μm in diameter and
composed mostly of carbon atoms. A
small amount of Nitrogen are present.
○ Carbon atoms are bonded together in
crystals that are aligned parallel to the
long axis of the fiber. It is this crystal
alignment that gives the fiber high
strength-to-volume ratio.
Chemical structure of carbon fiber
10

11. Crystal structure of carbon
Hexagonal structure is one potential carbon crystal structure.
This recurrence is a result of chemical bonding forces. Strength, ductility, density, conductivity
(the ability to transport heat, electricity, etc.), and shape are all controlled by this repetitive
pattern.
11

12. Carbon Fibre under microscope.
It is entirely a mass of carbon atoms.
The small pores are created during
carbonization when the other
components present in PAN are
vaporized.
Fibre Morphology
12

13. Fiber morphology depends on:
1) Degree of polymerization
2) Temperature
3) Draw ratio
4) Orientation
5) Crystalline and amorphous region
By increasing the setting temperature gradually,
the orientation of fibres can be bettered.
Fiber Morphology
13

14. Raw Materials:
The raw material used to make carbon
fiber is called the precursor. Precursor
materials are organic polymers.
Manufacturing Process of Carbon Fibre
About 90% of the carbon
fibers produced are made from
polyacrylonitrile (PAN).
The remaining 10% are made
from rayon or petroleum
pitch.
14

15. 15
Spinning Stabilizing Carbonizing
Surfacing Sizing

16. • The plastic is mixed with
certain chemical.
• Pumped through tiny jet
in quench chamber.
• The plastic coagulates and
solidifies into fibers.
• Washed and stretched
into desire diameter.
Spinning
16

17. • Heating the fibre in air for 30-120
minutes about 200-300⁰C.
• Pick up Oxygen from air & rearrange
atomic bonding pattern.
• Fibre are drawn through a series of
heated chamber or fibre pass over hot
rollers & hot air is used to suspend
beds of loose materials.
• In this process color of fibre
transform White * Gold * Copper *
Brown * Black.
Stabilizing
17
Before the fibre carbonized, they need to be chemically altered to convert their
linear atomic bonding to a more thermally stable ladder bonding.

18. • In this process, After
stabilizing fibre are
heated in 1000-3000⁰C in
a sealed chamber with gas
mixture which does not
contain oxygen.
• Lack of oxygen prevent
the fibre from burning.
• The gas pressure inside is
higher than out side air
pressure.
• When fibre is heated they
began to loss non carbon
material in form of vapor,
hydrogen, nitrogen and
others.
Carbonizing
18
Usually two stages: Low and High Temperature

19. • When non carbon
material expelled, the
remaining carbon atoms
will form carbon crystals.
• The crystal is more or less
parallel to the long axis of
fibre.
Carbonizing
19

20. • Oxidation can be achieved by immersing the fibres in various gas
such as air, carbon dioxide, Ozon.
• Also can be immersing in various liquids such as sodium
hypochloride or nitric acid.
• The fibers can also be coated electrolytically by making the fibers
the positive terminal in a bath filled with various electrically
conductive materials.
Treating the surface
20
After carbonizing, the fibers have a surface that does not bond well with the epoxies and
other materials. To give the fibers better bonding properties, their surface is slightly
oxidized.

21. Sizing
• In sizing, the fibers are coated to
protect them from damage during
winding or weaving.
• Coating materials are chosen to be
compatible with the adhesive used
to form composite materials.
Typical coating materials include
epoxy, polyester, nylon, urethane,
and others.
• The coated fibers are wound onto
cylinders called bobbins. 21

22. Manufacturing Challenges
 Manufacturing costs that are unaffordable .
 Health and safety issues including skin and breathing irritation.
 To ensure constant quality, strict control is necessary.
 The surface treatment process must be carefully regulated to
avoid creating pits that result in defective fibers.
 Arcing and shorts in electrical equipment because of the great
electro-conductivity of carbon fibers.
22

23. Future of Carbon Fiber
○ Nanotubes, which are extremely small carbon tubes, are
the most recent innovation in carbon fiber technology.
○ Nano tube are useful in making new high-strength fibers.
23

24. ○ 3D printers of industrial
grade.
○ Lighter, stronger bodies,
more-efficient catalytic
converters, thinner paint,
and improved power-train
heat transfer to make sports
car and rocket body.
Future of Carbon Fiber
24

25. Carbon Fiber Bike:
The material used, carbon fiber, was the key to its ultra-
lightweight frame and high price. It is widely assumed
that carbon fiber is an excellent material for producing
a high-performance push bike with high tensile
strength, high modules, and low weight.
Carbon Fiber Helmet:
We need a helmet that is as strong as possible, light in
weight, safe, and comfortable, and carbon fiber solves
all of these problems better than any other material.
Uses and end use
25

26. Carbon Fiber Car Parts:
Many high-performance cars are now made with large
amounts of carbon fiber to reduce weight and achieve
performance goals such as higher top speeds, faster
acceleration, or longer battery life.
Carbon Fiber Guitars:
Carbon fiber's durability, sound, consistency, and
weight make it an appealing option for guitars not to
mention that a carbon fiber guitar simply looks
amazing.
Uses and end uses
26

27. Carbon Fiber Tennis Racket:
Carbon fiber sporting equipment could be at the top of the
list. As part of their sports collection, Chanel released a
variety of sports equipment, including a carbon fiber tennis
racket.
Space Probes
This is one of the most important fields for the application
of carbon fiber in advanced aerospace assembly. The
strength, durability, and lightweight of carbon fiber
composites make them ideally suited for interplanetary
exploration.
Uses and end uses
27

28. Air Taxis
Flying cars have been the dream of the
aerospace manufacturing industry
Advanced Aircraft
Carbon fiber composites material used
to the construction of civil & fighter
aircraft.
Uses and end uses
28

29. THANKS!
Any questions?
29