This document provides an overview of different types of digital cameras, including point and shoot, prosumer, and digital SLR cameras. It explains the key differences between these cameras, particularly regarding image quality. Specifically, it notes that digital SLR cameras have larger sensors that result in higher quality images compared to point and shoot cameras, even with fewer megapixels. The document also covers fundamentals of exposure, including the three factors that influence it: shutter speed, aperture, and ISO. It provides examples of how changing these settings can achieve different photographic effects.

1. Fundamentals of Digital Camera Level : Intro

2. Types of Digital Cameras Broad classifications - Point and Shoot - Prosumer* - Digital SLR

3. Point and Shoot digital Cameras (P&S)‏ - Commonly referred to as “consumer” digital cameras. - Represent probably 70% of all digital cameras on the market - Typically small, compact and lightweight - Targeted at broad majority - Typically very User-Friendly - Image Quality has improved drastically

6. Lacking many automatic settings found on P&S- Much larger and heavier - Ability to interchange system lenses

7. REAL difference So What is the REAL difference between a digital SLR and a point and shoot camera?

8. The short answer is.....Image Quality But Why? How can a 6 megapixel setting in DSLR take a better picture than a 14 megapixel point and shoot?

9. Ah!! because Size Matters! All Pixels or dot are not created equal! - Larger Sensors contain larger pixels, which are much better in collecting light data or information.

10. Digital Camera - Fundamentals - More MP does not always mean a better picture - Digital Image dimensions do not equal print dimensions Megapixels Vs. Print Size

11. Getting a “Good” shot While there are hundreds of factors which can make a photo “good”, it is still a relative term, and good to one person may not be good to someone else. For our purposes we will refer to good in the sense of a correct exposure.

12. Exposure A “correct” or “good” exposure occurs when you maintain as much detail as possible in both the very bright parts (highlights) as well as the very dark parts (shadows) of an image. How much of a range in which you can capture detail from light to dark is referred to as the Dynamic Range. There can be many “correct” or “good” exposures.

13. There are 3 factors which influence the exposure of your image: -Shutter Speed -Aperture -ISO

14. Shutter Speed Refers to how long the shutter is open, exposing the image sensor to light (how long the camera “sees” the picture)‏. Measured in Seconds, from 30 down to 1/8000 Fast Shutter Speeds are used to stop motion and will freeze the subject. Slow Shutter Speeds (1/60 or slower) can be used to portray movement. Fast Shutter Slow Shutter

15. Shutter Speed Very Slow Shutter Speeds (5 sec. or slower) can be used in very low light situations to obtain correct exposure, or achieve dramatic effects. Beware! As your shutter speed decreases, your chances of getting a blurry image increase because you must hold the camera steady for a longer period.

16. Aperture Inside the camera lens is a system of blades which open and close to increase or decrease the opening through which light passes into the camera (a hole or opening through which light is admitted) Often referred to as an f-stop A Smaller f # means a wider opening and more light gets in (can use faster shutter speeds)‏ and vice versa.

17. Depth of Field Aperture also controls depth of field (DOF), which refers to how much of your image is in focus.

18. ISO Refers to the light sensitivity of the sensor HIGH ISO value means the sensor will be MORE sensitive to light, meaning it will take LESS LIGHT to get the right exposure Note: Using High ISO values causes the sensor to produce much more heat, which creates digital “noise” in images. Noise is similar to grain and causes loss of fine detail in images. It is more visible in dark parts of an image and is generally more noticeable when displayed on screen than in print.

19. The fourth Element - White BALANCE - White balance doesn't really affect your exposure, just the appearance of colors in the image. Different light sources cast their own colors, which cannot usually be noticed with the naked eye. White Balance is essentially the camera compensating for the color cast of the light in order to reproduce the “correct” colors.

20. Fundamental Principle Exposure Brightness , Aperture, Shutter, Sensitivity “Bokeh” Depth of field Aperture (distance, Focal length, sensor size) Time control Shutter, Shaking Color Color Balance, White Balance, Picture Style Lay out Composition, Framing, Focal length

21. In-Camera Settings

22. EXPOSURE MODES There are several modes available which offer a combination of automatic and manual control over the three elements of exposure. Auto, sometimes represented by an A, or simply a green square, is fully automatic functioning. True “point and shoot” where the camera decides all the settings for you

23. CREATIVE ZONE Av or Aperture Priority allows you to choose the aperture value while the camera chooses the shutter speed required to obtain a correct exposure. Tv or Shutter Priority allows you to choose the shutter speed while the camera chooses the aperture which would produce the correct exposure. M or Manual gives you complete manual control. You choose both shutter speed and aperture.

24. BASIC ZONE – SCENE MODES Scene Modes are fully automatic modes designed specifically for a certain situation. They typically place emphasis on one or more settings based on the typical circumstances of the situation chosen. Most digital cameras have very similar scene modes available.

25. Metering Modes The metering system within a camera measures the amount of light in a frame and determines the best exposure. Many cameras have more than one metering mode and each evaluates a scene in a different way. Essentially, by changing the metering mode you are telling the camera to evaluate the scene in a different way.

26. Metering Modes Exposure metering is averaged over the entire frame with emphasis placed on the central area. Used for general and portrait photography. It takes a precise exposure reading only at the very center of the frame and disregards the rest. A spot meter is used when a subject is backlit or has bright light upon it and the background is dark. Partial metering is similar to spot metering but covers a larger area . Useful for taking portrait when the subject is back lit. A metering system whereby a scene is split up into a series of zones then evaluating each zone individually and taking an average of the total light readings.

27. Photography Rules & Techniques

28. The Rule of Thirds is based on the fact that the human eye is naturally drawn to a point about two-thirds up a visual. Compose or crop your photo so that the main subjects are located around one of the intersection points rather than in the center of the image.

29. Rule of Thirds

30. The Golden Section Rule. Many natural or man-made objects and scenes with certain proportions (whether by chance or by design) instinctively please us. It has been found that certain points in a picture's composition automatically attract the viewer's attention. Imagine a picture divided into 9 unequal parts with 4 lines. Each line is drawn so that the width of the resulting small part of the image relates to that of the big part exactly as the width of the whole image relates to the width of the big part. Points where the lines intersect are the "golden" points of the picture.

31. Golden Rule

32. The Diagonal Rule a photograph looks more dynamic if the objects fall on or follow a diagonal line. The diagonal line doesn't have to be an actual line and it doesn't have to be a straight one. Linear elements, such as roads, waterways, and fences placed diagonally, are generally perceived as more dynamic than horizontally placed ones.

33. Diagonal Rule

34. The Golden Triangle Rule 3 triangles with corresponding shapes. Just roughly place 3 subjects with approx equal sizes in these triangles and this rule will be met.

35. Golden Triangle

36. The Golden Spiral Rule

37. Golden Spiral

38. Framing

39. Trimming, Crop

40. Don't be afraid of breaking rules! As Edward Weston said, "Consulting the rules of composition before taking a photograph is like consulting the laws of gravity before going for a walk."

41. Photographic Moments At Wipro Captured by Dinesh Khanna

57. Now go out and take pictures !!!!