cancer is a disease in which uncontrolled division of cell occurs

2. • When cells in some area of body duplicate without control, the excess of
tissue that develops called tumor or neoplasm. The growth of neoplastic
cells exceeds and is not co-ordinated with that of the normal tissues
around it.
• Tumors may be cancerous and sometime fatal or they may be quite
harmless.
• A cancerous growth is called as malignant tumour or malignancy and
noncancerous growth is called as benign growth.
• The study of tumour is called oncology.

7. Classificationby Siteof origin

8. Classification by Tissue types

12. Etiology
1.Host factors
• In general overall incidences increases with increase in age and are higher in man
than women, may be due to lifestyle factors rather than biological differences is
susceptibility
• Some cancers, such as breast, endometrial and prostate cancers are hormonally
influenced.
• 2.Environment and lifestyle
• The risk of developing certain cancers is increased by obesity, lack of regular
exercise, drinking too much alcohol, smoking and eating a lot of red meat.
• cigarette smoking greatly increases risk of lung cancer. About 9 out of 10 people
who develop lung cancer are smokers.
• a carcinogen is something (chemical, radiation etc.) which can damage a cell and
make it more likely to turn into a cancerous cell.
• The more the exposure to a carcinogen, the greater the risk of cancer
development.

13. 3.Radiation
• Much sun exposure and sunburn (radiation from uva and uvb) increase risk
of developing skin cancer. nd other cancers. Too much sun exposure and
sunburn (radiation from UVA and UVB) increase risk of developing
• 4.Geographical Factors:
• American women have breast cancer more often than Japanese women;
Japanese men have stomach cancer far more often than American men.
5.Gene mutations
• Cancer is caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells.
• Normally, cells in body will naturally refresh themselves by dividing. This
allows for dead cells to be disposed off naturally.
• In the case of tumors, dead cells may remain behind and form a growth
known as a tumour.

14. • 6.Micro-organisms
• Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus is usually related to hepatocellular
carcinoma and have an increased risk of developing cancer of liver.
• Another example is the link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and
cervical cancer.
• Most women who develop cervical cancer have been infected with a strain
of HPV at some point in their life.
• The Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma and
nasopharangeal carcinoma.
• Another example is, Helicobactor pylori is linked to stomach cancer.

15. 7.Age
• This is due to an accumulation of damage to cells over time. Also, body’s
defenses and resistance against abnormal cells may become less good as
become older.
• For example, the ability to repair damaged cells and immune systems
which may destroy abnormal cell may become less efficient with age.

22. Diagnosys
1.Physical exam:
• Areas of body for lumps that may indicate a tumor. Physical exam include
looking for abnormalities, such as changes in skin colour or enlargement
of an organ that may indicate the presence of cancer.
• 2.Radiographic techniques:
• x-rays), computed tomography CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
positron emission tomography (PET) scans, mammography, and
ultrasonography (US) may be very helpful to detect the tumor type,
presence and location of mass lesions which also aid in staging and
determination of therapy.

24. 3.Labrotory Analysis
For instance, in people with leukemia, a common blood test called complete
blood count (CBC) may reveal an unusual number of white blood cells.
Tumour markers in serum such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), α-
fetoprotein (AFP), or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) can be performed.
4.Tissue Biopsy
• Methods that sample small pieces of tissue (biopsy) from a particular site,
often via endoscopic techniques (such as colonoscopy, upper endoscopy, or
bronchoscopy) can often yield a specific diagnosis of malignancy.
• It is also helpful to determine the stage and grade of the neoplasm

25. Prevention
• Eating a healthy diet.
• Exercising regularly.
• Limiting alcohol.
• Maintaining a healthy weight.
• Minimizing exposure to radiation and toxic chemicals.
• Not smoking or chewing tobacco.
• Reducing sun exposure, especially if burn easily

27. Radiation therapy:
• Radiation therapy high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays to kill cancer cells.
Stem cell transplant:
• Stem cell transplant is also known as bone marrow transplant.
• A stem cell transplant can use own stem cells or stem cells from a donor
Hormone therapy
• Breast cancer and prostate cancer Removing those hormones from the body or
blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells to stop growing
• Letrozole. Anastrozole Drugs