The document summarizes guidelines from the 2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference for the management of adults with congenital heart disease. It discusses recommendations for interventions or follow up for various lesions including atrial and ventricular septal defects, atrioventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, left ventricular outflow tract obstructions, Ebstein's anomaly and Marfan syndrome. The recommendations are based on the presence of symptoms, hemodynamic parameters and degree of pulmonary hypertension. Surgical repair is indicated for complex lesions and those not amenable to percutaneous closure, and should be performed by congenital heart surgeons.
Hemodynamic monitoring of critically ill patientsV4Veeru25
Hemodynamic monitoring measures blood pressure, blood flow, and oxygen levels in the veins, heart, and arteries to provide information about a patient's circulation, perfusion, and organ oxygenation. It can be done invasively, using catheters in arteries or veins to directly measure pressures, or non-invasively using tools like a blood pressure cuff. Common invasive monitors include arterial lines, central venous pressure monitors, and pulmonary artery catheters. Precise readings and interpretations along with nursing care of lines and dressings are important for effective hemodynamic monitoring of critically ill patients.
Cardiovascular disease, interventions and careckiskadden
The document discusses cardiac anatomy and the blood supply to the heart. It then covers various cardiac procedures including coronary artery bypass graft surgery, heart valve surgery, aneurysm repair, and factors to consider when determining the appropriate procedure. Post-operative care concepts are reviewed including predictors of increased morbidity, assessments of various body systems, nursing diagnoses, and new developments in cardiac surgery.
"PAOP" or "Wedge" pressure approximates LVEDP
Used to estimate preload on left side of heart
65
PAOP Waveform
66
PAOP Waveform
67
Components of the PAOP
Waveform
Systole
measured at the peak of the wave
Diastole
measured just prior to the upstroke of systole
(end of QRS)
No dichrotic notch
Balloon occludes pulmonic valve closure
68
Reading the PAOP Waveform
69
This document discusses two cases of totally anomalous systemic venous connection (TASVC). TASVC is an extremely rare condition where all systemic veins connect to the morphologically left atrium rather than the right atrium. The document aims to clarify the anatomy, physiology, and hemodynamics of this rare anomaly. It describes the findings and management of two patients diagnosed with TASVC through various imaging modalities. The document also seeks to resolve inconsistencies in previous descriptions of TASVC, especially in settings of isomeric atrial appendages or heterotaxy.
Echocardiography plays an essential role in MitraClip procedures by guiding patient selection, procedural guidance, assessment of results, and follow-up. Three-dimensional TEE provides detailed mitral valve anatomy and allows visualization of catheters and devices in a single view. Key steps of MitraClip include transseptal puncture, clip delivery system advancement, clip positioning and grasping of leaflets, and assessment of residual regurgitation. Residual MR is best assessed using multiple parameters like Doppler, pressures, volumes rather than a single method due to limitations with multiple jets. Three-dimensional TEE may improve quantification of residual MR.
The document discusses techniques for detecting intracardiac shunts including oximetry runs, indicator dilution curves, and angiography. It provides criteria for identifying left-to-right shunts using oxygen saturation step-ups in the oximetry run. Examples are given for detecting an atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect. The ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow (Qp/Qs) is discussed as a measure of shunt magnitude.
Maintaining ScvO2 >70% with
fluids, inotropes, transfusions, etc. can
improve tissue oxygenation. However,
ScvO2 alone does not distinguish global
from regional ischemia.
The document discusses various techniques for hemodynamic monitoring, including both conventional and advanced methods. It provides an overview of the history of hemodynamic monitoring and outlines some of the goals of different monitoring devices. The document then reviews several specific monitoring techniques, such as arterial lines, central venous catheters, pulmonary artery catheters, echocardiography, pulse contour analysis, and electrical bioimpedance. Both advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.
Hemodynamic monitoring of critically ill patientsV4Veeru25
Hemodynamic monitoring measures blood pressure, blood flow, and oxygen levels in the veins, heart, and arteries to provide information about a patient's circulation, perfusion, and organ oxygenation. It can be done invasively, using catheters in arteries or veins to directly measure pressures, or non-invasively using tools like a blood pressure cuff. Common invasive monitors include arterial lines, central venous pressure monitors, and pulmonary artery catheters. Precise readings and interpretations along with nursing care of lines and dressings are important for effective hemodynamic monitoring of critically ill patients.
Cardiovascular disease, interventions and careckiskadden
The document discusses cardiac anatomy and the blood supply to the heart. It then covers various cardiac procedures including coronary artery bypass graft surgery, heart valve surgery, aneurysm repair, and factors to consider when determining the appropriate procedure. Post-operative care concepts are reviewed including predictors of increased morbidity, assessments of various body systems, nursing diagnoses, and new developments in cardiac surgery.
"PAOP" or "Wedge" pressure approximates LVEDP
Used to estimate preload on left side of heart
65
PAOP Waveform
66
PAOP Waveform
67
Components of the PAOP
Waveform
Systole
measured at the peak of the wave
Diastole
measured just prior to the upstroke of systole
(end of QRS)
No dichrotic notch
Balloon occludes pulmonic valve closure
68
Reading the PAOP Waveform
69
This document discusses two cases of totally anomalous systemic venous connection (TASVC). TASVC is an extremely rare condition where all systemic veins connect to the morphologically left atrium rather than the right atrium. The document aims to clarify the anatomy, physiology, and hemodynamics of this rare anomaly. It describes the findings and management of two patients diagnosed with TASVC through various imaging modalities. The document also seeks to resolve inconsistencies in previous descriptions of TASVC, especially in settings of isomeric atrial appendages or heterotaxy.
Echocardiography plays an essential role in MitraClip procedures by guiding patient selection, procedural guidance, assessment of results, and follow-up. Three-dimensional TEE provides detailed mitral valve anatomy and allows visualization of catheters and devices in a single view. Key steps of MitraClip include transseptal puncture, clip delivery system advancement, clip positioning and grasping of leaflets, and assessment of residual regurgitation. Residual MR is best assessed using multiple parameters like Doppler, pressures, volumes rather than a single method due to limitations with multiple jets. Three-dimensional TEE may improve quantification of residual MR.
The document discusses techniques for detecting intracardiac shunts including oximetry runs, indicator dilution curves, and angiography. It provides criteria for identifying left-to-right shunts using oxygen saturation step-ups in the oximetry run. Examples are given for detecting an atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect. The ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow (Qp/Qs) is discussed as a measure of shunt magnitude.
Maintaining ScvO2 >70% with
fluids, inotropes, transfusions, etc. can
improve tissue oxygenation. However,
ScvO2 alone does not distinguish global
from regional ischemia.
The document discusses various techniques for hemodynamic monitoring, including both conventional and advanced methods. It provides an overview of the history of hemodynamic monitoring and outlines some of the goals of different monitoring devices. The document then reviews several specific monitoring techniques, such as arterial lines, central venous catheters, pulmonary artery catheters, echocardiography, pulse contour analysis, and electrical bioimpedance. Both advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.
This document discusses various methods for quantifying intracardiac shunts in patients with congenital heart lesions. It describes invasive oximetry and indicator dilution techniques as well as noninvasive Doppler echocardiography methods. For echocardiography, it outlines techniques for quantifying left-to-right shunts using pulmonary and aortic flow measurements, as well as a simplified method using diameter ratios. It also discusses limitations and sources of error for these quantification methods.
Flotrac is a monitoring platform that displays both intermittent and continuous hemodynamic measurements related to the assessment of the essential components of oxygen delivery as well as the balance of oxygen delivery against consumption
The document provides guidelines for common cardiac measurements included in an echocardiography report. It discusses measurements for structures like the left ventricle, left atrium, right ventricle, and valves. Specific measurements are outlined for assessing things like ventricular size, wall thickness, function, volumes, shunts, prosthetic valves, and more. Diagrams are included to demonstrate how to take measurements in different echocardiography views.
Pulmonary artery catheterisation, Cardiac surgeries, Non cardiac surgeries, LVEDD and PA pressure relationship, Technique and complications of PA placement
This document discusses hemodynamic monitoring techniques to guide treatment for patients with hemodynamic failure. It describes using the PiCCO device to noninvasively monitor parameters such as cardiac output, lung water content, contractility, and fluid responsiveness to determine whether a patient needs vasopressors, volume expansion, inotropes, and when to stop fluid administration. Tests like pulse pressure variation, end-expiratory occlusion, and passive leg raising used with continuous cardiac output monitoring can predict fluid responsiveness, while extravascular lung water and pulmonary vascular permeability index measurements help avoid excessive fluid loading and lung injury.
The document discusses methods for assessing fluid responsiveness in patients with acute circulatory failure. It finds that the end-expiratory occlusion (EEO) test can predict fluid responsiveness except in patients with strong spontaneous breathing. The passive leg raising (PLR) test is reliable when pulse pressure variation cannot be used, but requires starting from a semi-recumbent position and monitoring cardiac output. Non-invasive measures like changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide may also assess PLR effects. Both EEO and PLR have limitations and cannot be used in all cases.
This document discusses the use of echocardiography to guide percutaneous interventions involving the mitral valve, including:
1. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty to treat mitral stenosis, assessing valve anatomy and suitability.
2. Edge-to-edge repair with the Mitraclip device to treat mitral regurgitation, including patient selection, valve assessment, and guidance during the procedure.
3. Closure of prosthetic paravalvular mitral leaks, with echocardiography used for assessment, guidance, and monitoring complications.
This document provides guidelines for assessing right heart structure and function using echocardiography. It describes the basic views needed to evaluate the right ventricle and atria. Key measurements are outlined such as ventricular dimensions, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and inferior vena cava (IVC) size and collapse. Methods for estimating pulmonary artery pressures from tricuspid regurgitation are presented. The document recommends routinely reporting right ventricular size and function on echocardiograms.
This document provides an overview of right heart catheterization (RHC) in children. It begins with a brief history of RHC, describing early experiments in the 1840s-1920s. The document then covers patient preparation, venous access approaches, conducting the procedure, normal pressure values, shunt detection/quantification using oximetry, and understanding Fick's principle. The key objectives are to gain knowledge on performing tailored RH studies, the diagnostic role of RHC, and quantifying left-to-right shunts.
1) Bioreactance and non-invasive arterial pressure curve analysis require more validation, especially in critically ill patients.
2) Non-calibrated pulse contour analysis is unreliable in critically ill patients receiving vasopressors.
3) Transpulmonary thermodilution devices using techniques like PiCCO can provide valuable information to clinical questions regarding shock such as fluid management and contractility through measurements of extravascular lung water, pulmonary vascular permeability index, and cardiac function index.
Hemodynamic monitoring measures factors that influence the force and flow of blood in order to aid in diagnosing, monitoring, and managing critically ill patients. It involves using pulmonary artery catheters and transducers to obtain pressures and other cardiovascular measurements that provide information on conditions like shock states and help guide treatment decisions. Potential risks and complications require careful use of these monitoring techniques in appropriate clinical situations.
This document discusses how echocardiography can be used to assess hemodynamics by measuring blood flow velocities. Doppler echocardiography is validated for measuring stroke volume, cardiac output, regurgitant volumes, and pressures in the heart by relating flow velocities to pressure gradients. Measurements of velocities across valves and in vessels can be used to estimate parameters like pulmonary artery pressures, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and left atrial pressure through validated Doppler equations.
Augmentation by Echo. Deidre Murphy examines advanced aspects of bedside echocardiography, and the immense amount of information it provides in a critical care setting.
1. Aortic stenosis can present in various forms depending on the location and cause, ranging from valvular to subvalvular and supravalvular forms. Low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis presents unique challenges in assessing severity and determining appropriate treatment.
2. Dobutamine stress echocardiography is useful for differentiating true from pseudo severe low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis and for assessing flow reserve. New parameters such as projected valve area and valve calcium scoring can also aid in assessment.
3. Paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction represents a more advanced form with significant left ventricular remodeling, fibrosis and restrictive
1) The document discusses choosing cardiac output monitoring devices for peri-operative and ICU settings. It considers devices' reliability with changing vascular resistance and ability to provide useful clinical information.
2) For peri-operative monitoring of high-risk surgical patients, less invasive devices using uncalibrated pulse contour analysis like Vigileo and Clearsight may be suitable when vascular resistance does not change significantly.
3) For ICU patients receiving vasopressors where resistance changes greatly, more reliable thermodilution methods like PiCCO, EV1000 and pulmonary artery catheter are recommended to measure cardiac output and assess ventricular function.
Hemodynamic monitoring involves measuring various cardiovascular parameters at the bedside, including blood pressures, heart rate, cardiac output, and volumes. It provides important information to guide treatment for critically ill patients. The document discusses several hemodynamic monitoring methods and parameters in detail, such as arterial pressure monitoring, central venous pressure monitoring, and pulmonary artery pressure monitoring using catheters and transducers. It also covers topics like indications for hemodynamic monitoring, potential complications, and nursing considerations.
The document discusses the evaluation and management of hypotensive trauma patients. It covers assessing the airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure (ABCDE) and performing a focused physical exam looking for signs of bleeding. Diagnostic tests include bedside ultrasound, pelvis x-rays, and CT scans. Pathologies addressed include hemorrhage, pneumothorax, and brain injuries. Management involves securing the airway, controlling bleeding through direct pressure and blood transfusions, and treating for shock with fluids and possible inotropes or surgery. Special considerations are given for the elderly, athletes, pregnancy and hypothermia patients.
This document discusses hemodynamic principles and various cardiac pressures measured in the circulatory system. It begins by explaining how electrical activity leads to mechanical functions that generate pressure waves. It then discusses how to measure and interpret pressures in different parts of the heart including the aorta, pulmonary artery, right and left ventricles, and right atrium. Factors that influence pressures and common abnormalities are provided. Diagrams of normal pressure waveforms are displayed. The document concludes by defining pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances.
Cardiac catheterization is useful for assessing left-to-right shunts through three main techniques: oximetry runs to detect oxygen saturation step-ups, indicator dye dilution to detect early recirculation of dye injected into the proximal chamber, and angiocardiography to directly visualize the anatomic site of the shunt. While oximetry is best to localize the shunt, dye dilution can detect smaller shunts and angiography confirms anatomy. Together these techniques allow diagnosis and quantification of left-to-right intracardiac shunts.
This document discusses the basic cardiac physiology used to manage critically ill patients, including determinants of mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and oxygen delivery. It describes how these concepts are used to diagnose different types of shock. Monitoring of central venous pressure is discussed as well as equations relating mean arterial pressure, stroke volume, heart rate, and systemic vascular resistance. The importance of oxygen delivery to tissues and maintaining an optimal venous oxygen saturation is emphasized.
This document outlines the segmental approach to analyzing congenital heart diseases. It describes analyzing the heart in three segments: the atria, ventricle, and great arteries. Sequential segmental analysis involves examining each segment using clinical exams, imaging like echocardiograms, and their connections to identify any abnormalities. This approach was developed in the 1960s and helped standardize the description of various congenital heart defects by systematically analyzing each heart segment and the relationships between them.
Segmental approach in congenital heart disease [autosaved].pptx 2.pptx finalShabnam Mohammadzadeh
The document outlines the segmental approach for evaluating congenital heart disease which involves 9 steps: 1) cardiac position, 2) great veins, 3) visceral and atrial situs, 4) venoatrial connection, 5) ventricular looping, 6) atrioventricular connections, 7) relationship between great arteries, 8) ventriculoarterial connection, and 9) associated anomalies. Key anatomical structures and relationships are defined in detail to allow for standardized description and classification of congenital heart defects.
This document discusses various methods for quantifying intracardiac shunts in patients with congenital heart lesions. It describes invasive oximetry and indicator dilution techniques as well as noninvasive Doppler echocardiography methods. For echocardiography, it outlines techniques for quantifying left-to-right shunts using pulmonary and aortic flow measurements, as well as a simplified method using diameter ratios. It also discusses limitations and sources of error for these quantification methods.
Flotrac is a monitoring platform that displays both intermittent and continuous hemodynamic measurements related to the assessment of the essential components of oxygen delivery as well as the balance of oxygen delivery against consumption
The document provides guidelines for common cardiac measurements included in an echocardiography report. It discusses measurements for structures like the left ventricle, left atrium, right ventricle, and valves. Specific measurements are outlined for assessing things like ventricular size, wall thickness, function, volumes, shunts, prosthetic valves, and more. Diagrams are included to demonstrate how to take measurements in different echocardiography views.
Pulmonary artery catheterisation, Cardiac surgeries, Non cardiac surgeries, LVEDD and PA pressure relationship, Technique and complications of PA placement
This document discusses hemodynamic monitoring techniques to guide treatment for patients with hemodynamic failure. It describes using the PiCCO device to noninvasively monitor parameters such as cardiac output, lung water content, contractility, and fluid responsiveness to determine whether a patient needs vasopressors, volume expansion, inotropes, and when to stop fluid administration. Tests like pulse pressure variation, end-expiratory occlusion, and passive leg raising used with continuous cardiac output monitoring can predict fluid responsiveness, while extravascular lung water and pulmonary vascular permeability index measurements help avoid excessive fluid loading and lung injury.
The document discusses methods for assessing fluid responsiveness in patients with acute circulatory failure. It finds that the end-expiratory occlusion (EEO) test can predict fluid responsiveness except in patients with strong spontaneous breathing. The passive leg raising (PLR) test is reliable when pulse pressure variation cannot be used, but requires starting from a semi-recumbent position and monitoring cardiac output. Non-invasive measures like changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide may also assess PLR effects. Both EEO and PLR have limitations and cannot be used in all cases.
This document discusses the use of echocardiography to guide percutaneous interventions involving the mitral valve, including:
1. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty to treat mitral stenosis, assessing valve anatomy and suitability.
2. Edge-to-edge repair with the Mitraclip device to treat mitral regurgitation, including patient selection, valve assessment, and guidance during the procedure.
3. Closure of prosthetic paravalvular mitral leaks, with echocardiography used for assessment, guidance, and monitoring complications.
This document provides guidelines for assessing right heart structure and function using echocardiography. It describes the basic views needed to evaluate the right ventricle and atria. Key measurements are outlined such as ventricular dimensions, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and inferior vena cava (IVC) size and collapse. Methods for estimating pulmonary artery pressures from tricuspid regurgitation are presented. The document recommends routinely reporting right ventricular size and function on echocardiograms.
This document provides an overview of right heart catheterization (RHC) in children. It begins with a brief history of RHC, describing early experiments in the 1840s-1920s. The document then covers patient preparation, venous access approaches, conducting the procedure, normal pressure values, shunt detection/quantification using oximetry, and understanding Fick's principle. The key objectives are to gain knowledge on performing tailored RH studies, the diagnostic role of RHC, and quantifying left-to-right shunts.
1) Bioreactance and non-invasive arterial pressure curve analysis require more validation, especially in critically ill patients.
2) Non-calibrated pulse contour analysis is unreliable in critically ill patients receiving vasopressors.
3) Transpulmonary thermodilution devices using techniques like PiCCO can provide valuable information to clinical questions regarding shock such as fluid management and contractility through measurements of extravascular lung water, pulmonary vascular permeability index, and cardiac function index.
Hemodynamic monitoring measures factors that influence the force and flow of blood in order to aid in diagnosing, monitoring, and managing critically ill patients. It involves using pulmonary artery catheters and transducers to obtain pressures and other cardiovascular measurements that provide information on conditions like shock states and help guide treatment decisions. Potential risks and complications require careful use of these monitoring techniques in appropriate clinical situations.
This document discusses how echocardiography can be used to assess hemodynamics by measuring blood flow velocities. Doppler echocardiography is validated for measuring stroke volume, cardiac output, regurgitant volumes, and pressures in the heart by relating flow velocities to pressure gradients. Measurements of velocities across valves and in vessels can be used to estimate parameters like pulmonary artery pressures, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and left atrial pressure through validated Doppler equations.
Augmentation by Echo. Deidre Murphy examines advanced aspects of bedside echocardiography, and the immense amount of information it provides in a critical care setting.
1. Aortic stenosis can present in various forms depending on the location and cause, ranging from valvular to subvalvular and supravalvular forms. Low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis presents unique challenges in assessing severity and determining appropriate treatment.
2. Dobutamine stress echocardiography is useful for differentiating true from pseudo severe low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis and for assessing flow reserve. New parameters such as projected valve area and valve calcium scoring can also aid in assessment.
3. Paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction represents a more advanced form with significant left ventricular remodeling, fibrosis and restrictive
1) The document discusses choosing cardiac output monitoring devices for peri-operative and ICU settings. It considers devices' reliability with changing vascular resistance and ability to provide useful clinical information.
2) For peri-operative monitoring of high-risk surgical patients, less invasive devices using uncalibrated pulse contour analysis like Vigileo and Clearsight may be suitable when vascular resistance does not change significantly.
3) For ICU patients receiving vasopressors where resistance changes greatly, more reliable thermodilution methods like PiCCO, EV1000 and pulmonary artery catheter are recommended to measure cardiac output and assess ventricular function.
Hemodynamic monitoring involves measuring various cardiovascular parameters at the bedside, including blood pressures, heart rate, cardiac output, and volumes. It provides important information to guide treatment for critically ill patients. The document discusses several hemodynamic monitoring methods and parameters in detail, such as arterial pressure monitoring, central venous pressure monitoring, and pulmonary artery pressure monitoring using catheters and transducers. It also covers topics like indications for hemodynamic monitoring, potential complications, and nursing considerations.
The document discusses the evaluation and management of hypotensive trauma patients. It covers assessing the airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure (ABCDE) and performing a focused physical exam looking for signs of bleeding. Diagnostic tests include bedside ultrasound, pelvis x-rays, and CT scans. Pathologies addressed include hemorrhage, pneumothorax, and brain injuries. Management involves securing the airway, controlling bleeding through direct pressure and blood transfusions, and treating for shock with fluids and possible inotropes or surgery. Special considerations are given for the elderly, athletes, pregnancy and hypothermia patients.
This document discusses hemodynamic principles and various cardiac pressures measured in the circulatory system. It begins by explaining how electrical activity leads to mechanical functions that generate pressure waves. It then discusses how to measure and interpret pressures in different parts of the heart including the aorta, pulmonary artery, right and left ventricles, and right atrium. Factors that influence pressures and common abnormalities are provided. Diagrams of normal pressure waveforms are displayed. The document concludes by defining pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances.
Cardiac catheterization is useful for assessing left-to-right shunts through three main techniques: oximetry runs to detect oxygen saturation step-ups, indicator dye dilution to detect early recirculation of dye injected into the proximal chamber, and angiocardiography to directly visualize the anatomic site of the shunt. While oximetry is best to localize the shunt, dye dilution can detect smaller shunts and angiography confirms anatomy. Together these techniques allow diagnosis and quantification of left-to-right intracardiac shunts.
This document discusses the basic cardiac physiology used to manage critically ill patients, including determinants of mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and oxygen delivery. It describes how these concepts are used to diagnose different types of shock. Monitoring of central venous pressure is discussed as well as equations relating mean arterial pressure, stroke volume, heart rate, and systemic vascular resistance. The importance of oxygen delivery to tissues and maintaining an optimal venous oxygen saturation is emphasized.
This document outlines the segmental approach to analyzing congenital heart diseases. It describes analyzing the heart in three segments: the atria, ventricle, and great arteries. Sequential segmental analysis involves examining each segment using clinical exams, imaging like echocardiograms, and their connections to identify any abnormalities. This approach was developed in the 1960s and helped standardize the description of various congenital heart defects by systematically analyzing each heart segment and the relationships between them.
Segmental approach in congenital heart disease [autosaved].pptx 2.pptx finalShabnam Mohammadzadeh
The document outlines the segmental approach for evaluating congenital heart disease which involves 9 steps: 1) cardiac position, 2) great veins, 3) visceral and atrial situs, 4) venoatrial connection, 5) ventricular looping, 6) atrioventricular connections, 7) relationship between great arteries, 8) ventriculoarterial connection, and 9) associated anomalies. Key anatomical structures and relationships are defined in detail to allow for standardized description and classification of congenital heart defects.
This document discusses renal Doppler ultrasound techniques and findings. It describes three main approaches to imaging the renal arteries - anterior, oblique, and flank. Normal and abnormal Doppler waveforms are presented. Evaluation of renal artery stenosis can be done directly by imaging the renal arteries or indirectly by imaging intrarenal arteries. Findings suggestive of stenosis include increased velocities, renal/aortic ratios over 3.5, absence of the early systolic peak, and tardus parvus waveforms. Pathologies of renal transplants like rejection, infarction, and arterial or venous stenosis are also summarized.
Doppler ultrasound of carotid arteriesSamir Haffar
This document discusses Doppler ultrasound of carotid arteries. It begins with the anatomy of carotid arteries and then discusses normal Doppler ultrasound findings of the carotid arteries including flow patterns and spectral waveforms. It describes various pathologies that can cause carotid artery disease such as atherosclerosis and other non-atherosclerotic diseases. It also discusses how diseases outside the carotid arteries can affect them. The document provides detailed information on ultrasound techniques for evaluating the carotid arteries and interpreting ultrasound findings for plaque characterization and grading stenosis.
This document discusses several types of cyanotic congenital heart disease:
1. Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic heart disease, characterized by four anatomical features - ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. It causes cyanosis due to right-to-left shunting.
2. Transposition of the great arteries involves the aorta arising from the right ventricle and pulmonary artery from the left ventricle. It requires mixing of blood between circulations to survive.
3. Truncus arteriosus is a rare condition where a single artery supplies both circulations. It is usually associated with a ventricular septal defect.
A good ppt on Clinical congenital heart disease for Post GraduateKurian Joseph
This document discusses clinical congenital heart disease (CCHD) and provides classifications and descriptions of various conditions. It classifies CCHD into cyanotic types with increased or decreased pulmonary blood flow, acyanotic stenotic types, and unclassifiable types. For each type, it describes symptoms, physical exam findings including auscultation findings, and chest x-ray appearances. It also discusses unusual causes of cyanosis, Fallot physiology, complications of CCHD with decreased pulmonary blood flow, and keys to clinical diagnosis including focusing on pulse characteristics and the second heart sound.
This document discusses Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys. It begins with the normal anatomy of the kidneys and renal vasculature. It then describes how to perform grayscale and Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys, including imaging planes and settings. Normal Doppler waveforms of renal arteries are presented. Key measurements like resistive index, acceleration time, and peak systolic velocity of renal arteries are discussed. Variants of renal and renal vein anatomy are also reviewed.
This document discusses aortic dissection and provides information on the condition. It begins with an introduction to the author and their background and credentials. The rest of the document defines aortic dissection, discusses its pathogenesis, risk factors, classification systems, clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, treatment options including medical, surgical and endovascular approaches, complications, and recommendations. It provides detailed information on acute type A and type B aortic dissections, including extended surgical repair techniques for type A dissections.
The document provides guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD). It was published in 2018 by the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. The writing committee consisted of experts in ACHD from various specialties. The guidelines include classifications for ACHD anatomy and physiology and provide recommendations on topics such as access to care, delivery of care, evaluation, exercise and sports, pregnancy, and heart failure management.
echo pada penyakit jantung katup final.pptxBenevolent7
This document discusses the use of echocardiography in assessing valvular stenosis. It defines the stages of valvular heart disease from asymptomatic to symptomatic severe. It provides guidelines for grading the severity of aortic stenosis based on parameters such as jet velocity, mean gradient, and aortic valve area. It also discusses the measurement techniques and parameters used to grade the severity of mitral stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, and various types of valvular regurgitation. Measurement of specific anatomical features is recommended to assess valve anatomy and function.
Valve replacement surgery involves replacing a diseased heart valve with an artificial prosthetic valve. There are two main types of prosthetic valves - mechanical valves made of synthetic materials that last longer but require lifelong blood thinners, and bioprosthetic valves made from animal tissue that do not require blood thinners but only last 10-15 years. Selection of the valve type depends on factors like the patient's age, other medical conditions, and ability to take blood thinners. Valve replacement is usually recommended for severe valve disease causing symptoms or when the risks of continuing valve disease outweigh the risks of surgery.
The document summarizes different cardiac procedures including percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), stenting, laser angioplasty, atherectomy, and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). PTCA involves inserting a balloon catheter into narrowed coronary arteries to widen them. Stents may be placed to keep arteries open. CABG is a surgical technique that uses leg veins or arteries to bypass blocked portions of coronary arteries. The document discusses indications, contraindications, pre-operative preparations, intraoperative and postoperative care for these procedures.
2018 AHA ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart dis...Vinh Pham Nguyen
This document provides guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD). It was published in 2018 by the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. The writing committee consisted of experts in ACHD. The guidelines provide recommendations on access to care, delivery of care, evaluation with tests like ECG, imaging like echocardiography and CMR, and exercise testing. Recommendations emphasize the need for lifelong specialized care by ACHD cardiologists and the use of imaging to monitor anatomy and physiology based on disease complexity.
This document discusses cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for heart failure patients. Some key points:
- CRT improves symptoms, exercise tolerance, quality of life and reduces mortality for selected heart failure patients.
- Non-response to CRT remains a problem, occurring in 30-45% of patients.
- Patient selection factors like QRS duration, bundle branch block pattern and degree of ventricular dyssynchrony impact response.
- Optimal lead placement and device programming are important for response. Follow-up optimization of atrioventricular and interventricular delays can improve outcomes.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
European society of cardiology guidelines,2014
Prevention of sudden cardiac death
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
Tavi,Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, TAVI,TAVR,Dr.Hasan Mahmud
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been developed as an alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement for high-risk patients. TAVI involves threading a collapsible valve through blood vessels and implanting it to replace the diseased valve. Over 30,000 high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis have undergone TAVI, based on evidence from studies showing it is safer than surgery for this group. TAVI indications may expand as longer-term data on outcomes becomes available and the procedure requires a multidisciplinary team approach and dedicated training.
This document discusses aortic aneurysms and dissections. It covers risk factors, clinical presentations, diagnostic imaging and treatment. Key points include: thoracic aortic dissections have high mortality if undiagnosed; imaging modalities like CT, MRI and TEE are useful for diagnosis but presentations can be atypical; hypertension is a major risk factor; pain is the most common symptom but neurological symptoms, syncope or abdominal pain may occur instead.
This document summarizes guidelines for managing aortic stenosis. It recommends using transthoracic echocardiography to initially diagnose aortic stenosis. Exercise testing can assess physiological changes in asymptomatic patients but should not be done in symptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis. Hypertension should be treated according to standard guidelines in patients with or at risk for aortic stenosis. Aortic valve replacement is recommended for symptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis and may be considered for some asymptomatic patients depending on severity. Surgical aortic valve replacement is recommended for most patients who need aortic valve replacement, while transcatheter aortic valve replacement is recommended for high risk patients.
The document provides an overview of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), including a brief history of its development, descriptions of the Edwards Sapien valve and delivery systems, approaches for TAVI, and complications. It also discusses patient screening and risk stratification, as well as newer valve devices that are being developed.
Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) involve the thoracic and abdominal aorta. They account for 10% of aortic aneurysms and are challenging for anesthesiologists due to risks of paraplegia, renal failure, and other complications during surgery. Pre-operative evaluation of cardiac, pulmonary, and renal function is important for risk assessment and stratification. Proper management and optimization of any co-morbidities is also key to achieving a good surgical outcome.
This document summarizes information on device therapy for congestive heart failure, including cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It discusses:
1) The prevalence and mortality rates of heart failure in the US. Up to 30% of CHF patients have intraventricular conduction delays which increase mortality.
2) NYHA heart failure classifications and guidelines for CRT approval for classes III and IV.
3) Clinical trials that demonstrated the benefits of CRT including increased exercise capacity, quality of life, and decreased hospitalizations and mortality.
4) Anatomical challenges of CRT implantation via the coronary sinus and risks of the procedure. Proper lead placement is important to reduce asynchrony.
This document discusses extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), which provides prolonged cardiopulmonary support. There are two main types of ECMO: venovenous (VV) ECMO, which provides respiratory support, and venoarterial (VA) ECMO, which provides both respiratory and hemodynamic support. The document outlines patient selection criteria and outcomes, complications, techniques for initiation and maintenance of ECMO, and considerations for weaning from and discontinuing ECMO support.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
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Canadian 2009 guidelines
1. CANADIAN CARDIOVASCULAR SOCIETY 2009 CONSENSUS CONFERENCE UPDATE ON THE GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ADULTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009
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8. PART I ASD VSD AVSD PDA Dylan A. Taylor MD FRCPC FACC Director, Northern Alberta Adult Congenital Heart Clinic University of Alberta Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009
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21. PART II Outflow Tract Obstructions Ebstein‘s Anomaly Marfan‘s Syndrome Marla Kiess, MD, FRCPC, FACC Director, Pacific Adult Congenital Heart Clinic Heart Centre St. Paul‘s Hospital Vancouver, BC, Canada Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009
22. LEFT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT OBSTRUCTION (LVOTO) AND BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE DISEASE Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009
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41. PART III D-TGA L-TGA Single Ventricle/Fontan Eisenmenger Syndrome Omid Salehian MSc, MD, FRCPC, FACC, FAHA Director of Echocardiography Laboratory McMaster University, Hamiton Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009
42. D-TGA Class I Pacemaker insertion for symptomatic bradycardia or anti-tachycardia pacing for some atrial arrhythmias may be required. Prior to transvenous lead implantation, the superior baffle must be evaluated for stenosis and/ or baffle leaks with appropriate intervention undertaken. (Level of Evidence: B) Given the association between rapidly conducting atrial arrhythmias and sudden death, an aggressive management strategy that includes catheter ablation is often recommended (Level of Evidence: C) In patients with sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia and/or resuscitated from sudden cardiac death with no clear identified reversible cause, ICDs are indicated for secondary prevention (Level of Evidence: B) Ablation and device implantation should be undertaken by an electrophysiologist with appropriate training/experience in the ACHD population (Level of Evidence: C) Patients who require intervention or re-intervention should be treated by ACHD cardiologists and congenital heart surgeons with appropriate experience (Level of Evidence: C)
43. D-TGA The following situations may warrant re-intervention following the atrial switch procedures : (Class IIa) Significant systemic (tricuspid) AV valve regurgitation without significant ventricular dysfunction (Level of Evidence: C) Superior or inferior vena cava pathway obstruction (Level of Evidence: C) Pulmonary venous pathway obstruction (Level of Evidence: C) Baffle leak resulting in a significant left to right shunt (Qp:Qs >1.5), symptoms, pulmonary hypertension or progressive ventricular enlargement/dysfunction (Level of Evidence: C) Baffle leak resulting in a significant right to left shunt and symptoms (Level of Evidence: C) Symptomatic bradyarrythmias or tachyarrhythmias (Level of Evidence: C)
44. D-TGA The following situations may warrant re-intervention following the arterial switch procedure : (Class IIa) Significant pulmonary artery stenosis (subvalvular, pulmonary trunk or branch pulmonary artery) (Level of Evidence: C) Coronary arterial obstruction (Level of Evidence: C) Severe neo-aortic valve regurgitation (Level of Evidence: C) Severe neo-aortic root dilatation (Level of Evidence: C)
45. D-TGA The following situations may warrant re-intervention following the Rastelli procedure : (Class IIa) Significant right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit obstruction (Level of Evidence: C) Severe right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit regurgitation with symptoms, progressive RV enlargement, the occurrence of atrial or ventricular arrhythmia (Level of Evidence: C) Severe subaortic obstruction across the left ventricle to aorta tunnel (mean gradient >50 mmHg) (Level of Evidence: C) Significant branch pulmonary artery stenosis (Level of Evidence: C) Residual VSD resulting in a Qp:Qs > 1.5, pulmonary hypertension or progressive left ventricular enlargement / dysfunction (Level of Evidence: C) Patients deemed to be at particularly high risk for sudden cardiac death may benefit from ICDs for primary prevention (Level of Evidence: C) (Class IIb)
46. D-TGA Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009 Follow-up (Class I) All patients should be followed regularly (usually annual) by an ACHD cardiologist including appropriate imaging, laboratory, and arrhythmia assessment. (Level of Evidence: C)
47. L-TGA Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009 Class I Pacemakers are indicated in patients with spontaneous or postoperative third-degree and advanced second-degree AV block or documented periods of asystole (≥3.0 seconds) (Level of Evidence: C) Ablation and device implantation should be undertaken by an electrophysiologist with appropriate training/experience in the ACHD population (Level of Evidence: C) Patients who require intervention should be treated by ACHD cardiologists and congenital heart surgeons with appropriate experience (Level of Evidence: C)
48. L-TGA Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009 The following situations may warrant surgical intervention / re-interventions: (Class IIa) Presence of VSD or residual VSD (Level of Evidence: C) Moderate to severe systemic AV valve regurgitation (Level of Evidence: B) Hemodynamically significant pulmonary or subpulmonary obstruction (Level of Evidence: B) Significant stenosis across a left ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit (Level of Evidence: C) Deteriorating systemic (right) ventricular function (Level of Evidence: C)
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50. Fontan Re-intervention after Fontan procedure is warranted in the following situations: (Class I) Obstruction to systemic venous return in the Fontan circuit (Level of Evidence: C) Obstruction of pulmonary venous return (Level of Evidence: C) Significant (moderately severe or greater) systemic AV valve regurgitation (Level of Evidence: C) Development of venous collateral channels or pulmonary arterio-venous malformations resulting in symptomatic cyanosis (Level of Evidence: C) Residual atrial septal defect or fenestration resulting in significant right-to-left shunt Residual shunt secondary to a previous palliative surgical shunt or residual ventricle-to-pulmonary artery connection causing a hemodynamically significant volume or pressure load (Level of Evidence: C) Subaortic obstruction with a peak-to-peak gradient of >30mmHg (Level of Evidence: C) Protein losing enteropathy that is associated with high systemic venous pressures or Fontan abnormality (Level of Evidence: C) Recurrent or poorly tolerated atrial arrhythmias refractory to medical therapy (Level of Evidence: C)
51. Fontan Class I (continued) Fontan patients with a history of atrial thrombus, thromboembolic event, interatrial communication or atrial arrhythmias should be therapeutically anticoagulated with warfarin (Level of Evidence: C) When arrhythmias are present, an underlying hemodynamic cause should always be sought, and in particular, obstruction of the Fontan circuit, thrombus formation, or ventricular dysfunction need to excluded by comprehensive imaging (Level of Evidence: C) Patients with arrhythmias should be referred for consultation with an electrophysiologist with expertise in congenital heart disease (Level of Evidence: C) Electrophysiologic studies in Fontan patients should be performed in centres with expertise in congenital heart disease (Level of Evidence: C) Patients who require intervention or re-intervention should be treated by ACHD cardiologists and congenital heart surgeons with appropriate experience (Level of Evidence: C)
52. Fontan Class IIa Fontan patients with intracardiac pacemaker or defibrillator leads should be therapeutically anticoagulated with warfarin (Level of Evidence: C) Anticoagulation may be considered in Fontan patients without atrial thrombus or arrhythmias (Level of Evidence: C) Patients with serious refractory atrial arrhythmias may be considered for Fontan conversion to a total cavopulmonary connection with concomitant atrial maze procedure (Level of Evidence: C) Class IIb When clinical situations or hemodynamics warrant therapy, it may be reasonable to treat ventricular dysfunction in Fontan patients with diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers as tolerated (Level of Evidence: C)
53. Fontan Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009 Follow-up (Class I) All patients who have had a Fontan operation should be followed yearly by an ACHD cardiologist including appropriate imaging, laboratory, and arrhythmia assessment. (Level of Evidence: C)
54. Eisenmenger Class I Advanced pulmonary vascular obstructive disease with a resistance, which is fixed, in combination with the absence of left-to-right shunting render a patient ineligible for cardiac repair (Level of Evidence: C) The main interventions in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome are directed towards preventing complications (e.g. influenza and pneumococcal vaccination) or restoring physiologic balance (e.g. iron replacement for iron deficiency). (Level of Evidence: C) Phlebotomy with fluid replacement and iron supplementation should be performed only in patients who are symptomatic from secondary erythrocytosis. Prevention of iron deficiency is important. (Level of Evidence: C) Platelet transfusions, fresh frozen plasma, vitamin K, cryoprecipitate and desmopressin can be used to treat severe bleeding (Level of Evidence: C) If iron deficiency anemia is confirmed, iron replacement should be prescribed. (Level of Evidence: C) Symptomatic hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis can be treated as necessary with colchicine, probenecid or sulfinpyrazone; and with Allopurinol for prophylaxis. (Level of Evidence: C)
55. Eisenmenger Class I Sinus rhythm should be restored promptly and maintained whenever possible (Level of Evidence: C) Symptomatic arrhythmias should be treated with individualized antiarrhythmic therapy (Level of Evidence: C) Patients with atrial fibrillation/flutter should receive warfarin therapy with judicious monitoring of INR levels (sodium citrate adjusted to hematocrit) (Level of Evidence: C) Insertion of an implantable defibrillator is a high-risk endeavour. It may be considered in patients with syncope and documented concurrent ventricular arrhythmia. Epicardial approaches should be used (Level of Evidence: C) Transvenous pacing leads are not recommended and must be avoided in the presence of intracardiac shunts due to risk of paradoxical embolization (Level of Evidence: B) Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome should be treated by ACHD cardiologists who understands and has experience in management of the Eisenmenger syndrome (Level of Evidence: C) Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome benefit from the involvement of other specialists (nursing, respirology, psychology/psychiatry, hematology, gynecology, anesthesia, intensive care, social work) (Level of Evidence: C)
56. Eisenmenger Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009 Class IIa Cyanotic patients having surgery may undergo prophylactic phlebotomy to reduce the hematocrit to less than 65% (Level of Evidence: C) Pulmonary vasodilator therapy may help to improve quality of life in patients in Eisenmenger syndrome. (Level of Evidence: B)
57. Eisenmenger Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009 Follow-up (Class I) Annual clinical visits with comprehensive, systematic assessment and laboratory evaluation for potential complications are recommended. (Level of Evidence: C) All patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease should be cared for by an ACHD cardiologist. They may also benefit from the involvement of other specialists within such an ACHD centre (nursing, respirology, psychology/psychiatry, hematology, gynecology, anesthesia, intensive care, social work). (Level of Evidence: C) Imaging tests should be performed every 2 to 3 years in a stable patient. (Level of Evidence: C)
58. CANADIAN CARDIOVASCULAR SOCIETY 2009 CONSENSUS CONFERENCE UPDATE ON THE GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ADULTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009