CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFF...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. A presentation containing: the European and Soviet perspectives, views of Molotov, the balance of power.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 4 - COLD WAR. A comprehensive revision presentation including: causes of the cold war, Yalta Conference, Postdam Conference, salami tactics, the events in 1946-1948, the Berlin blockade, the Korean War, Khrushchev succeeded Stalin, Hungary 1956, U2 crisis, Berlin Wall and Cuban Missile Crisis.
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties. Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFF...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. A presentation containing: the European and Soviet perspectives, views of Molotov, the balance of power.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 4 - COLD WAR. A comprehensive revision presentation including: causes of the cold war, Yalta Conference, Postdam Conference, salami tactics, the events in 1946-1948, the Berlin blockade, the Korean War, Khrushchev succeeded Stalin, Hungary 1956, U2 crisis, Berlin Wall and Cuban Missile Crisis.
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties. Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919.
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTYGeorge Dumitrache
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTY. Hitler joined the Nazi Party in 1919 and was influential in defining its beliefs. He also led the Munich Putsch in 1923. However, from 1924 to 1929 the unpopular party gained little electoral success.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY. This presentation covers the social, economic and political impact of war along with a brief analysis of the physical cost of war.
62 slides on causes of World War 2: the treaty of Versailles, the 29 Crash and Nazism. The presentation ended with the invasion of Poland. By Alex Liese and me.
Chapter 1: The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations (Lesson 2 of 3)
In this lesson, we took a look at the League of Nations. We talked about why it was formed and whether the League of Nations was effective. Finally, we considered some key examples of the League's failure, such as Manchuria and Abyssinia.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 2 - LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 2 - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. A presentation of the main aspects of the League of Nations: successes and failures, aims and membership.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Presentation suitable for Cambridge History Students in Year 11, containing: a general overview, Yugoslavia and Albania 1921, Aaland Islands 1921, Upper Silesia 1921, Memel 1923, Turkey 1923, Mosul, Greece and Bulgaria 1925, other successes..
THE ROAD TO WAR 1939 - SPANISH CIVIL WAR 1936-1939.
Nazi support for General Franco was motivated by several factors, including as a distraction from Hitler's central European strategy, and the creation of a Spanish state friendly to Germany to threaten France. It further provided an opportunity to train men and test equipment and tactics.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ITALIAN INVASION OF ALBANIA 1939George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ITALIAN INVASION OF ALBANIA 1939. Contains: the invasion, strategically Albania, Mussolini interest for Albania, sabotage, advance, mixed data, leaving the League of Nations, Albanian military merging Italian army.
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTYGeorge Dumitrache
IGCSE REVISION - GERMANY: THE ROOTS OF THE NAZI PARTY. Hitler joined the Nazi Party in 1919 and was influential in defining its beliefs. He also led the Munich Putsch in 1923. However, from 1924 to 1929 the unpopular party gained little electoral success.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY. This presentation covers the social, economic and political impact of war along with a brief analysis of the physical cost of war.
62 slides on causes of World War 2: the treaty of Versailles, the 29 Crash and Nazism. The presentation ended with the invasion of Poland. By Alex Liese and me.
Chapter 1: The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations (Lesson 2 of 3)
In this lesson, we took a look at the League of Nations. We talked about why it was formed and whether the League of Nations was effective. Finally, we considered some key examples of the League's failure, such as Manchuria and Abyssinia.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 2 - LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 2 - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. A presentation of the main aspects of the League of Nations: successes and failures, aims and membership.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Presentation suitable for Cambridge History Students in Year 11, containing: a general overview, Yugoslavia and Albania 1921, Aaland Islands 1921, Upper Silesia 1921, Memel 1923, Turkey 1923, Mosul, Greece and Bulgaria 1925, other successes..
THE ROAD TO WAR 1939 - SPANISH CIVIL WAR 1936-1939.
Nazi support for General Franco was motivated by several factors, including as a distraction from Hitler's central European strategy, and the creation of a Spanish state friendly to Germany to threaten France. It further provided an opportunity to train men and test equipment and tactics.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ITALIAN INVASION OF ALBANIA 1939George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ITALIAN INVASION OF ALBANIA 1939. Contains: the invasion, strategically Albania, Mussolini interest for Albania, sabotage, advance, mixed data, leaving the League of Nations, Albanian military merging Italian army.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: AIMS MUSSOLINI FOREIGN POLICYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE MAIN AIMS OF MUSSOLINI'S FOREIGN POLICY. It contains: origins and rise of Mussolini, fascism, aims of the foreign policy, timeline.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY:NAZISM. It contains: national socialism, the struggle for dominance, noble and creative Aryans, expansionism and war, persecution of Jews, terror, genocide and racial extermination, Nazism theory, Nazi party, Mein Kampf, the purge, identifying Nazism, preserving pure elements, Fichte, Volkskrieg, Riehl, Volkish nationalism, Bismarck, Hitler.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S ECONOMIC AIMS. Presentation contains: unemployment, deficit financing, autarky, the first and second year plan, reinflation, measures to reduce unemployment.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POLICIES TOWARDS MINORITIES, OPPOSITION AND JEWSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POLICIES TOWARDS MINORITIES, OPPOSITION AND JEWS. Contains: the racial policy of Nazi Germany, the anti-Jews laws, the law for the protection of German blood and honour, the Reich citizenship law, persecution of German Jews, Romany minority.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 1933-1934George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 1933-1934. It contains: overview, Reichstag fire, general elections, enabling act, Gestapo, abolishing trading unions, the concordat, banning political parties, people's courts, night of the long knives, fuhrer, the events, Nazi government, Hitler and the army, homework.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITY. Contains: the Superman image, heroic leadership, people's Kaiser, the Fuhrer, building the myth, struggle, conflict, nazis.
AQA B History GCSE Hitler's Foreign Policy RevisionGeorgie Pearson
A complete revision presentation for the topic Hitler's Foreign Policy as part of the AQA B History GCSE spec. Includes brief notes covering all the areas needed in studying the topic. Hope this helps :)
Hitler's foreign policy, Nazi expansion, road to WWIIJoanie Yeung
Hitler's foreign policies since 1935, Nazi expansion from the Saar to Poland, Appeasement policy and the Munich Agreement of 1938, and causes of WW2 http://curriculumglobal.blogspot.com
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTXGeorge Dumitrache
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESSGeorge Dumitrache
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
The period 1924-1929 was a time when the Weimar economy recovered and cultural life in Germany flourished. This dramatic turnabout happened in large part because of the role played by Gustav Stresemann who became Chancellor in August 1923 during the hyperinflation crisis.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923George Dumitrache
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATIONGeorge Dumitrache
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...George Dumitrache
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
ABYSSINIAN CRISIS. The Abyssinian Crisis was over in 1936. Italy and Mussolini continually ignored the League of Nations and fully annexed Abyssinia on May 9th 1936. The League of Nations was shown to be ineffective. The League had not stood up against one of the strongest members and fulfilled the promise of collective security.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
SOCIAL WORK OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations Commissions tried to tackle a huge range of social issues including economic recovery (the Financial Committee), working conditions (International Labour Office), health (Health Office) and scientific research.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Wadsworth, Chapter 3
Anthony Beevor, The Spanish Civil War
Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War. (2016). Encyclopædia Britannica.
Sinova, J. (2006). The Media Censorship During Franco Regime.
Lázaro, A. (2001). "James Joyce's Encounters with Spanish Censorship, 1939–1966".
Richards, Michael (1998) A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression
in Franco's Spain, 1936–1945, Cambridge University Press.
Stanley G. Payne, The Franco Regime, 1936–1975, pp.625-628
"Francisco Franco Biography"
Arms of the Franco Bahamonde family. Franco. Ed. Ariel.
3. • When Hitler came to power he was determined to make
Germany a great power again and to dominate Europe.
• He had set out his ideas in a book called Mein Kampf (My
Struggle) that he had written in prison in 1924.
4. • To destroy the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany after
her defeat in World War One.
• Hitler felt the Treaty was unfair and most Germans supported
this view.
5. • To unite all German speakers together in one country. After
World War One there were Germans living in many countries
in Europe e.g. Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland.
• Hitler hoped that by uniting them together in one country he
would create a powerful Germany or Gross Deutschland.
6. • To expand eastwards into the East (Poland, Russia) to gain
land for Germany (Lebensraum- living space).
7. • His tactics involved using the threat of violence to achieve his
aims. He realised that his potential foes, France and Britain,
were reluctant to go to war and were prepared to compromise
to avoid a repeat of World War One.
• He was also an opportunist who often took advantage of
events for his own benefit.
8. • His foreign policy successes in the 1930s were to make him a
very popular figure in Germany. As one German political
opponent described:
• “Everybody thought that there was some justification in Hitler’s
demands. All Germans hated Versailles. Hitler tore up this hateful
treaty and forced France to its knees…. people said, “he’s got courage
to take risks”
9. • Hitler protested at the fact that the Allies had not disarmed
after World War and he left the disarmament conference and
the League of Nations in 1933. He intensified the programme
of secret rearmament.
• In 1934, Germany and Poland concluded an alliance, the first
of his infamous ten year non-aggression pacts. This caused a
surprise in Europe. The alliance broke Germany’s diplomatic
isolation while also weakening France’s series of anti-German
alliances in Eastern Europe. For the next 5 years Poland and
Germany were to enjoy cordial relations. This was a tactical
move and Hitler had no intention of honouring the
agreement.
10. • In July 1934 an attempt by Austrian Nazis to overthrow the
government in their country was crushed.
• The Austrian Prime Minister Dollfuss was killed in the attempt.
Hitler at first supported the attempted coup but disowned the
action when it was clear it would fail.
• Italy reacted with great hostility to the prospect of Austria
falling into Nazi hands and rushed troops to the border with
Austria.
11. • In January 1935 the Saar voted to return to Germany. This
region had been placed under the control of the League of
Nations by the Treaty of Versailles.
• This allowed the French to exploit its coalfields for 15 years.
The vote to return to Germany was supported by over 90%.
• It was a major propaganda boost for Hitler who could claim
that his policies had the backing of the German people.
12. • In March, using the pretext that the other powers had not
disarmed, Hitler announced that Germany was going to
reintroduce conscription and create an army of 36 divisions.
• He also said that Germany was going to build up an air force
(the Luftwaffe) and expand her navy. All of these actions were
against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles but were very
popular in Germany.
• Britain, Italy and France formed the Stresa front to protest at
this action but took no further measures. This united front
against Germany was further weakened when Italy invaded
Ethiopia.
13. • A factor that helped Hitler was the attitude of the English. They
felt that Germany had been very harshly treated at Versailles
and there was a lot of sympathy for the German actions. The
memory of the horrors of the First World War was also still very
strong in Britain.
• They were also very anti-communist and worried more about
Stalin.
• Protecting their own interests, the British concluded a naval
agreement with Hitler that limited the German navy to 35% of
Britain’s. No limit was placed on the number of submarines that
Germany could develop.
14. • Under the Treaty of Versailles the Germans were forbidden to
erect fortifications or station troops in the Rhineland or within
50 kilometres of the right bank of the river.
• In 1935 when Mussolini attacked Ethiopia, Hitler ignored
international protests and supported Mussolini.
• This ended Germany’s international isolation and the Italians
signalled their acceptance of German influence in Austria and
the eventual remilitarisation of the Rhineland.
15. • Most people expected the Germans to send troops into the
Rhineland, the question was when?
• On 7 March 1936, in one of his many Saturday surprises, Hitler
announced that his troops had entered the Rhineland.
• The British were not prepared to take any action. There was a
lot of sympathy in Britain for the German action.
• Without British support the French would not act. The French
had built the Maginot line, a series of forts on the German
border and felt secure behind it.
16. • The force that Hitler had sent into the Rhineland was small but
he had gambled and won. He said:
• “The forty-eight hours after the march into the Rhineland were the
most nerve-racking in my life….If the French had then marched into
the Rhineland, we would have had to withdraw with our tails between
our legs, for the military resources at our disposal would have been
wholly inadequate for even moderate resistance.”
• He drew the conclusion that Britain and France were weak and
that he could get away with more aggressive actions.
17. • Hitler had long wished to bring the land of his birth under
German control.
• There was a Nazi party in Austria and many in Austria
supported the union of both countries.
• Although there had been a failed coup attempt in 1934,
Germany had extended its influence in Austria by 1938.
18. • In February 1938 the Austrian Prime Minister, Schuschnigg, met
Hitler at Berchtesgaden in the Alps. At the meeting the Austrian
chancellor was threatened and was forced to place leading
Austrian Nazis in his Government.
• On his return to Austria, Schuschnigg tried to stop spreading
German influence by calling a referendum.
• This enraged Hitler and Schuschnigg was forced to resign.
German troops “were invited in” by the new Nazi Prime
Minister, Seyss-Inquart.
19. • Hitler returned in triumph to Vienna where he was greeted by
euphoric crowds. This was the city where before World War
One he had lived as a down and out. Hitler incorporated Austria
into the Reich as the province of Ostmark. This event became
known as the Anschluss.
• Again the British and French did nothing. The new Prime
Minister in Britain was Neville Chamberlain. He wanted to
prevent another European war breaking out. He decided to
follow a policy called Appeasement. Appeasement was a policy
of giving into Hitler’s reasonable demands in order to prevent
war. It was a very popular policy in Britain at the time.
20. • The next target for Hitler was the country of Czechoslovakia. It
had been founded after World War One.
• It was the only democracy in Eastern Europe and possessed a
good army. It also contained a number of national minorities (it
was nicknamed “little Austria-Hungary”) including a large
German minority in an area known as the Sudetenland.
• Hitler encouraged the Germans living there to demonstrate
against Czech rule. The leader of the Sudeten German Party
was Konrad Henlein.
21. • Hitler decided to use the grievances of the Sudeten Germans to
bring the area under German control.
• He secretly set the date of 1 October for war with
Czechoslovakia if the issue was not resolved.
• Throughout the summer of 1938 the crisis grew worse.
• The Sudeten Germans backed by Nazi propaganda agitated for
greater autonomy (independence).
22. • Chamberlain hoped to avoid war and felt that there was some
justification in the German demand for the region.
• He flew to Germany and met Hitler twice, at Berchtesgaden and
Bad Godesberg.
• However although it seemed an agreement had been reached,
Hitler made new demands and it looked as if Europe was on the
brink of war.
23. • Mussolini was ill prepared for a war and proposed a conference
of Britain, France, Germany and Italy. This met at Munich on 28
September. The Czechs were not even invited.
• The British and French agreed to Hitler’s demands and it
seemed as if the threat of war was averted. Chamberlain and
Daladier, the French Prime Minister, received heroes welcomes
when they returned home.
• The Czechs were bitter at the loss of territory including most of
their border fortifications and were now virtually powerless to
resist the Germans.
24. • In March 1939, Hitler took over the rest of the Czech lands after
encouraging the Slovaks to declare independence under
German protection.
• The Czech president, Hacha was invited to Berlin and was
threatened that if he did not agree to German occupation,
Prague would be bombed. Significantly this was the first non-
Germanic land that Hitler had seized.
• This occupation outraged public opinion in Britain and marked
the end of appeasement. In the same month the German
speaking town of Memel was seized from Lithuania.
25. • The occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia had led Britain to
guarantee Poland that if she was attacked she would come to
her aid. Under the Treaty of Versailles the newly created state of
Poland was given the German speaking port of Danzig and land
known as the Polish Corridor in order to give it access to the
sea.
• Hitler wanted to destroy Poland in order to gain living space
(Lebensraum).
• Hitler demanded the German speaking town of Danzig from
Poland and the building of a motorway to link East Prussia with
the rest of the Reich.
26. • However the demand for Danzig was not the real issue for
Hitler. He said:
• Further successes can no longer be attained without the shedding of
blood…Danzig is not the subject of the dispute at all. It is a question of
expanding our living space in the east…there is no question of sparing
Poland.
• He accused the Poles of mistreating the German minority in
other parts of Poland. Nazi propaganda greatly exaggerated
stories of attacks on the German minority.
• The Poles refused to hand over the town of Danzig.
27. • As the summer wore on tension grew. Both Britain and France
and Germany were trying to gain the support of the USSR in
the event of war. Stalin did not trust Britain and France and felt
they were encouraging Hitler to attack Russia. He had been
greatly angered by the Munich agreement. Although both
Germany and the Soviet Union had been bitter enemies up to
1939, the world was stunned to learn that they had reached an
agreement on 23 August 1939. This was a Ten Year Non-
Aggression pact. Both countries benefited from this agreement.
For the Soviet Union it allowed her more time to prepare for
war and she gained a lot of territory in Eastern Europe.
Germany was assured that if she attacked Poland she would not
have to face a two-front war.
28. • Hitler hoped that the news of the Pact with Russia would stop
France and Britain from going to war if Germany attacked
Poland.
• He was surprised when Britain and Poland concluded a mutual
defence treaty. Mussolini informed him that Italy was
unprepared for war and he postponed the invasion of Poland.
• A flurry of diplomatic activity achieved nothing and on 1
September Germany invaded Poland. On 3 September Britain
and France declared war on Germany. World War Two had
begun.