Abstract New fast track construction projects worth more than $100 billion are being implemented in Makkah to improve services being rendered to millions of pilgrims who come for Hajj and Umrah. The new development projects in Makkah, including largest expansion of the Grand Mosque. The time factor has become increasingly as an outstanding requirement on this construction projects. In the present work, the question "acceleration of construction projects" is moved in the center. Consequently, innovative structures, procedures and techniques are required for a time-oriented project management; consistently and purposefully focus on the reduction of process time and not to shrink back from entirely new, unfamiliar processes. so recommendations for the efficient management of construction projects always need to be developed taking into account the specific objectives and framework. This article discusses also the deterministic method, the simplified stochastic method and the application of the Monte-Carlo simulation as a stochastic method. With increasing of level of detail of the information content of the project and increases the calculation effort with the result that the range of the construction time decreases, thus the accuracy increases. Based on this range, finally the construction time of the building as well as the part times for the individual construction phases are determined. Keywords – Construction industry, Risk management, Construction Projects, project uncertainties, fast track projects, construction time, project management
In this presentation we have done earlier a project for Phillip Morris (Pakistan) for the access control system and canteen management system. It is the project presentation for our subject Planning and Scheduling. i hope it is the best for the understanding Project planning and scheduling.
New Trends in Construction Management
Construction Management
Construction Technology
Construction Planning and Management Systems using Primavera
Fundamentals of Construction Costs and Estimating
Plumbing Systems I: Code and Engineering
Construction Changes and Claims Documentation
Legal Aspects of Construction Projects and Contracts
Principles of Structural Analysis
Advanced Estimating and Management of Project Costs in the Preconstruction and Construction Phases
Construction Surveying and Metrics
Construction Budget and Cost Control
Construction Job Site Management
Construction Project Management Using MS Project
Reading Construction Blueprints
Electrical Design and Construction
The Solar Energy Solution: Harnessing Solar Power in the Home and Office
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Introduction to Building Information Modeling
Construction Estimating and Design Analysis Using BIM
Land Development Procedures
In this presentation we have done earlier a project for Phillip Morris (Pakistan) for the access control system and canteen management system. It is the project presentation for our subject Planning and Scheduling. i hope it is the best for the understanding Project planning and scheduling.
New Trends in Construction Management
Construction Management
Construction Technology
Construction Planning and Management Systems using Primavera
Fundamentals of Construction Costs and Estimating
Plumbing Systems I: Code and Engineering
Construction Changes and Claims Documentation
Legal Aspects of Construction Projects and Contracts
Principles of Structural Analysis
Advanced Estimating and Management of Project Costs in the Preconstruction and Construction Phases
Construction Surveying and Metrics
Construction Budget and Cost Control
Construction Job Site Management
Construction Project Management Using MS Project
Reading Construction Blueprints
Electrical Design and Construction
The Solar Energy Solution: Harnessing Solar Power in the Home and Office
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Introduction to Building Information Modeling
Construction Estimating and Design Analysis Using BIM
Land Development Procedures
Activity schedule and affective control of component based projecteSAT Journals
Abstract Abstract The overall performance of any organizations depends on the way the project is managed and scheduled. The successful implementation of one or two big or complex project does not indicate that this organization will perform In the same way in future. Component based implementation of software development projects in the automotive industry have to face the rapid strategies for the use of the latest technologies that would provide the success of this type of projects, namely the frequency of change requirements during the life cycle. The cost and time for software testing was analyzed and to avoid delays in the project and more to cope with disturbances caused by changing requirements in the each phase of the project life cycle. Using of Component Based Software Engineering(CBSE) in software company, the implementation of any software project has become easy but the integration of available component or their use is the not only skill of project manager but the delivery of project in time is a required.. The project manager ensure the success of their project as a competitive advantage and establish such a system which will work with limited resources and available time. The project management tools and techniques i.e. Critical Path Methods(CPM) or Program Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT) are used in reality as the most valuable and are planned to be used in the component based software testing system. This research result point out that there is a huge difference between planned and unplanned testing project. It also shows that the time of testing can be reduced with increase of cost of failure as a result the company may decide the benefit from that project. Analysis of the results allows to determine dependencies between level of company’s maturity level in project management, used project management tools and techniques, and values gained by the company from project management time to time with measured risk factor. Key Words: K Component Base Software Engineering(CBSE), CPM, PERT, Project life cycle, planned or unplanned project
Construction Project Schedule Template- Residential BuildingSHAZEBALIKHAN1
The excel template is a ready-to-use project schedule for a residential building construction project. The article gives the basic idea of a project schedule for residential building construction. Download the excel file through the hyperlink in the article.
OPTIMAL PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGSIAEME Publication
Objective: The research aims an empirical study on the application of MSP in every
single aspect of a project from planning and scheduling phase. Irrespective of nature of
work, location or norms in an organization, all the members work on tasks that are varied
and involve people who do not usually work together but for the same objective. Methods:
A project may have a simple goal that may not require many people or a great amount of
capital or it may be complex to a certain extent, calling for various skills and excess of
resources. But, the common line is that every human can manage projects. Due to this, the
purpose of dealing with the project should not be only execution but the effective and
efficient execution of a project is essential which is needed to be emphasized. Construction
companies in India executes the project in a traditional way, this sometimes leads
uneconomical and tedious too. The traditional method is time-consuming and bit confusion
in execution. Findings: This paper will provide how to do planning and scheduling for a
building which is a multi-storied (G+8) with Microsoft Project (MSP) software by
observing the site conditions, labour productivity, and available resources with proper
utilization of time and resources. Application: This approach can be projected to similar
projects of the same size.
My 5 Learnings of Waterfall Project ManagementSHAZEBALIKHAN1
The waterfall technique is also called the traditional method of project management. Learn about the 5 key takeaways and how you can implement the techniques in your project.
Most Popular 20 Evergreen Project Management TermsSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Project management requires a deep understanding of the jargon and terminology for effective implementation of practices. The article presents 20 popular and common terms of project management
Quantify Construction Damages related to Delay, disruption, and inefficienciesMichael Pink
Learn how to quantify damages related to delay, disruption and inefficiencies on Construction projects. Convert your delays and impacts into cost claims with this proven process.
Statistical Methods for Construction Delay Analysis IOSR Journals
The occurrence of delay is common in most construction projects, due to various reasons
and causes before or during construction phase. As the delay impact on time and cost overrun,
analyzing of these delay(s) makes easy to give responsibility to concern party. This helps to avoid or
minimize delays in future work. Numerous analytical methods are available for analyzing these
impacts and selection of proper method depends upon: statistical data available, time available,
limitation of method and money available for analyzing. However, information of activities which are
responsible for project delay and their magnitude provides the baseline for investing the cause and
assessing the responsibility for project delay. This paper reviews research methodology suggested for
assessing construction delay factors by analytical methods as well as with the help of computerized
schedule analysis methods. The purpose of this study is to review various analytical & computerized
schedule analysis methods for analysis of construction delay factor.
How Does MS Project Works 6- Task Controlling FactorsSHAZEBALIKHAN1
MS Project is scheduling software. It takes multiple factors into account to schedule a task. The article explains all the inputs and their respective effect on the scheduling ability of the MS Project.
Design and characterization of various shapes of microcantilever for human im...eSAT Journals
Abstract The ability to detect pathogenic relevant molecules in the human body with high sensitivity and specificity has a powerful opportunity in early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This paper presents the design, analysis and simulation of MEMS microcantilevers with various shapes like rectangular, triangular, V-shape and T-shape (Paddle) for one HIV detection with mass 10-18 Kg which produces force of 9.81x 10-18 Newton, To analyze the sensitivity of microcantilever , SiO2 material is used. The simulation of these designs is performed by Comsol Multiphysics. The change in total displacement of a microcantilever with respect to change in its shape for the same applied force is observed. From the analysis performed T-shape (Paddle) cantilever with length 1000μm, width 100 μm, thickness 0.5 μm with paddle length 500 μm, width 100 μm and thickness 0.5 μm produces maximum displacement of 3.24 x10-07 μm. By this obtained deflection, using recent advanced read out systems the disease can be identified easily at early stages. Key Words: Microcantilever, Biosensor, Different shapes, HIV detection
Product optimization by scheduling formulation & optimal storage strategy...eSAT Journals
Abstract This contribution involves the formulation that addresses the minimization of both fresh water intake and waste water generation simultaneously. It optimizes the product and reactor utilization. The production optimization for this problem is based on batch product scheduling of MINLP formulation using commercial solver GAMS 24.1.1. The main objective is to enhance the profitability, minimizing waste generation and reducing fresh water intake. This case study shows that the number of batches within the same source of available resources can be increased by 12.24% and the profitability can be increased to 13.36%. On the other hand waste generation is reduced to almost 33% because of recycle and re-use opportunities. This suggests that by optimizing production, fresh water intake and waste water generation in the same scheduling formulation will minimize the operating cost and reduce the environmental impact significantly. The comparative study has been considered whether to have individual tanks of low and high COD nearer to each reactor or to have two centralized tanks, one for each low and high COD. The results of same have shown that the centralized (bigger) tanks occupies significant low space and they are highly economical. The efficacy of the results presented are demonstrated by taking a case study of pharmaceutical industry located in GIDC Vadodara, India. Keywords: Wastewater minimization, Scheduling, Fresh water intake, Holding tank Multiproduct batch plant
Activity schedule and affective control of component based projecteSAT Journals
Abstract Abstract The overall performance of any organizations depends on the way the project is managed and scheduled. The successful implementation of one or two big or complex project does not indicate that this organization will perform In the same way in future. Component based implementation of software development projects in the automotive industry have to face the rapid strategies for the use of the latest technologies that would provide the success of this type of projects, namely the frequency of change requirements during the life cycle. The cost and time for software testing was analyzed and to avoid delays in the project and more to cope with disturbances caused by changing requirements in the each phase of the project life cycle. Using of Component Based Software Engineering(CBSE) in software company, the implementation of any software project has become easy but the integration of available component or their use is the not only skill of project manager but the delivery of project in time is a required.. The project manager ensure the success of their project as a competitive advantage and establish such a system which will work with limited resources and available time. The project management tools and techniques i.e. Critical Path Methods(CPM) or Program Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT) are used in reality as the most valuable and are planned to be used in the component based software testing system. This research result point out that there is a huge difference between planned and unplanned testing project. It also shows that the time of testing can be reduced with increase of cost of failure as a result the company may decide the benefit from that project. Analysis of the results allows to determine dependencies between level of company’s maturity level in project management, used project management tools and techniques, and values gained by the company from project management time to time with measured risk factor. Key Words: K Component Base Software Engineering(CBSE), CPM, PERT, Project life cycle, planned or unplanned project
Construction Project Schedule Template- Residential BuildingSHAZEBALIKHAN1
The excel template is a ready-to-use project schedule for a residential building construction project. The article gives the basic idea of a project schedule for residential building construction. Download the excel file through the hyperlink in the article.
OPTIMAL PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGSIAEME Publication
Objective: The research aims an empirical study on the application of MSP in every
single aspect of a project from planning and scheduling phase. Irrespective of nature of
work, location or norms in an organization, all the members work on tasks that are varied
and involve people who do not usually work together but for the same objective. Methods:
A project may have a simple goal that may not require many people or a great amount of
capital or it may be complex to a certain extent, calling for various skills and excess of
resources. But, the common line is that every human can manage projects. Due to this, the
purpose of dealing with the project should not be only execution but the effective and
efficient execution of a project is essential which is needed to be emphasized. Construction
companies in India executes the project in a traditional way, this sometimes leads
uneconomical and tedious too. The traditional method is time-consuming and bit confusion
in execution. Findings: This paper will provide how to do planning and scheduling for a
building which is a multi-storied (G+8) with Microsoft Project (MSP) software by
observing the site conditions, labour productivity, and available resources with proper
utilization of time and resources. Application: This approach can be projected to similar
projects of the same size.
My 5 Learnings of Waterfall Project ManagementSHAZEBALIKHAN1
The waterfall technique is also called the traditional method of project management. Learn about the 5 key takeaways and how you can implement the techniques in your project.
Most Popular 20 Evergreen Project Management TermsSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Project management requires a deep understanding of the jargon and terminology for effective implementation of practices. The article presents 20 popular and common terms of project management
Quantify Construction Damages related to Delay, disruption, and inefficienciesMichael Pink
Learn how to quantify damages related to delay, disruption and inefficiencies on Construction projects. Convert your delays and impacts into cost claims with this proven process.
Statistical Methods for Construction Delay Analysis IOSR Journals
The occurrence of delay is common in most construction projects, due to various reasons
and causes before or during construction phase. As the delay impact on time and cost overrun,
analyzing of these delay(s) makes easy to give responsibility to concern party. This helps to avoid or
minimize delays in future work. Numerous analytical methods are available for analyzing these
impacts and selection of proper method depends upon: statistical data available, time available,
limitation of method and money available for analyzing. However, information of activities which are
responsible for project delay and their magnitude provides the baseline for investing the cause and
assessing the responsibility for project delay. This paper reviews research methodology suggested for
assessing construction delay factors by analytical methods as well as with the help of computerized
schedule analysis methods. The purpose of this study is to review various analytical & computerized
schedule analysis methods for analysis of construction delay factor.
How Does MS Project Works 6- Task Controlling FactorsSHAZEBALIKHAN1
MS Project is scheduling software. It takes multiple factors into account to schedule a task. The article explains all the inputs and their respective effect on the scheduling ability of the MS Project.
Design and characterization of various shapes of microcantilever for human im...eSAT Journals
Abstract The ability to detect pathogenic relevant molecules in the human body with high sensitivity and specificity has a powerful opportunity in early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This paper presents the design, analysis and simulation of MEMS microcantilevers with various shapes like rectangular, triangular, V-shape and T-shape (Paddle) for one HIV detection with mass 10-18 Kg which produces force of 9.81x 10-18 Newton, To analyze the sensitivity of microcantilever , SiO2 material is used. The simulation of these designs is performed by Comsol Multiphysics. The change in total displacement of a microcantilever with respect to change in its shape for the same applied force is observed. From the analysis performed T-shape (Paddle) cantilever with length 1000μm, width 100 μm, thickness 0.5 μm with paddle length 500 μm, width 100 μm and thickness 0.5 μm produces maximum displacement of 3.24 x10-07 μm. By this obtained deflection, using recent advanced read out systems the disease can be identified easily at early stages. Key Words: Microcantilever, Biosensor, Different shapes, HIV detection
Product optimization by scheduling formulation & optimal storage strategy...eSAT Journals
Abstract This contribution involves the formulation that addresses the minimization of both fresh water intake and waste water generation simultaneously. It optimizes the product and reactor utilization. The production optimization for this problem is based on batch product scheduling of MINLP formulation using commercial solver GAMS 24.1.1. The main objective is to enhance the profitability, minimizing waste generation and reducing fresh water intake. This case study shows that the number of batches within the same source of available resources can be increased by 12.24% and the profitability can be increased to 13.36%. On the other hand waste generation is reduced to almost 33% because of recycle and re-use opportunities. This suggests that by optimizing production, fresh water intake and waste water generation in the same scheduling formulation will minimize the operating cost and reduce the environmental impact significantly. The comparative study has been considered whether to have individual tanks of low and high COD nearer to each reactor or to have two centralized tanks, one for each low and high COD. The results of same have shown that the centralized (bigger) tanks occupies significant low space and they are highly economical. The efficacy of the results presented are demonstrated by taking a case study of pharmaceutical industry located in GIDC Vadodara, India. Keywords: Wastewater minimization, Scheduling, Fresh water intake, Holding tank Multiproduct batch plant
Abstract
The purpose of this review paper is to show the difference between executing the seam carving algorithm using sequential approach on a traditional CPU (central processing unit) and using parallel approach on a modern CUDA (compute unified device architecture) enabled GPU (graphics processing unit). Seam Carving is a content-aware image resizing method proposed by Avidan and Shamir of MERL.[1] It functions by identifying seams, or paths of least importance, through an image. These seams can either be removed or inserted in order to change the size of the image. It is determined that the success of this algorithm depends on a lot of factors: the number of objects in the picture, the size of monotonous background and the energy function. The purpose of the algorithm is to reduce image distortion in applications where images cannot be displayed at their original size. CUDA is a parallel architecture for GPUs, developed in the year 2007 by the Nvidia Corporation. Besides their primary function i.e. rendering of graphics, GPUs can also be used for general purpose computing (GPGPU). CUDA enabled GPU helps its user to harness massive parallelism in regular computations. If an algorithm can be made parallel, the use of GPUs significantly improves the performance and reduces the load of the central processing units (CPUs). The implementation of seam carving uses massive matrix calculations which could be performed in parallel to achieve speed ups in the execution of the algorithm as a whole. The entire algorithm itself cannot be run in parallel, and so some part of the algorithm mandatorily needs a CPU for performing sequential computations.
Keywords: Seam Carving, CUDA, Parallel Processing, GPGPU, CPU, GPU, Parallel Computing.
Real time attendance and estimation of performance using business intelligenceeSAT Journals
Abstract
The new technological concept and innovation and digital communication system should be used in point to point transporting system. Such as railway transport provide hi-tech service to the passenger Today In this present era most of the people travel by the train as it is comfortable for them ,but sometime what happen if the train is let foe some specific hours by some technical reasons then the passengers feel uncomfortable and they feel inconvenience. So to overcome to this issue we have designed such train which gives its own status to the passenger via GSM and TSOP IR module. So in this paper we have described how it can be possible to do so. The passenger without any manual affords or without using any internet link and railway inquiry system will get SMS by the train itself sending self running status about itself. The objective of project is to design Railway information through SMS. The operation of this circuit (project) is based on the prototypical operation. The basic principle based on the operation of photo sensors. The one of the most advantage is it provides auto information by using sensor .The circuit is to simple then other complex circuits used for grade crossing in these circuit operations is automatic. The circuit works in both direction and can be connected to other circuits to fully to provide the time and distance of train . The circuit is designed in such a way that it can be easily installed and it uses widely available and inexpensive components.
Keywords: GSM Module, TSOP, IR Sensor, Monostable Multivibrator and GPRS
Automatic transmission gearbox with centrifugal clutcheseSAT Journals
Abstract
The various developments in the automobile field are going on increasing; hence we have also tried to modify the transmission system of light weight vehicles such as motorbikes for simplicity in driving the vehicle in an efficient way. The disclosure herein is concerned with an automatic transmission gearbox with centrifugal clutches which operates automatically as engine speed (RPM) goes on increasing. In this work we have designed and manufactured the automatic gearbox model which consists of gear assembly with three different gear ratios and centrifugal clutches of various spring tensions, which driven by electric motor. This gearbox overcomes disadvantages of Continuous variable Transmission (CVT) system by replacing belt and pulleys with centrifugal clutches and gear assembly, which is more compact and avoids loss of power when operating at high speed. Also it is light in weight, efficient, reliable, less time consuming and economical of manufacturing.
Keywords: Transmission system, Centrifugal clutch, Automatic gearbox, CVT.
Modeling of size reduction, particle size analysis and flow characterisation ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Comparative study using Rosin-Rammler-Sperling-Bennet (RRSB) and Rosin-Rammler model parameters, including particle size analysis and flow characterization helps in identifying whether hammer mill or pin mill is suitable for grinding three selected spices, namely, cinnamon, coriander and turmeric. Model parameters like degree of uniformity in size and statistical average diameter of ground products, mean sizes of ground particles, Bond’s work index, specific energy consumption for grinding, and flow characteristics indicate cinnamon and coriander are suitable for grinding with hammer mill while turmeric is suitable for grinding with pin mill. Keywords: Rosin-Rammler-Sperling-Bennet model, coriander, cinnamon, turmeric, degree of uniformity, statistical average diameter, Bond’s work index, specific energy.
Prevention against new cell counting attack against tor networkeSAT Journals
Abstract Various low-latency anonymous communication systems such as Tor and Anonymizer have been designed to provide anonymity service for users. In order to hide the communication of users, most of the anonymity systems pack the application data into equal-sized cells (e.g., 512 B for Tor, a known real-world, circuit-based, low-latency anonymous communication network). Via extensive experiments on Tor, authors in [22] found that the size of IP packets in the Tor network can be very dynamic because a cell is an application concept and the IP layer may repack cells. Based on this finding, they investigated a new cell-counting-based attack against Tor, which allows the attacker to confirm anonymous communication relationship among users very quickly. In this attack, by marginally varying the number of cells in the target traffic at the malicious exit onion router, the attacker can embed a secret signal into the variation of cell counter of the target traffic. The embedded signal will be carried along with the target traffic and arrive at the malicious entry onion router. Then, an accomplice of the attacker at the malicious entry onion router will detect the embedded signal based on the received cells and confirm the communication relationship among users. In this paper i propose a mechanism to prevent from this attack.
Abstract A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of sensors which are densely distributed to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. The sensor data is transmitted to network coordinator which is heart of the wireless personal area network. In the modern scenario wireless networks contains sensors as well as actuators. ZigBee is newly developed technology that works on IEEE standard 802.15.4, which can be used in the wireless sensor network (WSN). The low data rates, low power consumption, low cost are main features of ZigBee. WSN is composed of ZigBee coordinator (network coordinator), ZigBee router and ZigBee end device. The sensor nodes information in the network will be sent to the coordinator, the coordinator collects sensor data, stores the data in memory, process the data, and route the data to appropriate node. Index Terms: WSN, ZigBee.
An innovative fea methodology for modeling fastenerseSAT Journals
Abstract Abstract –Researchers have developed finite element analysis (FEA) modeling methods to simulate the mechanical behavior of bolts in bolted joints. The most commonly used FEA bolt modeling methods are the spider and solid bolt models. The spider bolt model uses 1D elements to simulate the bolt’s mechanical behavior. This approach is computationally efficient but does not consider contact at the fastener-joint interface. However, contact at the fastener-joint interface is considered in the solid bolt model which uses 3D finite elements to discretize the geometry of the bolt, which increases the computational expense of the FEA model. In this work, an innovative FEA bolt modeling method is presented that is both computationally efficient and considers the actual geometry of the fasteners. Specifically, commercially available FEA software was used to construct a structural model of a clevis type bracket that was bolted to a rigid wall to simulate bolt pretension and the bracket’s response to an externally applied axial force. Mating surface contact was considered and the actual geometry of the fastener was modeled as force controlled rigid surfaces. The predicted contact stress at the bolt-joint interface, after bolt pretension was simulated, correlated with the analytically calculated surface pressure to within 13.5 %. After the external axial force was applied, the predicted maximum bending stress at the top and bottom of the section of interest correlated with the analytically calculated values to within 5.2 % and 8.8 %, respectively. Further investigation (experimental) is planned to study the contact stress distribution over the mating part contact areas. Keywords: bolted joint, machine component design, bolt FEA
Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation useeSAT Journals
Abstract The availability of groundwater, namely fresh water is too less. This situation provokes the scientific community to further research in the field groundwater exploration of fresh water and natural recharge estimation, which are the most important components essential to formulate dependable groundwater management strategies in scarcity, affected regions. Hydrochemical studies were conducted in Chinnaeru river basin of Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Water samples from 28 locations were collected from bore wells during May 2011 and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters. Based on various indices and water quality standards, the water is classified for safe drinking and irrigation uses. The concentration of fluoride in groundwater ranges from 0.4-2.9 mg/l. Piper diagram reflect that the water belong to Ca+2–Mg+2–HCO3- to Na+–HCO3- types. The Wilcox diagram suggests that most of the samples are within the permissible limits which can be used for irrigation. High fluoride content in groundwater can be attributed to the continuous water rock interaction during the process of percolation with fluorite bearing country rocks under arid, low precipitation and high evaporation conditions of the study area. The low calcium content in rocks and soils and the presence of high levels of sodium bicarbonate in soils and waters are important factors favouring high levels of fluoride in waters. The basement rocks provide abundant sources of fluoride in the form of amphibole, biotite, fluorite and apatite. The high fluoride concentration areas are demarcated and de-fluoride plant were installed to treat the water for safe drinking purposes. Index Terms: Groundwater, Bore wells, Wilcox diagram, Piper diagram, Fluoride content.
Comparitive analysis of doa and beamforming algorithms for smart antenna systemseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper revolves around the implementation of Direction of arrival and Adaptive beam-forming algorithms for Smart Antenna Systems. This paper also investigates the implementation of algorithms on various planner array geometries viz. circular and rectangular. Music algorithm is primarily finds the possible location of desired user and adaptive beam-forming algorithms such as LMS, RLS and CMA algorithms adapts the weights of the array. DOA estimation gives the maximum peak of spectrum with respect to angle of arrival where the desired user is supposed to exist. After DOA estimation weights of array antenna are changed with the changing received signal. This methodology is called as Spectral estimation, which allows the antenna pattern to steer in desired direction estimated by DOA and simultaneously null out the interfering signals. Rate of convergence is the major criterion for comparison for adaptive beam-forming algorithms. Keywords: DOA, MUSIC, LMS, RLS, CMA, SAS.
Statistical analysis of green energy power genartion using biogas methanation...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper promotes the inexperienced energy that is being worldwide supported by many countries. inexperienced energy is that
the type of energy obtained from non-exhaustible resources. Technologies that promote inexperienced energy embody renewable
energy sources, like electricity, alternative energy, wind energy, wave power, heat, bioenergy, periodic event power. The paper
has analyzed utilization of bovine dung and human manure waste for electricity generation through a varied case studies on biomethanation
station. There square measure or so twenty Million bovine and a couple of Million human population within the
within the single district of geographic area. Nearly five hundredth of bovine dung and human manure is being sold-out for
agricultural suggests that and also the remaining is drained off into a close-by drain. The drained off bovine dung and human
manure will be used for power generation supporting inexperienced energy while not touching nature and fewer carbon emission.
The paper has studied the political economy of power generation of Biogas methanation station and has found that it's profitable
to utilize the bovine dung and human manure for electricity generation, the capital investment depends on the capability of the
plant and payback amount being most four to six years. Besides electricity generation the plant additionally provides bio-manure.
It additionally checks pollution and emission of greenhouse gases. The study has urged that such plants ought to be established
not solely all told the districts of geographic area however additionally in whole country to assist in electricity generation. the
massive farmers ought to represent Non Govt. Organization (NGOs), Consultancy’s and aid cluster (SHG) to determine such
plants in their various areas. The central and regime provides the required steering and backing for the institution of such plants.
Key Words: Green energy, Bioenergy, Bio-methanation, Non Govt. Organization (NGOs), Self-Help Group (SHG) etc…
Effect of skew angle on static behaviour of reinforced concrete slab bridge d...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of a skew angle on single-span reinforced concrete bridges is analyzed using the finite-element method and the results are
presented in this paper. Investigations are carried out on RC slab bridge decks with and without edge beams to study the influence of
aspect ratio, skew angle and type of load. The finite-element analysis results for skewed bridges are compared to the reference
straight bridges for dead load, IRC Class A loading and IRC 70R loading for with and without edge beam. A total of 90 bridge models
are analyzed. The variation of maximum deflection, maximum longitudinal sagging bending moment, maximum torsional moment, and
maximum support reaction with skew angle is studied for all 90 bridge deck models. The FEA results of Dead load and Live load
bending moments and deflections decreases with increase in skew angle, where as maximum support reactions increases with increase
in skew angle and the maximum torsional moment increases with skew angle up to 45 degrees and there after decreases. The benefit
of providing edge beam is reflected in significant decrease in deflection, longitudinal bending moment and torsional moment.
Keywords: Bridges, skew angle; Concrete slabs; Finite element method; span length; dead load; IRC Class A loading
and IRC Class 70R loading.
Phytochemical screening of orange peel and pulpeSAT Journals
Abstract The oranges were purchased from the local market of Bela. The orange peel and pulp were subjected to successive extraction with solvents in increasing order of their polarity viz. Acetone, hexane, methanol and distilled water. Orange peel and pulp powder was extracted separately by aqueous extraction. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of tannins, saponins etc. Anthraquiones were completely absent in both the citrus peel and pulp. Keywords: orange, alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins.
Defense mechanism for ddos attack through machine learningeSAT Journals
Abstract
There is a huge advancement in Computer networking in the past decade. But with the advancement, the threats to the computer networks are also increased. Today one of the biggest threats to the computer networks is the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) flooding attack. This paper emphasizes the application layer DDoS flooding attacks because these (layer seven) attacks are growing rapidly and becoming more severe problem. Many researchers used machine-learning techniques for intrusion detection, but some shows poor detection and some methods take more training time. From a survey, it is found that Naïve Bayes (NB) algorithm provides faster learning/training speed than other machine learning algorithms. Also it has more accuracy in classification and detection of attack. So we are proposing a network intrusion detection system (IDS) which uses a machine learning approach with the help of NB algorithm.
Keywords: DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) flooding attack, Machine Learning, Naïve Bayes, Network Intrusion Detection
Effects of coconut fibers on the properties of concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
The materials chosen for structural up gradation should not pollute the environment and endanger bioreserves. They should be accessible to the ordinary people and be low in monetary cost. Coconut fiber is an abundant, versatile, renewable, cheap, lignocellulosic fiber and more resistant to thermal conductivity. The aim of investigation is to study the possibilities to use the coconut fiber in addition to the other constituents of concrete and to study the strength properties. A literature survey was carried out, which indicates that the detailed investigation of coconut fiber concrete is necessary. In the present study the deformation properties of concrete beams with fibers under static loading condition and the behavior of structural components in terms of compressive strength for plain concrete(PC) and coconut fiber reinforced concrete(CFRC) has been studied.
The testing of various material constituents of concrete was carried out according to the Indian Standard specifications. To identify the effects on workability and mechanical strength properties due to the addition of these coconut fibres, workability tests such slump, vee – bee, compaction factor test, Flow table tests, and the mechanical strength tests on standard specimens such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of rupture were conducted on the different aspect ratio. The standard cubes, cylinders and beams for conventional concrete and coconut fiber reinforced concrete were prepared and tested under compression testing machine and flexure testing machine respectively. The suitability of CFRC as a structural material is studied, in comparison with conventional concrete.
Keywords: CFRC1, Concrete properties2, Coir3.
Comparative study of rc framed structures using spectra based pushover analysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Spectra based multimodal adaptive pushover analysis considers higher modes of vibration and combines them using SRSS rule and scale factors. Damage index for the structures are calculated to evaluate the degree of damage occurred after a seismic event. For the present study the Spectra based multimodal adaptive pushover analysis is adopted for G+ 4 storeys Symmetric and G+ 4 storeys Asymmetric Reinforced concrete framed structures. The Expended Energy based damage index methods are used to calculate Damage Index for symmetric and asymmetric structures. ETABS 2015 software is utilized for modeling and analysis of Reinforced concrete framed structures. The comparative studies are carried out between the structure considering only 1st mode and considering all modes and compared between 3 methods of damage index. It is observed that the capacity obtained by considering all modes is less than the capacity obtained by considering only 1st mode. The target displacement obtained considering only 1st mode is less than the target displacement obtained considering all modes. And the damage index obtained by considering all modes is more than the damage index obtained by considering only 1st mode. Therefore it is necessary to consider all modes to get accurate results. In asymmetric building the ductility is less, the capacity is less, demand is high, and degree of damage is more when compared with symmetric building. Keywords: pushover analysis, damage index, RC frame, multimodal, symmetric and asymmetric
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
A Project Management-Based Approach to Commissioning Olivia Wilson
Commissioning or startup of an industrial facility is more than just detailed testing of every piece of equipment. The commissioning program needs a project management-based approach to plan and implement all phases of commissioning in a proper manner. Find here how the project management-based approach to commissioning can ensure the success of every step of detailed equipment testing. For more information, click now: https://www.global-cxm.com/commissioning/
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
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Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
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• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
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• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
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Calculation of the construction time systematic management of project uncertainties in rush projects in makkah
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 394
CALCULATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION TIME- SYSTEMATIC
MANAGEMENT OF PROJECT UNCERTAINTIES IN RUSH PROJECTS
IN MAKKAH
M. M. Mostafa1
, W.W.Al-Buzz2
1
Civil engineering Dept. Taif University, Al-Hawih, P.O.Box 888, Z.C.21974, Taif Saudi Arabia
2
Civil engineering Dept. Taif University, Al-Hawih, P.O.Box 888, Z.C.21974, Taif Saudi Arabia
Abstract
New fast track construction projects worth more than $100 billion are being implemented in Makkah to improve services being
rendered to millions of pilgrims who come for Hajj and Umrah. The new development projects in Makkah, including largest
expansion of the Grand Mosque. The time factor has become increasingly as an outstanding requirement on this construction
projects. In the present work, the question "acceleration of construction projects" is moved in the center. Consequently, innovative
structures, procedures and techniques are required for a time-oriented project management; consistently and purposefully focus
on the reduction of process time and not to shrink back from entirely new, unfamiliar processes. so recommendations for the
efficient management of construction projects always need to be developed taking into account the specific objectives and
framework. This article discusses also the deterministic method, the simplified stochastic method and the application of the
Monte-Carlo simulation as a stochastic method. With increasing of level of detail of the information content of the project and
increases the calculation effort with the result that the range of the construction time decreases, thus the accuracy increases.
Based on this range, finally the construction time of the building as well as the part times for the individual construction phases
are determined.
Keywords – Construction industry, Risk management, Construction Projects, project uncertainties, fast track projects,
construction time, project management
-------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The construction time is an essential indicator of the project
success, as both the construction cost and quality are
significantly affected by the construction period. The
construction time is usually given from the client. The
construction time should be respected by the contractors or
their subcontractors subsequently. The client has to manage
those conditions as part of his contractual obligations that
ensure the compliance of the construction time. New fast
track construction projects worth more than $100 billion are
being implemented in Mecca to improve services being
rendered to millions of pilgrims who come for Hajj and
Umrah. The new development projects in Mecca, including
largest expansion of the Grand Mosque. An important
requirement for a fast track construction project is the
stability in the project and the project environment. To
calculate the construction time, quantities and performance
rates are required. If the project is being considered as a
whole, for example, the gross volume of the building or
tunnel length in the transport infrastructure is used for the
quantity calculation. The quantities are calculated from the
plans. The precision of the calculation of quantities depends
on the considered phase of the project and the associated
level of detailing. In early project phases, the calculation of
quantities can be specified only in larger ranges. From these
uncertainties and due to the fact that the nature and scope of
activities and the range of the activity performance cannot
be accurately described or identified, it is also possible to
estimate the production factors only within a range. These
uncertainties in earlier stages of the project are higher than
in later ones. Based on the level of information, trying
possible combinations of the production factors will be
developed in order to get approaches for the production
performance. With the production performance, on the one
hand the client can close on the construction time and on the
other hand the bidders or contractors subsequent to the
required use of production factors.
2. AIMS OF THE STUDY
If you can determine the specific project requirements
highly efficient procedures only as a function, so
recommendations for the efficient management of
construction projects always need to be developed taking
into account the specific objectives and framework.
In the present work, the question "acceleration of
construction projects" is moved in the center. This is
because the demand structures and needs in the real estate
market are changing faster and faster. A short planning and
execution time is becoming increasingly clearer to an
outstanding performance feature of construction projects.
Expected and more often in the future a particularly short
duration even become a decisive factor in the choice of the
project team.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 395
The acceleration is even from the construction perspective
an interesting challenge, but it is neither an exclusively
technical problem nor a matter of scheduling. The
acceleration of construction processes is primarily an
organizational and "group dynamics" challenge for the
management. It must never be based on the setting, but
everything as before, but a bit faster.
If the short duration of a project is based only on Pressure so
suffers both the psyche of all interested parties and the
quality of the work. Consequently, innovative structures,
procedures and techniques are required for a time-oriented
project management; consistently and purposefully focus on
the reduction of process time and not to shrink back from
entirely new, unfamiliar processes.
3. THE TIME FACTOR AS A CHALLENGE FOR
THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
In recent years, the time factor has become increasingly as
an outstanding requirement on a construction project. This is
due to an attitude change towards the real estate and due to a
tougher economic environment. A construction must more
often not only cheap and functional, but also can be offered
to the tenant or buyer as soon as possible. Particularly in the
commercial and industrial sector buildings are also
becoming less as long-term investments and more and more
considered as a commodity. If "time to market" is the
decisive criterion, so long-term construction processes
cannot be accepted. Industrial construction projects often
have a compulsory given time limit - and often to be
available only for a certain period of time.
3.1 Restrictions in the Fast-Track Construction
Process
Although the factor still so clearly moved in the foreground,
but all other relevant objectives of the work must lie within
a common or usual objectives scope. A high speed may not
be acquired through poor quality or unduly high costs. The
investment in a plant or in an investment property is only
useful if the construction costs stay within a reasonable
budget and the functionality is fully guaranteed.
3.2 Acceleration as an Organizational Problem
Suitable tools and the required basic knowledge of the
project management are a prerequisite, they bring alone but
no acceleration of the construction process. Also the
constructional engineering provides today many approaches
for speeding up the construction work, but their
effectiveness begins only at an advanced stage of the long
construction process. If they are also not included in the
early stages of the project in the planning, so they only
develop a minimal effect. In contrast, when considered as
whole project cycle time period from the decision of the
implementation of a building till its commissioning, so
often the early decisions and concepts of the customer, the
authorization phases or the pre-engineering project will be
the more time-consuming sections. With the acceleration of
construction projects is then rather more an organizational
than a technical problem. The determination of the basic
organizational principles take places, together with many
other dominant elements, even in the earliest stages of the
project through the client.
4. PRAGMATIC ACCELERATION AND
TACTICS INNOVATIVE TIME MANAGEMENT
The problem of a very tight schedule is not new for the
construction practices. It is confronted with a demand for a
very fast implementation of projects and usually reacts with
the following tactics.
"False shortening" of the operation duration
When scheduling of construction projects is not
infrequently assumed from luxuriantly designed
schedules. A first reaction of the urging of the client to
an acceleration is now to reduce the long-term operation
durations. However, it is not a real time reduction, but
only to the reduction of unnecessary time reserves.
Acceleration through consistent project management
Since in many project planning, not the same attention
comes up to time-related aspects as the cost or the
functionality, a first acceleration can be achieved by the
intensification of scheduling and monitoring. By
increasing use of techniques of scheduling, an
optimization is obtained. However, only negligence can
be prevented and deadlines are met more easily. With
these measures, neither innovative methods nor
organizational changes are involved.
Project acceleration by streamlining and
concentration
In the context of known project processes, a change can
take place in the priorities of the Costs and the design of
the deadlines. Under our clear prioritization of the period
falls easier on all parties, the streamlining of all activities
and deadline focus formation. Backed by a strong,
competent project management, with emphasis forms the
corresponding priorities in the formulation of guidelines,
priorities set by current decisions and allocation of
resources and (out) and a rigorous, advanced project
controlling operates, a substantial acceleration can be
achieved.
Minimum project duration by massive use of
resources (crash projects)
Already, the construction industry is in a position under
exceptional conditions to cause massive acceleration.
This is usually done by the extraordinary use of
resources, and by the application of special authority and
an extraordinary motivation impact for all involved.
However, this type of acceleration has its price. Other
activities will be postponed or left undone, and the
project team is under a non constant to be maintained
pressure. This approach should therefore remain an
exception.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 396
Acceleration due to
parallelization and
overlap
Duration of the
- Overall process
+
Higher coordination
costs
Acceleration due to
increased use of
resources
Fig.1. Duration of the process as a function of increased
resource utilization and parallelization on the one hand and
increasing coordination effort on the other hand
The parallelization of sub-processes offers as well as the
higher simultaneous use of resources an enormous
acceleration potential. But there is a significantly greater
coordination and communication requirements, which in
turn can cause loss of time.
5. PRINCIPLES FOR THE ACCELERATION OF
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
The duration of an overall process is determined by the
processing time, the waiting time between the individual
processing steps and the time sequence of individual sub-
processes. The easiest way is to shorten the processing time.
This can be done through the use of additional resources or
technical tools, but predominantly through the use of know-
how. The waiting times between processing cycles can be
traced back to missing information or to a suboptimal
organizational structure. To their reduction especially the
interactions between the involved subsystems or processes
are optimized. For each information flow and every
interaction takes time and increases the risk of waiting
times. The largest accelerating effect can be achieved by
clever variations in the sequence of the individual sub-
processes of an overall process. Corresponding sequence
patterns can be aimed on the elimination of individual sub-
processes, their overlapping or simultaneous processing, but
also to the "redundant" problematic part machining
processes.
Accelerating action on these three levels (processing time,
reduced wait times or less interactions and variation in the
sequence of sub-processes) are always interrelated
relationships. Therefore, a key objective in the
organizational design must be the reduction of interactions
and dependencies by decomposition. It creates the
prerequisite for rational to edit individual packages can be
formed and can be connected in parallel processes
efficiently.
5.1 Time Effectively Process Elements
The traditional project management focuses on the
optimization of specified sequences by the use of traditional
processing techniques of scheduling. It begins with an
optimal use of resources and the elimination of non-value
added time periods. In an innovative time management,
however, are all basic possibilities of action of interest that
have an influence on the duration of the overall process.
This can be derived from the following schematic
illustration of a sequential workflow in the industry.
In construction projects, exist the same approaches for
acceleration:
Reduction in the processing time: The processing
time depends on the human, technical and
professional capacity. Management has influence
through the planning and the supply of the
necessary resources and the selection of appropriate
technical tools.
Reduction of waiting- or lay-time between the
processing steps: between the individual work
steps, it always comes back to lay time. This may
due to lack of capacity (for seamless further
processing) or
Be caused from the available information. You will
face the classic management especially with
efficient scheduling and resource planning. A
higher-level organizational approach seeks,
however, after the reduction of dependencies or
interactions between individual processing steps.
The sequence of sub-processes: In a conventional
approach, the individual steps are processed
sequentially. The nested, parallel or early
implementation of processes represents a time-
effective alternative to the sequential processing.
6. DETERMINANTS OF FAST-TRACK
PROJECT
The speed of construction projects is predetermined in the
earliest stages of the project by the customer. He is
responsible for ensuring that the truly dominant performance
determinants are taken into account as early as the project
start. The ability of the co-operation of the overall system.
The rapid construction project is the result of many
individual measures, but finally the performance of an
optimally functioning, highly productive overall system.
The most important approaches:
The ability of the co-operation of the overall
system: The rapid construction project is the result
of many individual measures, but finally the
performance of an optimally functioning, highly
productive overall system.
The complexity of the structure: the simpler the
building and the construction process are
structured, the greater the acceleration potential.
The collaboration between the client and the
contractor: the purposeful work on all parties to a
clearly defined end state toward the faster the
project proceeds. Uncertainties and changes in the
requirements slow down the project by a variety of
information gaps, additional clarifications and
multiple repetition of work already undertaken.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 397
7. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPLEXITY
AND PROJECT DURATION
The more parties involved in a project, the more
complicated the construction tasks to be solved, and the
more objectives or possible developments (high dynamic
range) to be taken into consideration, the more difficult it is
the design of objective-based, efficient and above all fast
project process. There is a direct relationship between the
complexity of a project and its duration. So take for
example, many projects longer than necessary, or get out of
hand,
By the "construction" of unnecessary dependencies
in the task and the project organization, for
example by emphasizing claims of secondary
importance, unnecessary complexity is established.
High flexibility and late decisions are sought by
many clients and parties involved in the project
have to work in unsafe or variable objects.
The project organizations by escalating functional
differentiation and Long information paths are
unnecessarily bloated. Through many dependencies
decisions are delayed and responsibilities “diluted".
8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE
ACCELERATION OF CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS
The acceleration of construction projects is primarily a
question of the organization. The project management must
always be oriented from the first phases of the project in
hand, through an appropriate design of the project and
project organization to get all activities with a high speed.
Thus, the contribution constructional and technical measures
cannot be negated, These will bring their accelerating effect
but only in the later stages of the project and only if
appropriate conditions have been created previously.
9. BASES FOR THE CALCULATION OF
CONSTRUCTION TIME FOR THE EXECUTION
STAGE
The number of parameters for the calculation of the
construction period depends on the project phase. Some few
values are needed for rough construction period inquiries
more hundred values for the calculations for detailed
considerations are depending on consideration depth
required.
The calculation equations are represented and described for
duration, performance and complete cost value in the
following which are required for a rough calculation in the
phase's building shell. These calculation equations form the
base for all further methods of calculation. As production
quantity cubic meters of reinforced concrete will be used.
The presented calculation methods do not replace detailed
considerations for the calculation of construction time and
construction costs.
10. METHODS
10.1 Deterministic Approach
The length of the construction time has essential influence
on the construction and very well also on the planning
process. At ‚normal„ construction time, where the limits
don't have to be exceeded for economic use of the factors of
production, these factors still can be planned optimally. The
shorter the construction time, the higher also is the demands
to the planning process. By the project management for a
short construction time, it must be considered, for example,
how is the lack, because it is not installable, cranes can be
compensated by other means of transport or other
construction method.
As a rule, too short construction Times are provided for
construction projects with regard to productive use of the
factors of production. However, long lead times contrast for
competitions and the planning with the short construction
times.
10.1.1 Calculation of the duration of the Reinforced
Concrete Works
The duration is calculated in the deterministic approach as a
scalar quantity. For each calculation passage scalar quantity
for each parameter will be used. As input parameters for the
calculation, for example, base values are used. Basing on
these base values in terms of opportunity and risk
assessment, the final values are determined for the
calculation passage.
For Eq. 1 with the average values for the quantity of
concrete BTM [m³] and performance LSTB [m³/d] the duration
DSTB [d] is calculated.
STB
M
STB
L
BT
D
(1)
To the consideration of disturbances in the calculation, a
buffer PUSTB,Z [%] should be included which leads to the
following equation.
100
1
,
,
ZSTB
STBPUSTB
PU
DD
(2)
The amount of buffer depends on the complexity of the
construction and the number of construction stages in
winter. From our experiences it has shown that the buffer is
between 5 and 15%. In 'normal' construction time the buffer
should be at 5% and at least at 15% for a very short
construction time.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 398
The buffer takes into account, for example, additional
performance or project unawareness
10.1.2 Daily Performance of the Reinforced
Concrete Works
The average daily performance for the reinforced concrete
work LSTB [m³/d] is calculated according to to Eq. 3 In the
numerator it result in multiplying the number of workers
AKSTB [Std/h] with the daily working AZSTB [h/d] the daily
labor hours.
The denominator is the total cost value AWSTB [Std/m³] for
the reinforced concrete work.
STB
STBSTB
STB
AW
AZAK
L
(3)
In Figure 1 are shown decisive influences on performance.
This serves as an exemplary presentation of a qualitative
assessment of risks and opportunities portfolio.
The average performance can be calculated for the entire
construction or individual structural components. Depending
on the level of detail of the project and the project stage,
typically rise the accuracy of the input variables and thus the
calculation result.
Fig 1: key influences on performance [Hofstadler]
10.2 Simplified Stochastic Approach
For the simplified stochastic calculation method also
deterministic calculation rules are to develop. However, for
the calculation operation is not one value per parameter
required, but three values. In addition, three values must be
chosen for the probability of occurrence.
10.2.1 Flexible Method
For the respective input values in the calculation equations
respectively three values are used, namely a minimum value,
a most frequent value and a maximum value. These values
are multiplied by the respective, subjectively defined
probability of occurrence. By adding the three products you
get the subjectively most probable value
For the probability of occurrence (PEW,i) applies::
1,iEWp
(4)
10.2.2 PERT-Method
The PERT method assumes a fixed distribution type, the
BETA-distribution. In the PERT method three input values
to calculate the desired value is required. The counters are
the minimum and maximum value, unweighted and
weighted with 4 common value used. The three values are
added together and the weighted average the weighted mean
average value formed from this.
6
valuecpessimisti1aluefrequent v4valueOptimistic1
Duration
(5)
In addition to this balanced approach, there are two
asymmetric approaches. Werner argues in his dissertation,
an optimistic and pessimistic calculation equation.
In the optimistic calculation, the weighted value higher than
the optimistic and pessimistic, the calculation is done
according to Eq. 6
6
valuecpessimisti1aluefrequent v3valueOptimistic2
Duration
(6)
On the other hand, it is by the pessimistic analysis the
pessimistic value is evaluated with a higher value. The
calculation is performed according to Eq. 8
6
valuecpessimisti2aluefrequent v3valueOptimistic1
Duration
(7)
10.3 Monte-Carlo Simulation
The Monte Carlo method, for example, allows the
calculation of the probability distribution for the
construction time. In an arbitrary number of iterations
generates a software program (in this case @ RISK) for the
input values random values, which are used in each pre-
defined probability density functions, and combines them
for a given calculation rule (the calculation equations of the
deterministic method), the distribution function of the
results.
The input parameters are:
fluctuation margin
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 399
The most probable value (if possible according to
the selected distribution function)
Distribution functions
For the stochastic calculation method, individual selected
parameters are proved with a distribution function (e.g. flow
chart for calculating the construction time shown in Figure
3). The distribution functions are chosen so that they come
closest to reality. Since for the individual parameters still
there are not clear characteristic distribution functions,
asymmetric triangles will be used here. For each parameter
in the flow chart shown values, respectively values are given
for the optimistic and pessimistic value and the most
probable value.
Fig 2: Calculation mode for the Monte-Carlo simulation
[Hofstadler]
The values are determined in consideration of the
construction management and construction-specific
boundary conditions. As a basis for the values, for example,
internal company records or data from the literature (e.g.
working time guidelines for building superstructures) are
used. For example, if the total value of expenditure
considered and asymmetric triangular distributions is used, a
most probable value will be specified by the cost values for
shuttering work, reinforcement and concreting. Based on
these values, the opportunities and risks in the course of a
situation analysis will be evaluated, which means it is used
to determine to what extent these values fall below or could
be exceeded.
By including of considerations of probability in the
calculations, a significant improvement in the decision-
making is possible. Due to the used range and distribution
functions, probability distributions are presented according
to selected number of iterations for the required results. For
the calculation shown in Figure mode is as a result of the
total cost value (AWSTB) the daily performance (LSTB, WS), a
period with no buffer (DSTB, WS) and the duration with buffer
(DSTB, WS, PU ) respectively output a probability distribution.
For the calculation mode shown in Figure 6 is as a result of
the total cost value (AWSTB) ,the daily performance (LSTB,WS),
a duration without buffer (DSTB,WS) and the duration
including buffer (DSTB,WS,PU) each has a probability
distribution output.
11. CONCLUSION& RECOMMENDATIONS
The general recommendation relating to the organization
must be theoretically that all processes in the project must be
organized, that the individual sub-processes should be
executed as quickly as possible, that there will be no lay- or
waiting-times between the individual processing steps, and
that as many sub-processes can be parallel implemented.
However, construction projects are complex systems in
which all works closely interlocked and run in a tight
network of dependencies. From project to project and even
from one project to the next phase, the tasks, work priorities
and relationships in the system will change. The task of the
project management is always defrenciated - and especially
with the demand for acceleration - specifically customized
solutions must be adapted.
To calculate the construction time, production volumes on
the one hand and the production performance on the other
hand are required for rough considerations. If the entire
project is split into sub-systems, the relationships between
the systems (e.g., building shell construction, Construction
development, construction Engineering) should be defined.
In addition to the uncertainties in the calculation of the
partial times for each system now also the uncertainties must
be recorded in the relationships and to be evaluated.
Here for each project, the opportunities and risks need to be
reviewed. As a starting point here are the experiences from
past projects that are only useful if the resulting data can be
transparently analyzed. First base values can be determined,
based on the chances- and risk assessment, optimistic and
pessimistic values are determined.
The preparation of the deterministic calculation rule forms
the basis for the stochastic methods. If the stochastic
calculation methods systematically and dutifully applied,
their results form a good basis for the interpretation of
output and ultimately for decision making.
Further studies for the characteristics of distribution
functions for cost values and construction parameters (such
as formwork ratio, reinforcement ratio) can be performed.
The effects of correlations between the input variables are
also examined for their relevance. The results will to be
published.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all I would like to express my great thanks to God
Almighty for helping me to finish this humbly research, and
this is my pleasure to express my special thanks to “Taif
University Administration”, for their full support to the
scientific research in the university, I‟m also grateful to my
family, all engineers and engineering companies who gave
me their hands to help, for granting and supporting me by
the data that I need to complete the research.
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 400
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