The document discusses CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing). It provides an overview of CAD, which is used for design and documentation, and CAM, which is used for production planning and control. CAD/CAM systems are used to increase productivity, quality, and efficiency across the design and manufacturing processes. The document also describes the basic hardware and software components of CAD/CAM systems, including CPUs, memory, input/output devices, and common applications like CAD, CAM, and CAE.
This document discusses the information processing cycle of a computer system. It defines a computer system as including both hardware and software. It then explains the four main steps of the information processing cycle as: 1) input - entering data into memory, 2) process - transforming data, 3) output - conveying information to the user, and 4) storage - holding data, instructions, and information for future use. As an example, it explains how the information "8x2=16" would go through each step of the cycle.
First, second, third and fourth generations of computers are summarized based on their technology and capabilities. Key events and inventions in the history of computing are noted from 500 BC to the modern era. The document then provides classifications and overviews of different types of computers, data processing, and the elements of an electronic data processing system including hardware, software, and people involved.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, operations, and maintenance. It describes the typical phases of the SDLC process - preliminary investigation, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, software development, system testing, implementation and evaluation, and maintenance. The waterfall model is presented as a common SDLC approach, with its sequential phases of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
1. The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from the first to fourth generations. The first generation used vacuum tubes and consumed large amounts of power. The second generation saw the development of programming languages like Fortran. The third generation used integrated circuits which revolutionized electronics. The fourth generation uses microprocessors.
2. The document also covers computer fundamentals including classifications by purpose and data type. It discusses the data processing cycle of input, processing, and output. Methods of data processing include batch, online, real-time, and distributed processing. Hardware components include the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. Software includes operating systems and language translators.
The document discusses different types of manufacturing systems. It defines a manufacturing system as a collection of integrated equipment and human resources that performs processing and/or assembly operations on raw materials or parts. There are several types of manufacturing systems classified based on factors like the type of operations, number of workstations, level of automation, and ability to handle product variety. Common types include single workstation systems, multiple workstation systems with variable or fixed routing between stations, and systems that are manually operated, semi-automated, or fully automated.
The document discusses the functions and components of operating systems. It can be summarized as:
1. Operating systems perform important functions like efficient resource management, concurrent job processing, multi-programming, reducing response times, and improving reliability.
2. Operating systems are composed of control programs, language processors, and service programs. The control program manages jobs, processes, memory, input/output and acts as the core of the operating system.
3. Key functions of operating systems include job management using job control languages, process management using states like ready, running and waiting, and interrupt handling using mechanisms like dispatching.
Bootstrap program – simple code to initialize the system, load the kernel
Kernel loads
Starts system daemons (services provided outside of the kernel)
Kernel interrupt driven (hardware and software)
Hardware interrupt by one of the devices
Software interrupt (exception or trap):
Software error (e.g., division by zero)
Request for operating system service – system call
Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying each other or the operating system
The document discusses operating systems and their key functions. It describes how an operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware, managing resources like memory, processors, devices and information. It outlines important operating system functions such as memory management, processor management, device management, file management, security and job accounting. It also discusses different types of operating systems including batch, time-sharing, distributed and network operating systems.
This document discusses the information processing cycle of a computer system. It defines a computer system as including both hardware and software. It then explains the four main steps of the information processing cycle as: 1) input - entering data into memory, 2) process - transforming data, 3) output - conveying information to the user, and 4) storage - holding data, instructions, and information for future use. As an example, it explains how the information "8x2=16" would go through each step of the cycle.
First, second, third and fourth generations of computers are summarized based on their technology and capabilities. Key events and inventions in the history of computing are noted from 500 BC to the modern era. The document then provides classifications and overviews of different types of computers, data processing, and the elements of an electronic data processing system including hardware, software, and people involved.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, operations, and maintenance. It describes the typical phases of the SDLC process - preliminary investigation, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, software development, system testing, implementation and evaluation, and maintenance. The waterfall model is presented as a common SDLC approach, with its sequential phases of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
1. The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from the first to fourth generations. The first generation used vacuum tubes and consumed large amounts of power. The second generation saw the development of programming languages like Fortran. The third generation used integrated circuits which revolutionized electronics. The fourth generation uses microprocessors.
2. The document also covers computer fundamentals including classifications by purpose and data type. It discusses the data processing cycle of input, processing, and output. Methods of data processing include batch, online, real-time, and distributed processing. Hardware components include the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. Software includes operating systems and language translators.
The document discusses different types of manufacturing systems. It defines a manufacturing system as a collection of integrated equipment and human resources that performs processing and/or assembly operations on raw materials or parts. There are several types of manufacturing systems classified based on factors like the type of operations, number of workstations, level of automation, and ability to handle product variety. Common types include single workstation systems, multiple workstation systems with variable or fixed routing between stations, and systems that are manually operated, semi-automated, or fully automated.
The document discusses the functions and components of operating systems. It can be summarized as:
1. Operating systems perform important functions like efficient resource management, concurrent job processing, multi-programming, reducing response times, and improving reliability.
2. Operating systems are composed of control programs, language processors, and service programs. The control program manages jobs, processes, memory, input/output and acts as the core of the operating system.
3. Key functions of operating systems include job management using job control languages, process management using states like ready, running and waiting, and interrupt handling using mechanisms like dispatching.
Bootstrap program – simple code to initialize the system, load the kernel
Kernel loads
Starts system daemons (services provided outside of the kernel)
Kernel interrupt driven (hardware and software)
Hardware interrupt by one of the devices
Software interrupt (exception or trap):
Software error (e.g., division by zero)
Request for operating system service – system call
Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying each other or the operating system
The document discusses operating systems and their key functions. It describes how an operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware, managing resources like memory, processors, devices and information. It outlines important operating system functions such as memory management, processor management, device management, file management, security and job accounting. It also discusses different types of operating systems including batch, time-sharing, distributed and network operating systems.
Adaptive Control Systems Paper Presentationguestac67362
The document discusses the use of an adaptive control system with a knowledge server in an intelligent CNC system. It proposes a knowledge server for controllers (KSC) that allows CNC systems to access intelligent processing capabilities. The KSC would contain various knowledge-based modules that CNC clients could access. This would provide a low-cost way to add artificial intelligence functions to CNC systems using a shared server. An early prototype integrated a KSC to provide adaptive control testing of machine axes.
The document discusses processes and process management in operating systems. Key points include:
- A process is an instance of a running program and includes the program code, data, resources used by the program, and process execution status information.
- The operating system uses process control blocks (PCBs) and tables to manage processes and allocate CPU, memory, I/O, and other resources among processes.
- Processes can be in different states like running, ready, blocked, or suspended. The operating system performs scheduling to switch processes in and out of the running state.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on computer organization. It includes 5 modules that cover topics like basic computer structure, input/output organization, memory systems, arithmetic, and basic processing units. The course aims to explain computer organization and demonstrate how different subsystems like the processor, input/output, and memory function. Students will learn about hardwired and microprogrammed control as well as pipelining, embedded systems, and other computing architectures. Assessment includes assignments, a written exam consisting of questions from each module, and students must answer 1 question from each module.
The document discusses the main components of a computer system: people, data, procedures, hardware, and software. It describes the roles of computer users, professionals, managers, and analysts. It defines the types of data and how data becomes information. It outlines procedures for operating systems, communicating between systems, entering and backing up data, and handling errors and emergencies. It lists the input, processing, output, and storage hardware. Finally, it discusses application software, system software including operating systems, and communication software.
manufacturing support system is the some arrangement of the machine and software and process to work easily with properly handling of equipment like operation different types.it also conclude that all types of material handling system like automated storage and retrieval system etc are come in this categories.
Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) aims to integrate all functions related to manufacturing, from order receipt through production to shipment, using computer and communication technologies. CIM encompasses CAD/CAM functions like product design, process planning, and NC programming, as well as business functions like order entry, production planning and control, and inventory management. The goal is to automate information flow and the transition from design to manufacturing. Techniques covered include CAD, CAM, CAPP, CAE, FMS, JIT, MRP and LAN. JIT production minimizes waste like work-in-progress inventory by delivering components just when needed downstream.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including definitions, components, functions, and types. It discusses what an operating system is, its main components, and its key roles such as managing hardware resources, providing user interfaces, running application programs, and protecting system resources from unauthorized access. Different types of operating systems are also covered, from early batch processing and time-sharing systems to modern desktop, real-time, distributed, and mobile systems.
1) The operating system performs several key functions including booting the system, loading the kernel, starting system services, handling interrupts, and scheduling processes.
2) Multiprogramming and multitasking allow multiple jobs or processes to run concurrently by switching the CPU between them, improving efficiency when a process is waiting for I/O.
3) The operating system manages processes, memory, files, storage, and performs caching to improve performance.
This document provides an overview of parallel computing models and the evolution of computer hardware and software. It discusses:
1) Flynn's taxonomy which classifies computer architectures based on whether they have a single or multiple instruction/data streams. This includes SISD, SIMD, MISD, and MIMD models.
2) The attributes that influence computer performance such as hardware technology, algorithms, data structures, and programming tools. Performance is measured by turnaround time, clock rate, and cycles per instruction.
3) A brief history of computing from mechanical devices to modern electronic computers organized into generations defined by advances in hardware and software.
A computer uses both hardware and software to function, with the operating system managing resources and providing an interface between the user and hardware. Hardware includes the physical and tangible parts of a computer while software consists of programs and instructions. There are various types of computers classified by size from micro to mainframe, and operating systems can be single-user or multi-user depending on the number of simultaneous users supported.
The document discusses the process control block (PCB), which contains key information needed by the operating system to manage processes. The PCB includes process identification data like the process ID, process state data like CPU register values, and process control data like scheduling information. It stores information needed for tasks like context switching between processes. PCBs allow the OS to track processes and resources like memory and devices allocated to each process. They are located in protected memory areas like the kernel stack.
This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems including paging, segmentation, and virtual memory. It defines key concepts such as logical versus physical addresses, page tables, frames, and how memory management units map between these spaces. Advantages and disadvantages of different algorithms like FIFO, LRU and clock are presented. The goals of memory management are to allow for more efficient use of limited memory and enable running multiple processes simultaneously.
What is process planning .Difficulties in traditional process planning,CAPP Model,Types of CAPP ,1.Retrieval type CAPP (variant) systems.
2.Generative CAPP systems.
3.Hybrid CAPP systems.
Process planning system , Machinability data systems , Benefits of CAPP
Memory management is the process by which an operating system manages and allocates primary memory. It tracks both allocated and free memory locations. Key techniques include single contiguous allocation, partitioned allocation, paged memory management, and segmented memory management. Swapping moves processes temporarily from memory to disk to improve performance. Memory allocation assigns space to processes, and fragmentation occurs when free spaces are too small to use. Paging and segmentation retrieve processes from disk to memory. Dynamic loading and linking load libraries only when needed at runtime rather than during compilation.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their functions such as managing resources, acting as an interface between hardware and software, and providing services like I/O control and error handling. It discusses the evolution of operating systems from simple batch systems to time-sharing systems. Key concepts in OS development include processes, memory management, security, scheduling, and a layered system structure.
This document contains lecture notes on operating systems from Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women. It discusses the overview of operating systems including definitions, computer system structure with hardware, operating system, application programs and users. It describes operating system functions like process management, memory management, storage management, and system protection. It also discusses concepts like interrupts, I/O structure, direct memory access, storage hierarchy, caching and operating system structure for multiprogramming and timesharing.
This document discusses different types of computer systems based on operational principle and size/speed. There are three types based on operational principle: analog computers that process continuous values, digital computers that process binary digits, and hybrid computers that can process both analog and digital data. Based on size and speed, there are supercomputers that are the most powerful, mainframes for intensive tasks, minicomputers for complex computations, and microcomputers which are the most common and include PCs.
Home Depot is a home improvement retailer with locations across the US. It offers over 40,000 building materials across 20 categories. The document outlines a marketing campaign to increase its female customer base by focusing on social media, education, and contests. It will run weekly photo contests on Instagram over 3 months with cash and gift card prizes. Winners will also be entered to win a $1000 gift card and tool set. The campaign aims to improve social media presence and engagement to increase traffic by 5% within 3 months. It has a total budget of $11.8 million.
Adaptive Control Systems Paper Presentationguestac67362
The document discusses the use of an adaptive control system with a knowledge server in an intelligent CNC system. It proposes a knowledge server for controllers (KSC) that allows CNC systems to access intelligent processing capabilities. The KSC would contain various knowledge-based modules that CNC clients could access. This would provide a low-cost way to add artificial intelligence functions to CNC systems using a shared server. An early prototype integrated a KSC to provide adaptive control testing of machine axes.
The document discusses processes and process management in operating systems. Key points include:
- A process is an instance of a running program and includes the program code, data, resources used by the program, and process execution status information.
- The operating system uses process control blocks (PCBs) and tables to manage processes and allocate CPU, memory, I/O, and other resources among processes.
- Processes can be in different states like running, ready, blocked, or suspended. The operating system performs scheduling to switch processes in and out of the running state.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on computer organization. It includes 5 modules that cover topics like basic computer structure, input/output organization, memory systems, arithmetic, and basic processing units. The course aims to explain computer organization and demonstrate how different subsystems like the processor, input/output, and memory function. Students will learn about hardwired and microprogrammed control as well as pipelining, embedded systems, and other computing architectures. Assessment includes assignments, a written exam consisting of questions from each module, and students must answer 1 question from each module.
The document discusses the main components of a computer system: people, data, procedures, hardware, and software. It describes the roles of computer users, professionals, managers, and analysts. It defines the types of data and how data becomes information. It outlines procedures for operating systems, communicating between systems, entering and backing up data, and handling errors and emergencies. It lists the input, processing, output, and storage hardware. Finally, it discusses application software, system software including operating systems, and communication software.
manufacturing support system is the some arrangement of the machine and software and process to work easily with properly handling of equipment like operation different types.it also conclude that all types of material handling system like automated storage and retrieval system etc are come in this categories.
Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) aims to integrate all functions related to manufacturing, from order receipt through production to shipment, using computer and communication technologies. CIM encompasses CAD/CAM functions like product design, process planning, and NC programming, as well as business functions like order entry, production planning and control, and inventory management. The goal is to automate information flow and the transition from design to manufacturing. Techniques covered include CAD, CAM, CAPP, CAE, FMS, JIT, MRP and LAN. JIT production minimizes waste like work-in-progress inventory by delivering components just when needed downstream.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including definitions, components, functions, and types. It discusses what an operating system is, its main components, and its key roles such as managing hardware resources, providing user interfaces, running application programs, and protecting system resources from unauthorized access. Different types of operating systems are also covered, from early batch processing and time-sharing systems to modern desktop, real-time, distributed, and mobile systems.
1) The operating system performs several key functions including booting the system, loading the kernel, starting system services, handling interrupts, and scheduling processes.
2) Multiprogramming and multitasking allow multiple jobs or processes to run concurrently by switching the CPU between them, improving efficiency when a process is waiting for I/O.
3) The operating system manages processes, memory, files, storage, and performs caching to improve performance.
This document provides an overview of parallel computing models and the evolution of computer hardware and software. It discusses:
1) Flynn's taxonomy which classifies computer architectures based on whether they have a single or multiple instruction/data streams. This includes SISD, SIMD, MISD, and MIMD models.
2) The attributes that influence computer performance such as hardware technology, algorithms, data structures, and programming tools. Performance is measured by turnaround time, clock rate, and cycles per instruction.
3) A brief history of computing from mechanical devices to modern electronic computers organized into generations defined by advances in hardware and software.
A computer uses both hardware and software to function, with the operating system managing resources and providing an interface between the user and hardware. Hardware includes the physical and tangible parts of a computer while software consists of programs and instructions. There are various types of computers classified by size from micro to mainframe, and operating systems can be single-user or multi-user depending on the number of simultaneous users supported.
The document discusses the process control block (PCB), which contains key information needed by the operating system to manage processes. The PCB includes process identification data like the process ID, process state data like CPU register values, and process control data like scheduling information. It stores information needed for tasks like context switching between processes. PCBs allow the OS to track processes and resources like memory and devices allocated to each process. They are located in protected memory areas like the kernel stack.
This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems including paging, segmentation, and virtual memory. It defines key concepts such as logical versus physical addresses, page tables, frames, and how memory management units map between these spaces. Advantages and disadvantages of different algorithms like FIFO, LRU and clock are presented. The goals of memory management are to allow for more efficient use of limited memory and enable running multiple processes simultaneously.
What is process planning .Difficulties in traditional process planning,CAPP Model,Types of CAPP ,1.Retrieval type CAPP (variant) systems.
2.Generative CAPP systems.
3.Hybrid CAPP systems.
Process planning system , Machinability data systems , Benefits of CAPP
Memory management is the process by which an operating system manages and allocates primary memory. It tracks both allocated and free memory locations. Key techniques include single contiguous allocation, partitioned allocation, paged memory management, and segmented memory management. Swapping moves processes temporarily from memory to disk to improve performance. Memory allocation assigns space to processes, and fragmentation occurs when free spaces are too small to use. Paging and segmentation retrieve processes from disk to memory. Dynamic loading and linking load libraries only when needed at runtime rather than during compilation.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their functions such as managing resources, acting as an interface between hardware and software, and providing services like I/O control and error handling. It discusses the evolution of operating systems from simple batch systems to time-sharing systems. Key concepts in OS development include processes, memory management, security, scheduling, and a layered system structure.
This document contains lecture notes on operating systems from Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women. It discusses the overview of operating systems including definitions, computer system structure with hardware, operating system, application programs and users. It describes operating system functions like process management, memory management, storage management, and system protection. It also discusses concepts like interrupts, I/O structure, direct memory access, storage hierarchy, caching and operating system structure for multiprogramming and timesharing.
This document discusses different types of computer systems based on operational principle and size/speed. There are three types based on operational principle: analog computers that process continuous values, digital computers that process binary digits, and hybrid computers that can process both analog and digital data. Based on size and speed, there are supercomputers that are the most powerful, mainframes for intensive tasks, minicomputers for complex computations, and microcomputers which are the most common and include PCs.
Home Depot is a home improvement retailer with locations across the US. It offers over 40,000 building materials across 20 categories. The document outlines a marketing campaign to increase its female customer base by focusing on social media, education, and contests. It will run weekly photo contests on Instagram over 3 months with cash and gift card prizes. Winners will also be entered to win a $1000 gift card and tool set. The campaign aims to improve social media presence and engagement to increase traffic by 5% within 3 months. It has a total budget of $11.8 million.
Heat transfer record figures [pls visit our blog sres11 jemeches.blogspotSres IImeches
The document consists of 12 sections labeled "HEAT TRANSFER RECORD FIGURES" and numbered 1 through 12. Each section contains a request to visit the blog "Sres11meches.blogspot.in" to view heat transfer record figures.
Im i mid question & bits [pls vis it our blog sres11meches]Sres IImeches
This document provides an overview of industrial management concepts including Fayol's 14 principles of management, different types of organizational structures (line, committee, matrix), plant layouts, and work study/method study. It also includes 20 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of management topics such as the functions of management, levels of management, managerial roles, departmentation strategies, operations management, marketing mix principles, and product life cycle (PLC).
Health Benefits Of Marigold Tea
Marigold flowers have amazing medicinal properties which help in healing in a more natural way .. for more detail about Marigold or Marigold Tea, go through the given info or visit us.
Mefa unit 5&6 pls vist our blog [sres11jemeches.blogspot.in]Sres IImeches
This document provides an overview of different forms of business organizations including sole proprietorship, partnership, and joint stock companies. It discusses the key characteristics and factors to consider when choosing a business organization structure.
The main points are:
1. Sole proprietorship is the simplest form with one owner having unlimited liability but also full control. Partnerships involve two or more owners who agree to share profits/losses and have unlimited liability.
2. Key factors that influence the choice of business organization include ease of formation/closure, ability to raise capital, liability, and flexibility.
3. The document then outlines the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of sole proprietorships and partnerships in more detail.
The document outlines a marketing campaign by Burberry aimed at college students seeking internships or jobs, including running an Instagram contest to promote their business attire line, offering discounts on the line, and creating brand awareness via social media like Twitter and Facebook, with a total budget of $359,500.
This document appears to be a student's notebook for an English class. It lists the student's name, "Gomora Martinez Marlen", suggesting it belongs to that individual. In 3 sentences or less, the document provides very limited contextual information.
1st year (r09) syllabus book [sres11jemeches.blogspot.com]Sres IImeches
The document outlines the course structure for B.Tech students of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur in their first year.
It provides the list of subjects for different branches of engineering like ECE, EEE, EIE etc. The subjects include English, Engineering Physics, Engineering Chemistry, Mathematics, Programming in C etc. It specifies the number of theory, tutorial and laboratory hours for each subject.
It also gives the detailed syllabus for two subjects - English and Engineering Physics. The syllabus for English covers the objectives and topics for listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. The syllabus for Engineering Physics covers various topics in optics, crystal structures, quantum mechanics, semicon
Industrial management 5 7 8 units [pls visit our blog sres11meches.blogspot.in]Sres IImeches
Materials management involves planning, directing, controlling, and coordinating activities related to material and inventory requirements. It aims to ensure the right materials are available at the right time and in the right quantities, while minimizing costs. Key aspects of materials management include material selection, procurement, inventory control techniques like EOQ and ABC analysis, and storekeeping functions like receiving, storage, and issue of materials. The objectives are to obtain materials at low cost, maintain continuous supply, and control inventory levels.
The document summarizes a survey of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms for association rule mining. It discusses how association rule mining seeks to find relationships between items in large datasets. It can be viewed as a multi-objective optimization problem, with objectives like support, confidence, and interestingness that need to be optimized. The document reviews several multi-objective evolutionary algorithms that have been applied to association rule mining, focusing on encoding techniques, objective functions used, evolutionary operators, and methods for selecting the final solution set.
The document discusses the introduction, design process, and formalisms for embedded system design. It begins by defining embedded systems and their components. It then describes the embedded system design process which involves requirements analysis, specification, architecture design, component design, integration, and testing. Finally, it introduces the Unified Modeling Language (UML) as a formalism to describe the structural and behavioral aspects of embedded system design using objects, classes, and their interactions.
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed to perform a specific function. It has three main components - hardware, application software, and an optional real-time operating system. Embedded systems are used in devices like fire alarms, cruise control systems, and digital cameras where they perform specialized tasks in real-time. Common characteristics include being single-purpose, constrained by tight design requirements like size and power consumption, and reactive to changes in their environment.
The document provides information about embedded systems and microprocessors. It defines embedded systems and gives examples. It discusses microprocessors and microcontrollers, their components, and differences between the two. It describes characteristics of embedded computing applications like sophisticated functionality, real-time operation, cost, power, and design teams. It also covers topics like instruction sets, ARM and Texas Instruments C55x processors, assembly language, and the ARM programming model.
UNIT 1 ERTS-1.pptusbce18ugxy8vsxysqvyexveeerithanya
This document provides an overview of embedded and real-time systems. It discusses the key components of embedded systems including processors, memory, timers, and I/O devices. It also covers memory management methods, real-time operating systems, classifications of embedded systems, and considerations for selecting processors and memory. The document aims to introduce students to the structural units and design of embedded systems.
This chapter discusses PLC programming methods. It describes the ladder logic programming method which uses symbols like normally open contacts, normally closed contacts, and output coils to represent switches, relays, and control circuits. Ladder logic is a graphical programming language that resembles a ladder with power rails and rungs representing circuit logic. The chapter provides examples of simple ladder diagrams with two inputs and defines the basic symbols used in ladder logic programming. It also briefly mentions two other PLC programming methods: control system flowchart and statement list.
Cim lab manual (10 mel77) by mohammed imranMohammed Imran
CIM & AUTOMATION LABORATORY MANUAL (10MEL77)
PREPARED BY
MOHAMMED IMRAN
ASST PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GHOUSIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
RAMANAGARAM-562159
The document describes the syllabus for the course EC8791 - Embedded and Real Time Systems. The objectives of the course are to understand embedded system design concepts, learn ARM processor architecture and programming, understand basic embedded programming concepts, and learn about real-time operating systems. The course covers topics such as introduction to embedded computing and ARM processors, embedded system design process, real-time operating systems, and performance analysis of embedded systems. It also discusses formalisms for embedded system design such as the Unified Modeling Language.
1. The document discusses embedded system design and embedded computing. It covers topics like components of embedded systems, real-time operating systems, challenges in embedded system design, and performance analysis.
2. It provides examples of embedded applications like ABS and stability control systems in cars that use microprocessors. Complex algorithms, user interfaces, real-time deadlines, and multirate behavior are characteristics of embedded computing applications.
3. Choosing hardware, meeting deadlines, minimizing power consumption, and designing for upgradability are some of the challenges in embedded system design discussed in the document. The CPU, platform, program, tasks, and multiprocessor impact performance in embedded computing systems.
1. The document discusses the unit ITEL01 - Embedded Systems which covers introduction to embedded computing, instruction sets, textbooks and reference books.
2. It defines what an embedded system is, discusses the hardware and software components, and classification of microprocessors.
3. The challenges in embedded system design process are also summarized which includes meeting specifications within constraints of cost, power and size.
Introduction to computers MRS. SOWMYA JYOTHISowmya Jyothi
The document provides an introduction to computers including:
- A computer is defined as an electronic device that processes data under programmed instructions to produce information.
- The main components of a computer are the input, output, storage, and central processing units. The CPU contains the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and memory unit.
- Computers can be classified based on their construction (analog, digital, hybrid), application (general purpose, special purpose), and size/speed (supercomputer, mainframe, mini computer, workstation, microcomputer).
- Software includes system software like operating systems and application software for specific tasks. Hardware refers to the physical and electronic components of a computer system.
This document provides an overview of the ME6703 - Computer Integrated Manufacturing course. The key topics covered include computer aided design (CAD), computer aided manufacturing (CAM), computer integrated manufacturing (CIM), and automation. The objectives are to understand how computers are applied in various manufacturing aspects like design, planning, costing, and layout. CAD is used to assist product design and modeling. CAM involves using computers to assist all manufacturing phases. CIM integrates the total manufacturing enterprise through integrated systems and data communications. Automation applies technology to accomplish processes without human assistance.
Computer-Aided process planning (CAPP) aims to capture the logic, judgements, and experience required for process planning and incorporate them into computer programs that can automatically generate manufacturing operation sequences. There are three main approaches to CAPP: retrieval systems that retrieve standardized process plans, generative systems that create plans through decision logic and algorithms, and hybrid systems that combine aspects of both. CAPP reduces routine work for manufacturing engineers and aims to standardize and optimize the process planning procedure.
1. The document discusses the unit ITEL01 - Embedded Systems which covers introduction to embedded computing, instruction sets, textbooks and reference books.
2. It defines what an embedded system is, discusses the hardware and software components, and classification of microprocessors.
3. The document covers advantages of programmable CPUs, functionality of embedded systems, challenges in design, performance aspects, and formalisms for system design including UML.
This document discusses computerized manufacturing planning and control systems. It covers computer aided process planning (CAPP), which involves using computer programs to generate production processes and sequences. There are two types of CAPP systems - retrieval systems that retrieve standard plans and generative systems that create new plans from scratch. The document also covers material requirements planning (MRP) which converts a master production schedule into detailed schedules for materials. MRP uses the bill of materials, master schedule, and inventory records as inputs to determine material needs. Capacity planning is also discussed to ensure production capacity can meet scheduling demands.
Medical Store Management System Software Engineering Projecthani2253
This document provides an overview of a medical store management system project. It describes the project title, objectives, features, scope, and deliverables. The project aims to automate the inventory, accounting, and customer management processes of a medical store to ease the workload. It will use a waterfall model and be developed in Java. Key features will include product, customer, sales, and payment management. The document outlines requirements, design, and implementation plans including user stories, data flow diagrams, and a work breakdown structure.
A computer is a programmable machine that performs arithmetic and logical operations on input provided by the user to produce desired output. It consists of both hardware and software components. The hardware includes physical parts like the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, while software refers to programs and instructions. A computer accepts data as input, processes it, stores results, and provides output according to programmed instructions at high speed, accuracy, and capacity.
Arduino (/ɑːrˈdwiːnoʊ/) is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC-BY-SA license, while software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official website or through authorized distributors.
Medical Store Management System Software Engineering 1hani2253
This document outlines a medical store management system project created by three students. The project aims to automate the manual record keeping process of a medical store. Key features of the software include inventory management, accounting, customer management, and reporting. The document discusses the scope, objectives, drawbacks of the current system, and deliverables of the project. It also covers the system requirements, design approach, implementation details, and user documentation.
This document provides instructions for students to complete practical projects related to project management. It outlines 4 practical assignments:
1. Create a System Requirement Study (SRS) for a sample inventory management project using UML diagrams.
2. Use the waterfall model to prepare a flow chart and Gantt chart for a student project.
3. Estimate the cost of a project using Function Point Analysis (FPA), which involves counting types of system functions and weighing them based on complexity.
4. Estimate the cost of a project using the COCOMO model, which is a regression model that uses parameters from historical data and current project characteristics in a basic formula.
Similar to Cad cam unit i [pls vis it our blog sres11meches] (20)
This document contains the results of several mechanical engineering students from a university in their third year, second semester examinations in June 2014. It lists the subject codes, subject names, internal marks, external marks, and whether the student passed or failed each subject. The results are shown for multiple students, assessing their performance across subjects like Industrial Management, CAD/CAM, Metrology, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Design of Machine Elements, Automobile Engineering, and others.
Resume 4 [pls vist our blog sres11meches.blogspot.in].docSres IImeches
This curriculum vitae provides details about an individual seeking a position as a software professional. It includes educational qualifications like a Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Engineering, skills in languages like C and C++ and databases like SQL and Oracle, and achievements such as receiving best cadet and best student awards. Two academic projects are summarized - a portable compiler that generates abstract stack machine code from Pascal programs, and a code generator for menu-based interfaces in C.
Resume 3 [pls vist our blog sres11meches.blogspot.in]Sres IImeches
The document contains a resume template with sections for name, objective, education, awards, positions held, publications, presentations, references, address, fields of interest, professional organizations, languages, accreditation, interests and activities, hobbies, volunteer experience, computer skills, licenses and certificates. It provides a structure for an individual to list their personal and professional details across these common resume categories.
Resume 2 [pls vist our blog sres11meches.blogspot.in]Sres IImeches
This document is a curriculum vitae for Xxxx yyyyyyy. It outlines his education qualifications including a B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering from B.M.S.C.E. with 78% aggregate. It also lists his software proficiencies in languages like C, C++ and databases like Oracle 8i. Additionally, it provides details of his achievements, projects, personal skills and extracurricular activities.
I.m ii nd mid descriptive & objective [pls visit our blog sres11meches.blogsp...Sres IImeches
This document contains sample questions from an Industrial Management exam for a Mechanical Engineering course. It includes multiple choice and descriptive questions covering topics like purchase management, stores management, PERT, CPM, inspection methods, job evaluation, merit rating, and quality control concepts like ISO standards, acceptance sampling, control charts. It also has human resource management questions on training, wages and remuneration.
Cad cam ii nd mid descriptive & objective [pls visit our blog sres11meches.bl...Sres IImeches
The document contains questions about CAD/CAM topics including transformations, geometric modeling methods, solid modeling approaches, raster scan displays, geometric commands, MRP, JIT, and numerical control machines. It asks multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about these topics to test understanding of key concepts in CAD/CAM.
Industrial management i ii iii iv units materials [pls vis it our blog sres11...Sres IImeches
This document provides an introduction to industrial management. It discusses key concepts in management including definitions of management, the nature of management as multidisciplinary and dynamic, and management functions. It also covers the evolution of management thought including scientific management by Taylor and administrative management theory by Fayol. Taylor's principles of scientific management aimed to optimize productivity through time and motion studies and standardization of work processes. Fayol identified 14 principles of management including division of work, authority, and discipline. The document also briefly discusses Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y of management styles.
Cad cam mi d bits [pls visit our blog sres11meches]Sres IImeches
This document contains 10 multiple choice questions about CAD/CAM technologies. The questions cover topics like common input devices for videogames, digitizer technologies, floppy disk storage capacities, benefits of CAD/CAM, components that perform basic math operations in a computer, common computer languages, resolutions of different printers, inkjet printer nozzle positioning, and plotter paper sizes. The document provides brief technical questions and answers about different aspects of CAD/CAM systems.
3 1 ii mid machine tools questions [pls vist our blog sres11jemeches]Sres IImeches
This document contains 8 questions about various machine tools and processes. The questions cover topics like milling machines and their working principles, different types of milling cutters and operations, cylindrical grinding machines and their working, tool and cutter grinding machines, special grinding machines, super finishing processes like lapping and honing, broaching machines, jigs and fixtures and their differences and advantages, and different types of jigs and fixtures. Diagrams and sketches are requested to help explain the answers.
3 1 ii mid thermal engg questions [pls vist our blog sres11jemeches]Sres IImeches
1. The document contains questions related to thermal engineering-II. It includes questions on steam condensers, impulse turbines, reaction turbines, bypass turbojet engines, pulse jet engines, closed cycle and open cycle gas turbines, regenerators, air-fuel ratios in gas turbines, and other gas turbine concepts.
2. The questions are divided into descriptive questions and objective/multiple choice questions. The descriptive questions cover topics like classifications of steam condensers, comparisons of impulse and reaction turbines, calculations for a reaction turbine stage, descriptions of bypass turbojet engines and applications of pulse jet engines, differences between closed and open cycle plants, and calculations of air-fuel ratios.
3. The objective questions test understanding of concepts like
3 1 ii mid dme questions & bits [pls vist our blog sres11jemeches]Sres IImeches
1) The document provides 10 questions related to riveted joints, bolted joints, shafts, and other mechanical design topics. It includes questions on the design of riveted and bolted joints, types of stresses in rotating shafts, and sizing shafts based on applied loads.
2) It also includes "bits" or short multiple choice questions to test knowledge of topics like rivet specifications, types of threads, locking devices, and theories used for shaft design.
3) The document serves as a study guide, providing mechanical design questions and terminology for students to review topics related to fastened joints, shafts, and machine element design.
Jntu a (r09) 3,4 years (i,ii sem) syllabus [sres11jemeches.blogspot.com]Sres IImeches
This document outlines the academic regulations for earning a B.Tech degree from 2009-2010 onwards at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University.
The key points are:
1) Students must pursue their course of study for at least 4 years and no more than 8 years to be eligible for the degree. They must also register for and secure all 220 credits.
2) Students who do not fulfill the degree requirements within 8 years will forfeit their seat.
3) A variety of engineering specializations are offered as courses of study, including Aeronautical, Biotechnology, Civil, Computer Science and others.
4) Student performance is evaluated through internal and end-of-se
2nd year (2 1 & 2-2) syllabus (r09) [sres11jemeches.blogspot.com]Sres IImeches
The document outlines the academic regulations for the B.Tech degree program at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU) for students admitted from the 2009-2010 academic year onwards.
The key points are:
1. Students must complete the 4-year degree program within 8 years, registering for and earning 220 credits total.
2. Courses are offered in 13 specializations. Assessment includes internal evaluations, midterm exams, end exams, projects and seminars. Students must earn minimum marks in each to pass.
3. Promotion from years 2 to 3 and 3 to 4 require earning a minimum number of credits from previous years, regardless of exam participation.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Cad cam unit i [pls vis it our blog sres11meches]
1. CAD CAM
UNIT -I
CAD:
Computer aided design---> It is used to assist in the creation, modification, analysis (or)
optimization of a design.
CAM:
In the use of computer systems to plan, manage and control the operations of a mfg plant through
direct or indirect computer interface with plant’s resources.
NEED OF CAD/CAM:
• To increase productivity of the designer.
• To improve quality of design.
• To improve compunction [creative products].
• To create mfg databases.
• To help in production scheduling.
• To have effective shop floor control.
DESIGN PROCESS:
Computer aided design and automated drafting are utilized in design and documentation of
product.
Computers used in process planning and scheduling to perform these functions more
efficiently.
Computers used in production to monitoring and controlling the mfg operations.
1 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
2. CAD CAM
In quality control section, computers are used to perform inspection and perform tests on
products and its computers, and accepted products are delivered to the customer.
CAD/CAM HARDWARE:
The computers are consists of CAD/CAM hardware are
1. CPU.
2. Memory devices
3. Input devices
4. Display devices
5. Hard copy devices
6. Storage devices.
BASIC STRUCTURE:
The heart of any computing system is the CPU .In CPU all necessary functions of a computer are
carried out. The main functions performed in the CPU are arithmetic and logic operations.
The CPU communicates with the input/output devices.
Through input device, the user communicates with the CPU, either to give certain data or
control the operations of CPU.
The output device means, through which the CPU gives the results of the computations.
Another important unit of computer system is memoryunit.These is the areas where
necessary data (or) program is stored.
In present day computer works on the principle called stored-program concept. Where
the sequence of operations to be carried out by the CPU.This stored program is called
software in computer terminology.
2 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
4. CAD CAM
1.Customers and markets:
Depending on the particular group,there will be difference in the way the product
cycle is activated. In some cases design functions are performed by the costumer and the
product is manufactured by the firm .In other cases design &mfg is accomplished bythe
same firm.
2.Product concept:
The product cycle begine with the concept,an idea for a product .this concept is
cultivated,refind,analysed&improved and transferd into the design engg.sections.
3.design engineering:
With the concept of product and specifications of product drawings can be
performed.
4.drafting:
After the design,drafting can be performed for the particular product .All types of
views are represented in drafting.
5.process planning:
Process plan is formulated which specifies the sequence of production operations
required to make the product.
7. Order new equipment&tooling:
For to develop the particular product if it need any new equipment&tools,they
Can be orded.
8. Production scheduling:
Scheduling provides a plan that commits the company to manufacture of certain
quantities of product by certain dates.
8.production:
In the production section products are developed by the different machines.
9.quality control :
Finished products are entered in to the quality control section ,then check for the
quality and quality control accepted products are delivered to the customer
Computers used in manufacturing :
To maintain accuracy of product specifications
To maintain quality of products
To increase productivity
To increase productivity.
Computers used in mfg is brodly classified in to two groups.
4 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
5. CAD CAM
1.computer monitory&control.
2.computer for mfg support applications.
1.computer monitory&control.
With the increase in the need for quality mfg.along with the factors of short lead
times and short product lives and increasing consumer awareness regulary quality of
product it is important for manfactures to initiate steps to achive all these.
2.computer for mfg support applications.
i. Cad-(computer aided design) : the use of computer methods to develop geometric
&mfg requirements can be examined.
ii. CADD-(computer aided design & drafting): combining the CAD functions with
drafting to generate the production drawing of the product.
iii. CAE-(computer aided engg.) : to use computer methods to support basic error
checking , analysis , optimization , manufacturability of a product design
iv. CAM-(computer aided machine): CAD softer used to design the product developed
by the CNC machines.
v. CAPP-(computer aided process planning) : the use of computer to generate process
plans for the complete manufacturing of products.
vi. CATD-(computer aided tool design.): it is used for developing the tools for
manufacturing like jigs & fixtures, dies& moulds.
vii. CAP-(computer aided planning.) : used for many of planning functions such as
material required and computer aided scheduling.
viii. CAQ-(computer aided quality assurance) : it is used for assessing the inspection
methods & developing quality products.
Cpu (central processing unit):
CPU is the computing system.
Based on softer it organises the information processing for any given application
CPU consist of two operating units
1. Control unit
2. Artyhematic logic unit (ALU)
1. Control unit:
The control unit directs the operations of arithmetic logic unit. It seeds the data to
the ALU what functions to perform on the data and where to store the results.
The capability of the control unit to accomplish these operations is provided by a
set of instructions called executive program, which is stored in memory.
2. ALU:
ALU perform operations such as additions, subtractions, comparisons etc.
5 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
6. CAD CAM
These operations are carried out on data in binary from [0.1].
Binary Decimal
0000 0
0001 1
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4
0101 5
0110 6
0111 7
1000 8
1001 9.
Both control unit and ALU perform their functions by utilizing registers.These
registers are memory devices which receive, hold and transfer the data.
Sequence of operations performed in the CPU listed below with the diagram.
PROGRAM COUNTER:
It holds the location of next instruction. The CPU sequences the instructions to be performed by
fetching words from according to the contexts of program counter.
6 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
7. CAD CAM
After each word is obtained , the program counter is incremented to the merit instruction
word.
MEMORY ADDRESS REGISTER:
The location of data contained in the computer’s memory unit must be identified for an
instruction. This is the function of memory address register . This unit is used to hold address of data
held in memory.
INSTRUCTION REGISTER:
Instruction register is used to hold the instruction for decoding of letters (or) words.
ACUMULATOR:
It is a temporary storage register and it is useful during arithmetic (or) logic unit.
STATUS REGISTER:
These are used to indicate the internal condition of CPU . A status register is a 1-bit register.These
are used to identify logical decision outcomes.
ALU:
It provides the circuits required to perform various calculations such as multiplication and
division and addition and subtraction and comparisions.
MEMORY TYPES
Memory is an integral part of computer, it is used to store the data and programs.
Thus CPU must transfer these instructions and data to and from the memory throughout the
execution of program.
Memory is divided into 2 categories.
1. Main memory { primary memory }
2. Auxiliary memory { secondary memory }
1. Main Memory :
The main memory is directly connected to the CPU. The primary storage can be divided into
3 categories.
i) Main data storage
7 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
8. CAD CAM
ii) Control storage
iii) Local storage
i) Main data storage:
It is the magnetic core or solid state memory. It performs fast access rate , relatively
low storage capacity and high cost compared to other memories.
ii) Control storage:
Control storage contains micro programs and it helps in performing it functions.
iii) Local storage:
Local storage is high speed working status used in arithmetic and logical operations.
2. Auxiliary memory:
Programs and data files are not generally kept in primary storage but stored on
large capacity auxiliary devices.
Main memory is very expensive and rather limited capacity.
Some operations require more data than can be held in main storage at one time.
Auxiliary devices are secondary storage and physically external to the computer,
Which means programs and data files are not directly available to the CPU.
There are 2 types of secondary storages.
i. Sequential access storage.
ii. Direct access storage.
i.Sequential access storage:
It is used to read one particular recorded in the file all records preceding it must be read.
i. Direct access storage:
With this storage method, individual records can be located and read immediately with out
reading other records.
Sequential storage method is lower access rate than direct storage method.
Cost per bit of data stored is higher in direct access storage method.
Due to this reason factors tends to define the applications of two storage types.
Sequential access storage is suitable for applications where lower level of file activity.
Direct access storage is best suited to files where high level of files activity.
8 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
9. CAD CAM
INPUT DEVICES
These are the devices through which the user communicates with the computer to give
the instructions .
Input devices are
1. Key board. 2. Mouse. 3. Light pen. 4. Joy stick
5. Digitiser. 6. Scanner
1. Key board:
This is must basic input medium for all computers. Traditional key board consist alphabets,
numbers,special keys. For CAD/CAM applications in addition to the keyboard, other analog input
devices are used for CAD/CAM applications . these devices may be used for entering graphic data in
convenievent form.
2. Mouse:
Mouse is a input device, it consist of 2 buttons and roller. The mouse operates on 3 basic
principles—mechanical,optical,opto-mechanical.
Mechanical mouse contains a free floating ball. The cursor moves on the screen as per the
movement of the roller.
Coming to the case of optical mouse, roller replaced with the LED bulb.The cursor moves in X-
directions and Y- directions as per the movement is higher , since it has no moving parts.
Opto-mechanical mouse is similar to that of the mechanical mouse, but positions resolved based
on optical principle.
3. Joy stick:
It is used to control the screen cursor movement.the joy stick can indicate by the movement of
stick which contains a ball seated in spherical cavity.These are most suited for vedio games.
4. Light pen:
Light pen are similar to fountain pens.
These are not used for writing purpose.
It is used only to detect the in presence of light on the screen with the help of light-
detecting register.
The resolution of light pen is poor,where photo sensitive element is conical.
9 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
10. CAD CAM
It is inconvenient to use over long periods due to its gravity.
5. Digitiser:
A digitiser is most widely used input medium by the CAD designer.it is used for converting the
physical locations into coordinate values, so that accurate data can be achieved.
A digitiser consist of rectangular smooth surface as drafting board. A hand held locator is moved in
the smooth surface .It contain number of buttons. As per the movement of hand held locator,lines
are drafted in the system , in x-axis and y-axis. The digitiser available in large number of sizes from
250*250 mm to 1000*3000 mm .The quality of digitiser can be measured in terms of
resolution,accuracy,linearity,repeatability.
6. Scanner:
A scanner scans images (or) text present on a paper optically and converts in to a digital images
as a bit map.
A scanner consist of scan head which moves over the scanned object and sends a bit mapped
representation of the object to the scanning system.
The most common type of scanner used is the flat bed scanner.It consist of glass
platform,object is placed on glass platform and it is scanned.
Another type is non-contact larger scanner.the scanner sends light in the form of laser and
receives a part of the reflected light and measures the coordinates on the surface of the object.
DISPLAY DEVICES
Display devices are most important elements in CAD/CAM .The design work and simulation of mfg
can be graphically displayed.
The devices are:
1. Cathode ray tube (CRT)
2. Plasma panel display
10 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
11. CAD CAM
3. Liquid crystal display
1. CathoderayTube:
Elements: In CRT heated cathode omits electrons which are formed in to a stream
accelerated and focussed on to display screen. the display screen contains a phosphor-
coated surface. The electron beam hit the surface and display the point. The electron beam
is controlled by means of deflection plates [horizontal and vertical plates ]
Image –drawing techniques are 2 types.
1. stroke –writing.
2. raster scan.
1. stroke-writing:
In stroke writing display electron gun directly the vectors on the screen to generate
the image (where in the raster scan , while display surface is divided into matrix of small dots
called pixels and the electron beam scans the whole surface area line by line.)
For to maintain a static display , storage tube technology is developed in 1972. This
is called direct view storage tube (DVST). Here display is generated by the impingement of
electron on the screen. Cathode grid is the part of screen surface , which once exicted by the
electron to maintain the image on screen . this is desirable because there being there being
no need for refreshing the image .the resolution of 19-inch tube is in the order of 3000*4000
addressable points.
The disadvantage of this system is that once written, partial erasing of image is not
possible. If any necessary modifications , could only be made after completely erasing the
picture ,and redraw again.
In the raster scan display ,the complete screen is divided in to matrix of pixels from
atypical (320*200) to as high as (1280*1024).
This distance between the squares is called “dot pitch”.
11 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
12. CAD CAM
The display is generated by identifying which pixels need to be bright for a given
vector and then full screen display is obtain by scanning the complete screen horizontally
line . it represented as 60hz . it means that whole screen is to be completely written in 1/60
th of a second . this is called sequential (or) mon- interlared refreshing. it dependson the
resoulution of screen. High resolution require faster refersh rates.
In some law cost – display devies , descreasing the refresh rate to half at 30 hz
reduces the rest of monitor. In each of the cycle , only half of the screen image is refreshed ,
instead of the full one by omitting alternative lines. It is called tnterlaced refreshing.due to
this it reduces the cost of monitor . but it is not suitable for dynamic displays , where the
display changes fast.
Plasma panel display:
CRT display is highly refixed , in some times it is not suitable for partable
applications because of the depth , that is necessary for cathode – ray tube .in that
situations plasma panel display ia use ful. They are small &flat.they consume a large amount
of powder and also resolution is not very good.
LCD(LIQUID CRASTAL DISPLAY):
LCD stands for liquid crastal display . liquid crystals exicts in a state
between liquid &solid , but are free to move as in aliquid . liquid crystals are actually closer
to a liquid state , than a solid state, and it sensitive to temperature the LCD’s are wide
spread used in partable calculations and laptops . their full screen size , with reasonably low
power consumption . it occupy very small desktop space.
The working of LCD is different from CRT .it consist of liquid crystal , which is called
numatic phase. The nematic crystal is transparent material.
12 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
13. CAD CAM
HARD COPY DEVICES
Hard copy devices are 3 types
1) Graphical printers
2) Plotters
3) Photographic devices . 11 page
1. Graphical printers:
This is the fastest way of getting graphical output at low cost . Graphical printers are
3 types.
(a) .impact dot matrix printer.
(b).thermal transfer printer.
( c ).ink-jet printer.
(d). larger printer .
( e ). Colour larger printer
(a).Impact dot matrix printer:
In this printer, print head consist of vertical bank of needles [9,12 or 24] which
moves horizontally over the paper. Print head can make the ink marks by hitting the paper
through a ribbon.
The resolution available is 60 dots pen inch to 240 dots pen inch. Their cost is
comparatively low .
But disadvantages is their noise because of impact of pins on paper.
(b).Thermal transfer printer:
This is similar to dot matrix printer in operations , Where sensitised paper is used for
output. It uses special ribbon between paper and print head .
The ribbon consist of thin polymer material sports of dye are transformed from the
heat sensitive ribbon to the paper.
Advantages:
• Noise less, low weight of parts.
• Cost of special ribbon is high and still a developing technologies.
• It makes 150 to 400 dots pen inch.
(c) .Ink jet printer:
13 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
14. CAD CAM
It does not use any ribbon , but shoots a set of ink directly on to the paper. In this
printer ink nozzles are positioned vertically. This is almost noiseless in operation. Resolution
is 300 to 1200 dots/inch. Ink jet printer consist of cat ridge for printing purpose.
( d). Larger printer:
It is an electrostatic plain copier with the difference that the drum surface is written by
a larger beam.
A semi conductor larger beam scans the electrostatic ally charged drum. The drum
rotates 560 resolutions per minitue.it writes on the drum similar to pixels. Then tower
powder is released, and the transferred to a sheet of paper. It is relatively expensive
compared to dot-matrix printer.
The quality of out put is very good, and it works very fast.
( e ).Colour larger printer:
Colour larger printer operates same principle as larger printer. They are provided with
4 toners:black,cyan,yellow,magenta.The new colour larger printer have the separated drum
and tonner assembly for each of the colour. The paper passes through each of the colours
like assembly line getting the required colour in the process.
PLOTTERS:
Plotters is widely accepted output devices for final output. The accuracy is high in the
plotters. All plotters have a range of pens available. Which can be changed under program
control. Pens having different width depending on output desired. The types of pens used
are fibre tip, roller bal, liquid ink. Various sizes of plotters.
DESIGNATION SIZE OF DRAWING
A0 841X1189
A1 594X841
A2 420X594
A3 297X420
A4 210X297
PEN PLOTTERS:
Plotters are two types
( 1 ).flat bed
( 2 ).drum type
(1).Flat bed:
In the flat bed plotters , paper is held in a fixed position by vacuum or electrostatic force. The
pen cat ridge moves in both x and y axis for making necessary plot.
The plot size is limited by the bed size of the plotter.
14 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
15. CAD CAM
The drum plotter is slightly more complex the y-motion of the plot being obtained by notating
drum on which the paper is held with the help of sprocket holes. The x- moment of the pen is arrived
by moving in a direction perpendicular to the drum motion.
The plotters of present generation are almost drum type. The paper feeding is done by friction
feed [ pinch rollers ].
The pen plotters are low initial purchase cost and produce accurate drawings drum plotters are
software in process and require high level maintains.
Electrostatic plotters:
The plotter head consist of larger number of tiny styluses embedded in to it. these styluses
causes electrostatic changes at the required dot positions to make the drawing .The
resolution available is 100 to 508 dots/inch. They are fast in process. The factors to be
considered while selecting the plotters are plotting area, number of pens, type of pens
used,drawing speed,resolution,accuracy is observed.
Ink jet plotters:
With the development of ink jet technology in terms of resolution, speed and cost, a majority of
the plotters are now using ink jet for writing.
Photographic devices:
The photographic recording devices are cameras in front of CRT display. They normally have a
smaller built in screen in side the recorder. Which is connected to the CPU.The image from the main
computing system is received by these records. The resolutions that are vary from 500 lines to 4000
lines depending on the cost of devices.
STORAGE DEVICES
Permanent storage of program and requires a large amount of storage space.
The various storage devices are:
1. Floppy disk.
2. Winches ten disk ( or ) hard disk.
3. magnetic tapes
4. compact disk ROMs.
5.maganetic tape cartridges.
6.DVD.
1.floppy disk:
It is the most convenient medium, for handling the data. It consist of a storage disk, which is
magnetically located on both sides it is permanently enclosed with square cover. Floppy disk rotates
of very high speed. The disk is divided in to concentric rings called tracks. The tracks are further
15 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd
16. CAD CAM
subdivided in to radial sectors. Each sectors can store information about 250 bytes. They are
normally available in 3 standard sizes 3.5,5.25,8 inches. The stroge capacity is from 360 kb to 1.5 mb.
2. Win chasten disk ( or ) Hard disk:
It is a rigid metal disk, on both sides of magnetic medium is coated. Such hard discs one put
to gather sealed permanently. This disc has large storage capacity and it is used to store the
data files .This disc is fixed inside the drive. The available storage drives are from 100 gb to
1000gb large amount of data can be stored and used for back up purpose.
3.Magnetic tape:
Magnetic tape is used only for data exchange ( or ) backup. A large amount of data storage is
possible .A 10.5 inch reel can store about 180 mb of data.
4. Magnetic tape cartridges:
Magnetic tape cartridge is in audio cassette is also used in mini computers and micro
computers used for mass storage of data. These are used as the backup medium.
5. Compact disc ROMs:
It is small aluminium compact disc 120mm size storage capacity is comparatively higher
than the floppy drive. The compact disc can storage 700mb of data. It is very easy to handle.
The information stored is permanent.
The major disadvantages of this technology is, once the disc is written, it cannot be
earased.As a result, it becomes like a ROM and hence the name for these devices as CD
ROM.presently commercial are available which can store 700 mb on a 5.25 inch removable
optical disk using this technology. It is called rewritable compact disc,it can store the data.
The data will be erased and rewrite again. This is better useful than normal compact disc.
6. DVD:
DVD is used for storage purpose .Originally the name is Digital video disc. The available
storage DVD’s are 4.7,8.5,9.4,17 gb.some of the early DVD’s are single sided to store the
data. Now currently available double sided disc. The data will be stored both sides of disc.
16 [Pls Visit OuR BlOg Sres11meches.blogspot.in] Mr. SiVa PrAsAd