1. The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from the first to fourth generations. The first generation used vacuum tubes and consumed large amounts of power. The second generation saw the development of programming languages like Fortran. The third generation used integrated circuits which revolutionized electronics. The fourth generation uses microprocessors.
2. The document also covers computer fundamentals including classifications by purpose and data type. It discusses the data processing cycle of input, processing, and output. Methods of data processing include batch, online, real-time, and distributed processing. Hardware components include the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. Software includes operating systems and language translators.
The document provides an overview of science, technology, and society throughout history. It discusses key developments and innovations from ancient civilizations like Sumeria, Babylon, Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, and the Middle Ages. Some of the highlighted inventions and advances include writing systems, irrigation, sailboats, the wheel, roads, cosmetics, water clocks, bound books, architecture, numerals, silk, tea, gunpowder, the printing press, microscopes, and telescopes. The document examines how these innovations impacted lives and helped address societal needs.
Sources of History- Readings in the Philippine HistoryRomalieGalleto
The first chapter of the Readings in the Philippine History. It comprises of the discussions about sources of history and historical methods to critically examine historical evidences from different accounts and sources
This document discusses the history of science and technology development in the Philippines from the pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial periods. In the pre-colonial period, early Filipinos developed systems of farming, animal raising, and various modes of transportation. During colonization, the Spaniards introduced modern construction techniques and infrastructure. After independence, successive Philippine administrations and leaders pursued science and technology programs to varying degrees, with significant advancement occurring under Marcos, who prioritized science, and Arroyo, when the country reached a "golden age" of science and technology.
The document provides an overview of the history of information technology through four stages: pre-mechanical age, mechanical age, electromechanical age, and electronic age. Some key developments include the invention of writing systems in 3000 BC, the printing press in 1450, Charles Babbage inventing the difference engine and analytical engine in the 1820s-1830s laying the foundation for modern computers, Samuel Morse inventing the telegraph in 1835, and Konrad Zuse building the first programmable computer called the Z3 in 1941. The document traces the evolution of information storage, processing, and communication technologies over thousands of years.
The document discusses the impact of technology on education in the information age. It begins by defining the information age as a period characterized by a shift from industry to information and the growth of technology. It then explores how technology has changed the roles of teachers and learners, with teachers taking on more of a facilitator role and learners gaining increased access to information. The document also examines different technologies used in education, such as the internet, social media, distance education and their applications. It emphasizes that while technology is a useful tool, it must be implemented thoughtfully with careful planning and evaluation to effectively enhance learning.
This chapter outlines the methodology used in the study. It describes the research design as descriptive, the sample as senior high school students selected through random sampling, and the main instrument as a researcher-made questionnaire. It also discusses the data gathering procedure, which involved administering the questionnaire to students, and the statistical treatment used to analyze the collected data.
First reactions to the noli; its attacks and defensesNasser Lazaro
1) The document discusses various reactions to Rizal's novel Noli Me Tangere from its publication in 1887 through the 1890s.
2) It received both praise and criticism from Filipinos and Spanish figures in the Philippines and Spain. Supporters saw it as exposing injustice, while critics attacked it as heretical, anti-Catholic, and subversive.
3) The novel generated extensive debate through letters, reports, pamphlets, and essays both defending and condemning its message and impact.
The document provides an overview of science, technology, and society throughout history. It discusses key developments and innovations from ancient civilizations like Sumeria, Babylon, Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, and the Middle Ages. Some of the highlighted inventions and advances include writing systems, irrigation, sailboats, the wheel, roads, cosmetics, water clocks, bound books, architecture, numerals, silk, tea, gunpowder, the printing press, microscopes, and telescopes. The document examines how these innovations impacted lives and helped address societal needs.
Sources of History- Readings in the Philippine HistoryRomalieGalleto
The first chapter of the Readings in the Philippine History. It comprises of the discussions about sources of history and historical methods to critically examine historical evidences from different accounts and sources
This document discusses the history of science and technology development in the Philippines from the pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial periods. In the pre-colonial period, early Filipinos developed systems of farming, animal raising, and various modes of transportation. During colonization, the Spaniards introduced modern construction techniques and infrastructure. After independence, successive Philippine administrations and leaders pursued science and technology programs to varying degrees, with significant advancement occurring under Marcos, who prioritized science, and Arroyo, when the country reached a "golden age" of science and technology.
The document provides an overview of the history of information technology through four stages: pre-mechanical age, mechanical age, electromechanical age, and electronic age. Some key developments include the invention of writing systems in 3000 BC, the printing press in 1450, Charles Babbage inventing the difference engine and analytical engine in the 1820s-1830s laying the foundation for modern computers, Samuel Morse inventing the telegraph in 1835, and Konrad Zuse building the first programmable computer called the Z3 in 1941. The document traces the evolution of information storage, processing, and communication technologies over thousands of years.
The document discusses the impact of technology on education in the information age. It begins by defining the information age as a period characterized by a shift from industry to information and the growth of technology. It then explores how technology has changed the roles of teachers and learners, with teachers taking on more of a facilitator role and learners gaining increased access to information. The document also examines different technologies used in education, such as the internet, social media, distance education and their applications. It emphasizes that while technology is a useful tool, it must be implemented thoughtfully with careful planning and evaluation to effectively enhance learning.
This chapter outlines the methodology used in the study. It describes the research design as descriptive, the sample as senior high school students selected through random sampling, and the main instrument as a researcher-made questionnaire. It also discusses the data gathering procedure, which involved administering the questionnaire to students, and the statistical treatment used to analyze the collected data.
First reactions to the noli; its attacks and defensesNasser Lazaro
1) The document discusses various reactions to Rizal's novel Noli Me Tangere from its publication in 1887 through the 1890s.
2) It received both praise and criticism from Filipinos and Spanish figures in the Philippines and Spain. Supporters saw it as exposing injustice, while critics attacked it as heretical, anti-Catholic, and subversive.
3) The novel generated extensive debate through letters, reports, pamphlets, and essays both defending and condemning its message and impact.
The document provides details about Republic Act 1425, also known as the Rizal Law. It mandates that the works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, be included in the curriculum of all public and private schools, colleges and universities. The law aims to rekindle nationalism in the hearts of Filipinos, especially youth. It discusses the requirements of the law for educational institutions to include Rizal's works in their curriculum and have copies available.
Layunin ng Praymer hinggil sa Pambansang industriyalisasyon na ipaliwanag ang pambansang industriyalisasyon, mga kongkretong batayan sa pagtataguyod nito at ang papel ng mamamayan sa pagsusulong at pagkakamit nito.
Presentation version: https://goo.gl/2Cbt0a
This is the first chapter of the course Readings in Philippine History as per the course guide from Commission on Higher Education.
Course sub-topics:
1. Meaning and Relevance of History
2. Distinction of Primary and Secondary source; External and Internal Criticism
Rizal created complex characters in Noli Me Tangere that represented different social statuses during his time. Crisostomo Ibarra symbolized the idealistic youth while Elias represented the common Filipino. Kapitan Tiago portrayed the rich Filipinos who oppressed others. Maria Clara depicted purity and innocence. Padre Damaso was a cruel priest who abused his power, while Padre Sibyla was a more liberal priest. Sisa and her sons Basilio and Crispin personified the suffering of the Filipino people under injustice and oppression.
This document discusses the information age and key concepts related to it. It begins by defining information and the information age, noting that the information age started in the late 20th century as information became easily accessible through computers and networks. The document then discusses the history of the information age and concepts like information anxiety. It also provides examples of different types of computers like personal computers, laptops, servers and mainframes. Finally, it discusses applications of computers in science/research and offers tips for checking the reliability of web sources.
Science and Technology in the Philippines During Japanese RegimeJoevi Jhun Idul
During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines from 1942-1945:
1. The Japanese confiscated vehicles, horses, and other resources, and many farms and businesses were left idle. Medicine became scarce and expensive, and many Filipinos died from diseases like malaria.
2. The Japanese banned English publications and American cultural influences, instead implementing policies to promote Japanese language education and culture in schools.
3. Transportation was limited as the Japanese controlled oil and rubber supplies. Public vehicles disappeared and bicycles became the main mode of transport. Food shortages led to widespread hunger and deaths.
The document summarizes the Period of Enlightenment in the Philippines from 1872 to 1898. It describes the Propaganda Movement that sought political reforms through publications. Key figures included Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena. Despite their efforts, the Filipinos did not gain reforms and the Katipunan movement emerged under Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto, leading to the revolution against Spanish rule. Newspapers were also established to spread news of the revolution.
Genetically modified organism tested in the philippinescbsua
This document discusses various genetically modified crops being tested in the Philippines, including biotech corn, canola, potato, cotton, squash, tomato, and papaya. The key benefits mentioned are increased crop yields, resistance to pests and diseases, and improved nutritional qualities. For example, Bt corn contains a protein that provides season-long protection from corn borers without the need for additional insecticides. Virus-resistant papaya and potato have been modified to resist specific viruses through biotechnology.
These slides are about the science and technology in the 20th century. This presentation also discusses the changes in the society particularly in the Western countries. It is based on the works of Peter Drucker's "Technology and Society in the 20th century" and Alvin Toffer's "The First, Second and Third Wave"
Lesson 1: Topic 1: MORAL & NON-MORAL STANDARDSchumce02
This document discusses the difference between moral and non-moral standards. Moral standards involve rules about actions that affect others and are based on impartial considerations of human welfare. They take precedence over other standards. Non-moral standards refer to matters of personal taste or preference that do not seriously impact others, like etiquette or fashion. It is important to distinguish between these two types of standards to identify the fundamental ethical values that should guide actions.
Heidegger analyzes the essence of technology by exploring how it reveals the world. He argues that modern technology reveals through "enframing," which limits revelation to viewing the world only as "standing-reserve" or resources to be ordered and exploited. However, technology also reveals through "poiesis," the creative act of bringing forth. Heidegger calls for reflecting on technology to counter the danger that its revealing through enframing may consume all other modes of revelation.
Rizal returned to the Philippines after 5 years in Europe. He practiced medicine in Calamba and lived quietly, but his enemies who were angry about his book "Noli Me Tangere" threatened him. The Governor General met with Rizal after concerns about subversive ideas in the book, but found nothing wrong with it after reading it. However, powerful Spanish priests in the Philippines still banned the book and wanted to destroy Rizal.
The document summarizes key details about the publication of Noli Me Tangere, Jose Rizal's famous novel. It describes how the novel was inspired by Uncle Tom's Cabin and approved for publication in 1884. It then discusses Rizal finishing the novel in Berlin in 1886 and having it printed there in 1887 at a cost of 300 pesos for 2000 copies. Finally, it provides a brief synopsis of the plot of Noli Me Tangere, which revolves around the character Crisostomo Ibarra and critiques issues in Philippine society under Spanish colonial rule.
The document summarizes the period of activism from 1970-1972 in the Philippines. It describes how youth activism was driven by both domestic and global factors. This was a time of bloody demonstrations where youth protested through placards and campus newspapers to advocate for social change. Literature also became more rebellious as writers developed greater social awareness and used their work to support activism and fighting for change. The period represented a peak in addressing issues facing the poor and irreverence through various forms of expression.
ICT refers to information and communication technologies, which are the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing. This document discusses the history of ICT and its uses in daily life, including communication, jobs, education, and socializing. It then examines the positive and negative impacts of ICT on society. Some positive impacts include improved access to information and education, new opportunities through new technologies, cost savings through communication tools, and improved information management. However, negative impacts can include job losses due to automation, reduced personal interaction and physical activity, high costs, and increased competition for organizations.
Maribel historical antecedents in which social consideration change the cou...WinRigor1
This document outlines the history of science and technology in the Philippines and how social considerations have shaped their course. It discusses the pre-colonial period when indigenous groups already utilized plants as medicine and had systems of writing and math. During Spanish colonization, formal education was introduced and institutions were founded to teach agricultural advancements and astronomy. The eras of American rule, martial law, and the fifth republic are also mentioned in relation to how social factors have impacted the development of science and technology over time in the country.
The document traces the development of science, technology, and systems of communication from ancient times to the modern world. It discusses how early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia developed writing systems like hieroglyphics, cuneiform, and papyrus that allowed the spread of ideas. Major inventions like the printing press and later the World Wide Web transformed society by enabling the mass production and dissemination of information.
Literature during the Spanish period (1565-1898)Mhia Lu
The Spanish/Colonial Period from 1565-1898 saw significant developments in Philippine literature. Printing was introduced, bringing religious works and periodicals. Notable writers during this time included Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Mariano Ponce. Common literary genres were poetry, including pasyon, metrical romances, and folk songs. Prose consisted mostly of religious and didactic works. Religious and recreational plays also flourished, such as panunuluyan, cenaculo, and zarzuela. Overall, this period saw Philippine literature blossom under Spanish colonial influence.
First, second, third and fourth generations of computers are summarized based on their technology and capabilities. Key events and inventions in the history of computing are noted from 500 BC to the modern era. The document then provides classifications and overviews of different types of computers, data processing, and the elements of an electronic data processing system including hardware, software, and people involved.
The document discusses the fundamentals of information technology, including electronic data processing, the data processing cycle of input, processing, and output, and different types of data processing like business and scientific. It also describes common data processing operations, methods of processing data, the hardware and software elements of an IT system, and different types of people involved in working with computers.
The document provides details about Republic Act 1425, also known as the Rizal Law. It mandates that the works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, be included in the curriculum of all public and private schools, colleges and universities. The law aims to rekindle nationalism in the hearts of Filipinos, especially youth. It discusses the requirements of the law for educational institutions to include Rizal's works in their curriculum and have copies available.
Layunin ng Praymer hinggil sa Pambansang industriyalisasyon na ipaliwanag ang pambansang industriyalisasyon, mga kongkretong batayan sa pagtataguyod nito at ang papel ng mamamayan sa pagsusulong at pagkakamit nito.
Presentation version: https://goo.gl/2Cbt0a
This is the first chapter of the course Readings in Philippine History as per the course guide from Commission on Higher Education.
Course sub-topics:
1. Meaning and Relevance of History
2. Distinction of Primary and Secondary source; External and Internal Criticism
Rizal created complex characters in Noli Me Tangere that represented different social statuses during his time. Crisostomo Ibarra symbolized the idealistic youth while Elias represented the common Filipino. Kapitan Tiago portrayed the rich Filipinos who oppressed others. Maria Clara depicted purity and innocence. Padre Damaso was a cruel priest who abused his power, while Padre Sibyla was a more liberal priest. Sisa and her sons Basilio and Crispin personified the suffering of the Filipino people under injustice and oppression.
This document discusses the information age and key concepts related to it. It begins by defining information and the information age, noting that the information age started in the late 20th century as information became easily accessible through computers and networks. The document then discusses the history of the information age and concepts like information anxiety. It also provides examples of different types of computers like personal computers, laptops, servers and mainframes. Finally, it discusses applications of computers in science/research and offers tips for checking the reliability of web sources.
Science and Technology in the Philippines During Japanese RegimeJoevi Jhun Idul
During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines from 1942-1945:
1. The Japanese confiscated vehicles, horses, and other resources, and many farms and businesses were left idle. Medicine became scarce and expensive, and many Filipinos died from diseases like malaria.
2. The Japanese banned English publications and American cultural influences, instead implementing policies to promote Japanese language education and culture in schools.
3. Transportation was limited as the Japanese controlled oil and rubber supplies. Public vehicles disappeared and bicycles became the main mode of transport. Food shortages led to widespread hunger and deaths.
The document summarizes the Period of Enlightenment in the Philippines from 1872 to 1898. It describes the Propaganda Movement that sought political reforms through publications. Key figures included Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena. Despite their efforts, the Filipinos did not gain reforms and the Katipunan movement emerged under Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto, leading to the revolution against Spanish rule. Newspapers were also established to spread news of the revolution.
Genetically modified organism tested in the philippinescbsua
This document discusses various genetically modified crops being tested in the Philippines, including biotech corn, canola, potato, cotton, squash, tomato, and papaya. The key benefits mentioned are increased crop yields, resistance to pests and diseases, and improved nutritional qualities. For example, Bt corn contains a protein that provides season-long protection from corn borers without the need for additional insecticides. Virus-resistant papaya and potato have been modified to resist specific viruses through biotechnology.
These slides are about the science and technology in the 20th century. This presentation also discusses the changes in the society particularly in the Western countries. It is based on the works of Peter Drucker's "Technology and Society in the 20th century" and Alvin Toffer's "The First, Second and Third Wave"
Lesson 1: Topic 1: MORAL & NON-MORAL STANDARDSchumce02
This document discusses the difference between moral and non-moral standards. Moral standards involve rules about actions that affect others and are based on impartial considerations of human welfare. They take precedence over other standards. Non-moral standards refer to matters of personal taste or preference that do not seriously impact others, like etiquette or fashion. It is important to distinguish between these two types of standards to identify the fundamental ethical values that should guide actions.
Heidegger analyzes the essence of technology by exploring how it reveals the world. He argues that modern technology reveals through "enframing," which limits revelation to viewing the world only as "standing-reserve" or resources to be ordered and exploited. However, technology also reveals through "poiesis," the creative act of bringing forth. Heidegger calls for reflecting on technology to counter the danger that its revealing through enframing may consume all other modes of revelation.
Rizal returned to the Philippines after 5 years in Europe. He practiced medicine in Calamba and lived quietly, but his enemies who were angry about his book "Noli Me Tangere" threatened him. The Governor General met with Rizal after concerns about subversive ideas in the book, but found nothing wrong with it after reading it. However, powerful Spanish priests in the Philippines still banned the book and wanted to destroy Rizal.
The document summarizes key details about the publication of Noli Me Tangere, Jose Rizal's famous novel. It describes how the novel was inspired by Uncle Tom's Cabin and approved for publication in 1884. It then discusses Rizal finishing the novel in Berlin in 1886 and having it printed there in 1887 at a cost of 300 pesos for 2000 copies. Finally, it provides a brief synopsis of the plot of Noli Me Tangere, which revolves around the character Crisostomo Ibarra and critiques issues in Philippine society under Spanish colonial rule.
The document summarizes the period of activism from 1970-1972 in the Philippines. It describes how youth activism was driven by both domestic and global factors. This was a time of bloody demonstrations where youth protested through placards and campus newspapers to advocate for social change. Literature also became more rebellious as writers developed greater social awareness and used their work to support activism and fighting for change. The period represented a peak in addressing issues facing the poor and irreverence through various forms of expression.
ICT refers to information and communication technologies, which are the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing. This document discusses the history of ICT and its uses in daily life, including communication, jobs, education, and socializing. It then examines the positive and negative impacts of ICT on society. Some positive impacts include improved access to information and education, new opportunities through new technologies, cost savings through communication tools, and improved information management. However, negative impacts can include job losses due to automation, reduced personal interaction and physical activity, high costs, and increased competition for organizations.
Maribel historical antecedents in which social consideration change the cou...WinRigor1
This document outlines the history of science and technology in the Philippines and how social considerations have shaped their course. It discusses the pre-colonial period when indigenous groups already utilized plants as medicine and had systems of writing and math. During Spanish colonization, formal education was introduced and institutions were founded to teach agricultural advancements and astronomy. The eras of American rule, martial law, and the fifth republic are also mentioned in relation to how social factors have impacted the development of science and technology over time in the country.
The document traces the development of science, technology, and systems of communication from ancient times to the modern world. It discusses how early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia developed writing systems like hieroglyphics, cuneiform, and papyrus that allowed the spread of ideas. Major inventions like the printing press and later the World Wide Web transformed society by enabling the mass production and dissemination of information.
Literature during the Spanish period (1565-1898)Mhia Lu
The Spanish/Colonial Period from 1565-1898 saw significant developments in Philippine literature. Printing was introduced, bringing religious works and periodicals. Notable writers during this time included Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Mariano Ponce. Common literary genres were poetry, including pasyon, metrical romances, and folk songs. Prose consisted mostly of religious and didactic works. Religious and recreational plays also flourished, such as panunuluyan, cenaculo, and zarzuela. Overall, this period saw Philippine literature blossom under Spanish colonial influence.
First, second, third and fourth generations of computers are summarized based on their technology and capabilities. Key events and inventions in the history of computing are noted from 500 BC to the modern era. The document then provides classifications and overviews of different types of computers, data processing, and the elements of an electronic data processing system including hardware, software, and people involved.
The document discusses the fundamentals of information technology, including electronic data processing, the data processing cycle of input, processing, and output, and different types of data processing like business and scientific. It also describes common data processing operations, methods of processing data, the hardware and software elements of an IT system, and different types of people involved in working with computers.
This document provides an introduction to PC operations and computer education. It discusses the basic components and functions of a computer system including hardware such as the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. It also covers software types like operating systems, applications, and system software. The document outlines the three basic operations of input, processing, and output and characteristics of modern computers like electronic storage and stored programs. It concludes with advantages and limitations of computer systems.
This document provides an introduction to PC operations and computer education. It discusses the basic components and functions of a computer system including hardware such as the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. It also covers software types like operating systems, applications, and system software. The document outlines the three basic operations of input, processing, and output and highlights advantages like speed and accuracy as well as limitations of computer systems.
The document discusses the basic organization and functioning of a computer system. It describes the five basic operations of a computer as inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. It then provides details about each operation, the components involved, and how they work together in a coordinated manner to process information. The control unit ensures proper coordination and synchronization of the four main operations to efficiently carry out tasks.
The document provides an overview of computer systems including:
- A computer is an electronic device that automatically processes data according to stored instructions.
- Key components of a computer system are the hardware (physical parts like the CPU and memory) and software (programs that enable the hardware to function).
- The basic components that make up a computer system are the input, output, processing, and storage devices. The central processing unit processes data and the memory stores data and instructions.
Introduction to computers MRS. SOWMYA JYOTHISowmya Jyothi
The document provides an introduction to computers including:
- A computer is defined as an electronic device that processes data under programmed instructions to produce information.
- The main components of a computer are the input, output, storage, and central processing units. The CPU contains the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and memory unit.
- Computers can be classified based on their construction (analog, digital, hybrid), application (general purpose, special purpose), and size/speed (supercomputer, mainframe, mini computer, workstation, microcomputer).
- Software includes system software like operating systems and application software for specific tasks. Hardware refers to the physical and electronic components of a computer system.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It discusses what a computer is, the basic components of a computer system including hardware like the CPU, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the three main stages of the data processing cycle: input, process, output. It also discusses different types of data processing like manual and electronic, and classifications of computers according to data handled, purpose, and size. The document is intended to help students in Grade 6 understand basic computer concepts and prepare for an upcoming test on the topic.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It discusses what a computer is, the basic components of a computer system including hardware like the CPU, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the three main stages of the data processing cycle: input, process, output. It also discusses different types of data processing like manual and electronic, and classifications of computers according to data handled, purpose, and size. The document is intended to help students in Grade 6 understand basic computer concepts and prepare for an upcoming test on the topic.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It discusses what a computer is, the components of a computer system including hardware like the CPU, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the cycle of data processing as input, process, output. It discusses different types of data processing such as manual, mechanical, and electronic. It also categorizes computers based on the data they handle, their purpose, and size. The document is intended to help students in Grade 6 understand basic concepts about computers as outlined in their coverage for an upcoming test.
This document provides an overview of computers and data processing. It discusses what a computer is, the components of a computer system including hardware like the CPU, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the cycle of data processing as input, process, output. It discusses different types of data processing like manual and electronic. It classifies computers according to the data they handle, their purpose, and size. The document is intended to help students in Grade 6 prepare for an upcoming test by studying key concepts about computers and data processing.
The document provides an overview of different types of operating systems including simple batch systems, multiprogramming batched systems, time-sharing systems, personal-computer systems, parallel systems, distributed systems, and real-time systems. It describes the basic components and functions of an operating system including managing resources, controlling execution of programs, and acting as an intermediary between the user and hardware. Key aspects like memory management, CPU scheduling, and I/O handling are discussed for different system types.
Computer is an electronic device which converts row data into meaningful information .It can perform many task.It work very fast and accuratc.A computer programmed device with a set of instnections of perform is spicilic task and generate result at a very high speed
The document discusses operating systems and their key functions. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. The main goals of an operating system are to execute user programs, make problem solving easier for users, and efficiently use computer hardware. It also controls low-level components like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices, and coordinates their use among application programs and users.
The document provides an overview of operating systems and computer systems. It discusses the CPU and its parts, types of operating systems like mainframe OS and real-time OS. It also summarizes the key functions of an operating system such as memory management, file management, and I/O device handling. Special functions like time sharing, batch processing, multi-tasking, and spooling are explained. Important concepts covered include memory hierarchy, fetch-execute cycle, and computer system components like hardware, software, users, and data.
The document provides an introduction to computers, including their definition, history, hardware components, software types, and basic functions. It describes how computers accept user input, process it using programs, and produce output in the form of information. The document also summarizes the main components of a computer, including input, storage, processing, and output devices. It discusses operating systems like DOS and Windows, and different types of computers such as supercomputers, laptops, mainframes, and microcomputers.
IT refers to technologies that allow users to record, store, process, transmit, and receive information. A computer takes data as input, transforms it according to stored instructions, and outputs the processed information. The central processing unit (CPU) controls and manipulates data in a computer's memory, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and control unit. The control unit obtains and interprets instructions to notify other components, while the ALU performs logical and arithmetic operations. Memory stores programs and data during processing in volatile, randomly accessible locations. Input and output units convert and display data. Secondary storage provides long-term, non-volatile data storage outside the CPU.
The document provides an overview of basic computer architecture concepts, including:
- The main components of a computer are the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output components.
- Programs are stored in memory and executed by the CPU, which contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit.
- Common computer types include desktops, laptops, servers, and supercomputers. Instruction set architectures like RISC and CISC differ in instruction complexity.
Here are the categories of the computers in the image:
1. Desktop - Personal Computer
2. Notebook - Personal Computer
3. Smartphone - Mobile Computer/Mobile Device
4. Tablet PC - Mobile Computer/Mobile Device
5. PDA - Mobile Computer/Mobile Device
6. Sony's PS3 - Game Console
7. UiTM network - Server
8. Nuclear Energy research - Supercomputer
9. Online banking - Server
10. Handheld computer - Mobile Computer/Mobile Device
Similar to Reviewer in computer fundamentals for mma (20)
This document discusses principles of design and color theory. It outlines different types of lines and shapes that can be used in art and what meanings they may convey. It also defines hue, value, tint, shade, intensity and complementary colors. Principles of composition are covered including proportion, unity, balance, rhythm and harmony. Elements of art are listed as illustrative element, decorative element, medium, material and style.
The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003) aims to reduce solid waste in the Philippines through source reduction, proper waste management, and adopting sustainable practices like recycling and composting. It emphasizes the roles of local governments and communities in solid waste management. Offenses under the act can be punished with fines and imprisonment depending on their classification as minor, grave, or major. The act is part of the Philippines' efforts to legislate environmental protection along with other laws governing pollution, toxic substances, and water quality management.
Computer graphics relies on a 3D mathematical model of a scene that describes shapes, layout, and materials, which is then rendered through projection to create a 2D image from a given viewpoint by handling visibility and lighting interactions between objects. Early developments included Ivan Sutherland's creation of Sketchpad in 1963, the first graphical user interface, and the use of vector graphics in the 1970s and 1980s, while modern computer graphics capabilities now allow for animation, control of animation properties, audio feedback, and widespread applications in areas like simulation, design, mapping, education, image processing, and more.
The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003) aims to reduce solid waste in the Philippines through source reduction, proper waste segregation and treatment, and adopting best environmental practices. It emphasizes recycling, reuse and composting to minimize waste. RA 9003 gives local governments a strong role in solid waste management. Offenses under the act can be punished with fines and imprisonment depending on whether they are minor, grave or major offenses. The act is part of the Philippines' efforts to establish environmental laws to curb pollution and protect natural resources.
The document discusses good study habits and study skills. It identifies allotting time and place for study, knowing what and why to study, and how to study as important habits. It also outlines specific study skills like organizing, scheduling, managing time, and concentrating. The document then discusses memorization techniques like mnemonics, visualization, linking and peg methods. It also covers learning styles, word formation processes like coinage, borrowing, compounding, clipping, blending, and abbreviating.
The document provides an overview of computers, including their definition, generations, history, applications, characteristics, limitations, and classifications. It discusses how computers have evolved from early machines using vacuum tubes to today's microprocessors. Computers are electronic devices that can process and store information, and are classified based on their purpose, type of data handled, and processing capacity.
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
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- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
1. COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
Lecture 1
First Generation (1952 – 1958)
Awesome in size
Controlled by thousands of vacuum tubes or valves
Consumes great amount of power that often resulted in overheating and failure
Second Generation Computer (1959-1964)
Development of assembly or symbolic language
Development of high level language such as Fortran(1954) and Cobol(1959) allowed
programmers to give more attention to solving problems
Third Generation Computers (1965-1970)
Uses Integrated Circuit, commonly known as the silicon chip, which revolutionized electronic
Fourth Generation Computer (1971-present)
Uses microprocessor, a chip which contains all the main electronic components of a compound
500 BC – the Chinese invented the Abacus, considered to be the first computer device, which can
perform simple addition and subtraction operations.
John Napier, a Scottish mathematician, invented the NAPIER’S Bone – a table of logarithms made of
ivory
William Oughtred, an English mathematician, invented the SLIDE RULE, a device made of wood
with movable scales arrange to slide opposite each other
Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician, invented the PASCALINE – the first mechanical calculating
machine
Herman Hollerith, an American statistician and founder of Tabulating Machine Company (now
called International Business Machine or IBM) invented the CENSUS MACHINE
Charles Babbage also invented the ANALYTICAL MACHINE designed to perform complex
mathematical calculations. This was considered to be the first general purpose computer
John Presper Eckert, Jr. and William Mauchly from the University of Pennsylvania invented the
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) that had the capacity of 5,000
computations per second
GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out). Computer error may result from erroneously entered input
Classification by purpose
General-Purpose Computers - A computer that has the ability to store different programs of
instructions and thus to perform a variety of operations.
Special-Purpose Computers - A computer designed to perform one specific task
1
2. Classification by Type of Data Handled
Digital Computers – a machine that specialize in counting of items that are distinct from one
another, e.g. Text, integers, morse code
Analog Computer – machine that deals with quantities that are continuous variable. This means
that no individual elements can be identified from any other element, e.g. Light, voice, and video
Hybrid Computers – machine that combines the measuring capabilities of the analog computer and
the logical and control capabilities of the digital computer
Classification of Computers
Medium-size Computers – They can serve the needs of a university.
Large Computers –They can be used in government agencies and in the development of space
technology
Supercomputers – machines that have capabilities far beyond even the traditional large-scale
systems. They are essential for applications ranging from nuclear weapon development to
accurate weather forecasting
Lecture 2
ElectronicDataProcessing (EDP) – the processing of data through the use of computers
DataProcessing – the manipulating of data into a more useful form.
Data Processing Cycle
Input – in this stage the initial data, or input data, is prepared in some convenient form
for processing.
Processing – in this step the input data are charged, and usually combined with other
information, to produce data into more useful form.
Output – here the results of the preceding processing steps are collected.
Classification of Data Processing
BusinessDataProcessing – characterized by the need to establish, retain, and process files of
data for producing useful information.
Scientific Data Processing – involves a limited volume of input and many logical or arithmetic
calculations.
Data Processing Operations
Recording – refers to the transfer on data into some form or document.
Verifying – refers to the careful checking of the recorded data for any errors.
Duplicating – refers to the reproduction of the data into many forms or document.
Classifying – refers to identifying and arranging items with like’s characteristics into
groups or classes.
Sorting – refers to arranging or rearranging data in a predetermined sequence to facilitate
processing.
Calculating – refers to arithmetic manipulation of the data.
2
3. SummarizingorReporting – it is here where a collection of data is condensed and certain
conclusions from the data are represented in a meaningful format that is clear, concise and
effective.
Merging – this operation takes two or more sets of data, all sets having been sorted by the
same key, and puts them together to form a single sorted set of data.
Storing – refers to placing similar data into files for future reference.
Retrieving – refers to recovering stored data and/or information when needed.
Feedback – refers to the comparison of the output(s) and the goal set in advance, any
discrepancy is analysed, corrected, and fed back to proper stage in the processing operation.
Methods of Processing Data
BatchProcessing – a technique in which data to be processed are collected into groups to
permit convenient, efficient, and serial processing.
On-lineProcessing – a technique that uses devices directly connected to the CPU either for
entry or inquiry purposes.
Real-timeProcessing – a method which has the capability of a fast response to obtain data
form an activity or a physical process.
DistributedProcessing – it generally consists of remote terminals linked to a large central
computer system to help the user conduct inquiries about accounts, process jobs, or other
data processing operations.
Elements of an EDP System
I. Hardware – the physical equipment that make up a computer system.
CentralProcessingUnit (CPU) – heart and brain of the computer system.
Parts of CPU
MainMemory (Primary Storage) – data and instructions are stored here.
Sometimes known as the ‘internal’ memory of the computer.
ArithmeticLogicUnit (ALU) – accomplishes the arithmetical and logical
operations.
o Accumulator – a kind of holding area which retains answers that
are produce by adders.
o Adders – add the bits coming from the memory and produces a 1 or
0 depending upon the components of the received bits (contraction
for binary digit).
Control Unit – supervises all the activities based on a set of instructions
programs stored in the main memory. It selects, interprets and executes the
instructions.
o Registers – functions as temporary storage devices during process
of computation.
Input/Output Devices
InputDevices – physical equipment which reads or translates data
consisting of alphabets, numbers, or symbols into a form that can be
understand by the computer.
OutputDevices – physical equipment’s which translate the outcome of
the computations and related activities carried out in the CPU.
Types of Computer Memory
InternalMemory – contained in the silicon chip and can hold
instructions and data which the computer is currently working on or
information which the CPU needs to work very rapidly because the
3
4. speed of the CPU is very high and acquires information to be readily
available.
RandomAccessMemory (RAM) – stores instructions which later
can be erased or changed. All information stored here are lost
and erased when computer is turned off.
ReadOnlyMemory (ROM) – contains permanently stored
instructions that a computer is required to keep able to perform
its basic routine operations. Part of CPU.
ExternalMemory – uses tapes and disk to store information. External
memory is physically separated from CPU.
II. Software – the tangible element composed of programs that instruct the computer
what to do.
Types of Software
A. SystemsSoftware – the programs or instructions which direct the internal
operations of the computer. Also called operating software and are normally
contained in a disk pack or floppy diskette or already embedded on a chip.
Classification of System Software
1. OperatingSystem – most important type. It is a group of related
programs that supervises or monitors the execution of an application
program and provides services such as language translation,
input/output control, and job scheduling.
2. LanguageTranslators – programs which convert human readable form
into a series of binary pattern of zeroes and ones.
LowLevelLanguage – Machine Language, Assembly Language
difficult to learn, coding was tedious, and difficult to correct and
find error in programs.
HighLevelLanguage – COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN, RPG or PASCAL
3. UtilityorServicePrograms – use for specialized data process problems.
B. ApplicationSoftware – Provides a solution to a specific business, scientific,
engineering or research problems, or which perform specific operations or
applications.
Types of Application Software
Customized – a program developed to solve a specific problem
peculiar to a particular company or user.
Packaged – Pre-written programs for common applications that can
be used by a number of users with little or no changes.
o WordProcessing (e.g. MS Word) – a text editing program which
allows the user to type, compose and correct manuscripts
without the need to retype when errors or changes on such
manuscript are made.
o Spreadsheet (e.g. Excel) – allows the user to do “what if
problems”. These are powerful; business tools for budget
reporting, financial projections and cost estimating.
o Database (e.g. Access) – allows the user to create and store
information based on his own requirements. Also called
“electronic filing”.
4
5. C. Peopleware – this refers to the people who work with the computer so that
it can be used to find solutions to problems. Also, these refer to persons who
used the information generated by the computer.
SystemAnalyst – primarily responsible for the analysis, design,
development and implementation of systems for such applications as
payroll, inventory control, accounts receivable, and sales analysis.
DatabaseAdministrator – designs, creates, and maintains the
organization’s database.
DataCommunicationSpecialist – designs and maintains computer
networks that link computers and terminals for data
communications.
ComputerProgrammers – write programs or perform
programming.
Applicationprogrammers – translate specifications given
by system analyst and prepare programs for applications.
SystemProgrammers – develop and maintain system
software.
OperationsPersonnel
Dataencoder – responsible for transferring data from the
source document (e.g. Time cards) into a form which the
computer can understand.
Datacontrollers – verify and check whether the data
prepared are accurate and complete.
Computeroperators – actually handle the machine;
responsible to load and unload the programs, mount the data
tapes, disks, or cards; prepare to receive the output data
from printer.
Librarian – a person who catalog, monitor, and control the
distribution of disks, tapes, system documentation, and
computer-related literature.
Computer Instructor – conducts the training sessions.
Lecture 3
Basic Concepts of Computer Hardware
·Input/Output (I/O): Refers to the process ofgetting information into and out of thecomputer.
– Input: Those parts of the computer receivinginformation to programs.
– Output: Those parts of the computer that provideresults of computation to the person
using thecomputer.
Sources of Data for the Computer
Two types of data stored within a computer:
• Original data or information: Data being introduced to a computing system for
the first time.
– Computers can deal directly with printed text, pictures, sound, and other
common types of information.
• Previously stored data or information: Data that has already been processed
by a computer and is being stored for later use.
– These are forms of binary data useful only to the computer.
– Examples: Floppy disks, DVD disks, and music CDs.
Input Devices
Two categories of input hardware:
• Those that deal with original data.
• Those that handle previously stored data.
5
6. Input hardware: Those that deal with original data.
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Voice recognition hardware
• Scanner
• Digital camera
Digitizing: The process of taking a visual image, or audio recording and converting it to a
binary form for the computer.
• Used as data for programs to display, play or manipulate the digitized data.
Connecting Hardware to the computer:
• Hardware needs access through some general input/output connection.
n Port: The pathway for data to go into and out of the computer from
external devices such as keyboards.
n There are many standard ports as well as custom electronic
ports designed for special purposes.
n Ports follow standards that define their use.
n SCSI, USB: Multiple peripheral devices (chain).
n RS-232, IDE: Individual peripheral devices.
n Peripheral device: A piece of hardware like a printer or disk drive, that
is outside the main computer.
• Hardware needs software on the computer that can service the device.
n Device driver: Software addition to the operating system that will allow
the computer to communicate with a particular device.
Common Basic Technologies for Storing Binary Information:
• Electronic
• Magnetic
• Optical
Electronic Circuits
• Most expensive of the three forms for storing binary information.
• A flip-flop circuit has either one electronic status or the other. It is said
to flip-flop from one to the other.
• Electronic circuits come in two forms:
– Permanent
– Non-permanent
Magnetic Technology
• Two parts to most of the magnetic forms of information storage:
– The medium that stores the magnetic information.
n Example: Floppy disk. Tiny spots on the disk are
magnetized to represent 0s and 1s.
– The device that can “read” that information from the medium.
n The drive spins the disk.
n It has a magnetic sensing arm that moves over the disk.
n Performs nondestructive reading.
Optical
• Uses lasers to “read” the binary information from the medium, usually a
disc.
– Millions of tiny holes are “burned” into the surface of the disc.
– The holes are interpreted as 1s. The absences of holes are
interpreted as 0s.
Secondary Memory Input Devices
• These input devices are used by a computer to store information and then to
retrieve that information as needed.
– External to the computer.
– Commonly consists of floppy disks, hard disk drives, or CD-ROMs.
• Secondary memory uses binary.
– The usual measurement is the byte.
• A byte consists of 8 binary digits (bits). The byte is a standard
unit.
The four most important characteristics of storage devices:
• Speed and access time
• Cost / Removable versus non-removable
• Capacity
6
7. • Type of access
Speed (Access time) - How fast information can be taken from or stored
onto the computer memory device’s medium.
• Electronic circuits: Fastest to access.
– 40 billionths of a second.
• Floppy disks: Very slow in comparison.
– Takes up to 1/2 second to reach full speed before access
is even possible.
Cost
• Megabyte: A Million bytes.
• Gigabyte: A billion bytes.
• Two parts to a removable secondary storage device:
– The cost of the medium. (Cheaper if bought in quantity)
– The cost of the drive.
Examples: Cost for drive Cost for medium
Floppy drive (1.4MB) 59.00 .50
Zip 100 (100 MB) 99.00 10.00
CD-WR (650 MB) 360.00 and up 1.00
n Capacity - The amount of information that can be stored on the medium.
n Type of Access
– Sequential - Obtained by proceeding through the storage
medium from the beginning until the designated area is
reached (as in magnetic tape).
– Random Access - Direct access (as in floppy and hard
disks).
Primary Memory
Primary storage or memory: Is where the data and program that are currently in
operation or being accessed are stored during use.
• Consists of electronic circuits: Extremely fast and expensive.
• Two types:
– RAM (non-permanent)
• Programs and data can be stored here for the computer’s use.
• Volatile: All information will be lost once the computer shuts
down.
– ROM (permanent)
• Contents do not change.
The Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit ( CPU)
• Often referred to as the “brain” of the computer.
• Responsible for controlling all activities of the computer system.
• The three major components of the CPU are:
1. Arithmetic Unit (Computations performed)
Accumulator (Results of computations kept here)
2. Control Unit (Has two locations where numbers are kept)
Instruction Register (Instruction placed here for analysis)
Program Counter (Which instruction will be performed next?)
3. Instruction Decoding Unit (Decodes the instruction)
• Motherboard: The place where most of the electronics including the CPU are
mounted.
Output Devices
Output units store and display information (calculated results and other messages) for
us to see and use.
• Floppy disk drives and Hard disk drives.
7
8. • Display monitors: Hi-resolution monitors come in two types:
– Cathode ray tube (CRT) - Streams of electrons make phosphors glow on
a large vacuum tube.
– Liquid crystal display (LCD) - A flat panel display that uses crystals to
let varying amounts of different colored light to pass through it.
• Developed primarily for portable computers.
Audio Output Devices
• Windows machines need special audio card for audio output.
• Macintosh has audio playback built in.
• Audio output is useful for:
– Music
• CD player is a computer.
• Most personal computers have CD players that can access both
music CDs and CD-ROMs.
– Voice synthesis (becoming more human sounding.)
– Multimedia
– Specialized tasks (i.e.: elevator’s floor announcements)
Optical Disks: CD-ROM and DVD
• CD-ROM (Compact Disk - Read Only Memory)
– By its definition, CD-ROM is Read Only.
– Special CD drives “burn” information into blank CDs.
• Burn: A laser is used to “burn” craters into the surface to
represent a binary 1.
• Two main types of CDs:
n CD-R (Compact Disk - Recordable)
n CD-WR (Compact Disk - ReWritable)
– It takes longer to write to a CD-R than a hard drive.
– Special software is needed to record.
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
• Allows up to 17 gigabytes of storage (from 4.7 GB to 17 GB).
• Compatible with older CD-ROM technology.
• The four versions of the DVD:
Storage Requirements: How much storage capacity is needed for…
• One keystroke on a keyboard. 1 byte (8 bits)
• One page single-spaced document. 4.0 K
• Nineteen pages formatted text. 75 K
• One second of high-fidelity sound. 95-110 K
• Complete word processing program. 8.4 MG
Storage Capacity: How much data can be stored on…
• One inch of 1/2 in. wide magnetic tape. 4 K
• One 3 1/2” floppy disk, high density. 1.4 MG
• One Compact Disk. 650 MG
• One DVD. up to 17 GB
Moving Information Within the Computer
How do binary numerals move into, out of, and within the computer?
• Information is moved about in bytes, or multiple bytes called words.
– Words are the fundamental units of information.
– The number of bits per word may vary per computer.
– A word length for most large IBM computers is 32 bits:
8
9. Bits that compose a word are passed in parallel from place to place.
• Ribbon cables:
– Consist of several wires, molded together.
– One wire for each bit of the word or byte.
– Additional wires coordinate the activity of moving information.
– Each wire sends information in the form of a voltage pulse.
Example of sending the word WOW over the ribbon cable
• Voltage pulses corresponding to the ASCII codes would pass through the cable.
Packaging the Computer
The many physical forms of the general purpose computer:
• All follow general organization:
– Primary memory
– Input units
– Output units
– Central Processing Unit
• Grouped according to speed, cost, size, and complexity.
Software Tools for Maintaining Your Computer Hardware
Utility Programs exist that can help diagnose and solve computer hardware problems.
• Four major problem areas where utility programs are helpful:
– Finding and fixing problems.
• Testing Input/Output peripherals.
• Testing RAM, motherboard, video cards.
• Recovering deleted files or fixing damaged disks.
– Improving computer performance.
• De-fragmenting a disk (Packs all files closer together).
– Preventative maintenance.
– Troubleshooting.
• Locates incompatible programs.
Lecture 4Hardware and Software Basics
Types of Devices
Digital versus Analog
A digital device uses discrete data.
Discrete data is distinct or separate.
Ex: Numbers or digits.
Most computers today are digital. Their circuits have only two possible states, such as
“Off” and “On” or “0” and “1”.
An analog device operates on continuously varying data.Continuously varying data has
an infinite number of possible states.
A digital thermometer will give a specific numerical reading when used to measure
someone’s body temperature.
An old fashioned mercury thermometer’s reading of someone’s body temperature could
be interpreted differently by different users.
Computer Hardware
Central Processing Unit - also called “The Chip”, a CPU, a processor, or a microprocessor
Memory (RAM)
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10. Storage Devices
Input Devices
Output Devices
CPU Types
CPU or microprocessor is often described as the brain of a computer.
CPU is an integrated circuit or “chip” which processes instructions and data.
CPU types.
Intel Pentium II, III, IV
Intel Celeron
AMD Athlon
CPU speed is measured by the number of completed instruction cycles per second
Currently, CPU speeds range from 600 megahertz (MHz or million cycles per second) to 4
gigahertz (GHz or billion cycles per second).
Always check new software’s requirements for CPU type and speed before purchasing
Microcomputer Platforms
All microcomputers are based on a small number of designs (interior architecture) or
computer platforms.
PC architecture is based on the first IBM microcomputers. Generally, PCs use Microsoft
Windows as their operating system.
Apple computers or Macs are based on proprietary architecture manufactured exclusively
by Apple Computer, Inc.
Compatibility refers to computers that operate in essentially the same way.
Compatibility across platforms is limited! You must know which platform your computer
runs on before purchasing software.
All software is designed for a specific platform.
Windows, Mac or Unix versions
Memory (RAM)
RAM or Random Access Memory
“Waiting room” for computer’s CPU.
Holds instructions for processing data, processed data, and raw data.
Ram is measured by:
Capacity (in Megabytes or Gigabytes)
Speed (in Nanoseconds)
Amount of RAM installed will determine.
Which software applications will run (efficiently)?
How many software applications can be open simultaneously (multitasking
ability)?
RAM upgrades are cost-effective and easy to install.
Check your computer manual for RAM type (DIMM, SDRAM) and speed (100,
90ns).
All software applications will have RAM specifications listed on their packaging.
Many applications list both a minimum and a recommended amount of RAM
necessary to run the software.
Be cautious about buying software for a system based on minimum requirement.
Storage Technology
Electronic devices that store, retrieve, and save instructions and data.
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11. Today’s microcomputers or PCs include several types of storage devices.
Capacity and speed are important considerations when selecting a new storage device for
a PC.
Magnetic storage devices store data by magnetizing particles on a disk or tape. They have
a limited life-span of 1 to 5 years, depending on the device.
Optical storage devices store data as light and dark spots on the disk surface. They have an
unlimited life-span.
Hard Disk Drives
Capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB or billions of bytes).
Typically permanently installed.
Used to store operating system, application software, utilities and data.
Magnetic storage device.
Floppy Disk Drives
Capacity is 1.44 to 2.0 megabytes (MB or millions of bytes).
Storage device with the smallest capacity
Most portable storage media
Magnetic storage device.
CD-ROM Drives
Typically installed on all new computer systems. (Were add-on device until the mid
1990’s).
Capacity is 600 to 750 megabytes
(MB or millions of bytes).
Most mass-produced commercial software is packaged on a CD.
Used more often now for backup storage as CD-RW (read/write) technology has
become less expensive.
Data is read from CD by a laser.
Optical storage device.
Other Types of Drives
Zip Drives – Several different capacities are available.
Tape Drives – Generally used for system backups, becoming less common.
DVD drives – Can also read CDs, now more common as a standard device on new
computer systems.
Input Devices
Input is all information put into a computer. Input can be supplied from a variety of
sources:
A person
A storage device on computer
Another computer
A peripheral device
Another piece of equipment, such as a musical instrument or thermometer
Input devices gather and translate data into a form the computer understands.
Primary input device:
Keyboard - Most common input device; used to type in commands and data.
Mouse or trackball enhances user’s ability to input commands, manipulate text,
images.
Joystick useful in education as an adaptive or assistive input device.
Scanners are peripheral input devices which allow users to import:
Text
Graphics
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12. Images
Specialized software aids in translating information into a format the computer can
understand and manipulate.
Digital Cameras are peripheral input devices that allow users to create pictures and/or
movies in a digital format.
Some require specialized
software to import images
into the computer.
Some record digital images directly to a disk that can be read by the computer.
Output Devices
Monitors are the most commonly used output device.
Most monitors use a bitmap display.
Allows user to resize the display.
Divides the screen into a matrix of tiny square “dots” called pixels.
The more “dots” a screen can display, the higher the resolution of the monitor.
Monitors are connected to a computer system via a port integrated on the videoadapter or
graphics card.
Graphics cards convert digital data output from software to analog data for display on
monitors.
Typically have additional memory chips on card, 4MB to 64MB.
Printers
Dot matrix
Seldom used in a classroom.
Still frequently used in business.
Bubble or ink jet
Laser
Projection systems or classroom TVs can display information from a computer system on a
larger screen for whole-class instruction.
Networks
A collection of computers and other devices that communicate to share data, hardware, and
software.
A stand-alone computer is called a workstation on a network.
A workstation provides access to:
Your computer’s local resources
Network resources
A server is a computer connected to a network that distributes and stores resources for
other network users.
With proper licensing, many network users can use the same applications and data files
simultaneously and share other resources, such as storage space or a printer.
Local Area Network (LAN) –a network located in a limited area.
LANs are found in most businesses.
Many campuses use LANs.
A network interface card (NIC)– a key hardware component.
Connects a workstation to the network.
A circuit board that sends data between the workstation and the network.
Wide Area Network (WAN)– a network that covers a large geographical area. TENET is a
classic example.
All types of networks require special networking hardware and networking software to
allow different computers to communicate with each other.
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13. The Internet - largest of all networks.
Communication standards called protocols allow for global exchange of information.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
Intranets are LANs or WANs that use these communication standards or TCP/IP.
Special hardware (modem) and software (browser) are required.
Software
Instructions and associated data, stored in electronic format, that direct the computer to
accomplish a task.
System software helps the computer carry out its basic operating tasks.
Operating systems
Utilities
An Operating System (OS) is the master controller within a computer.
EX: Windows, MacOS, DOS, UNIX, Linux
An operating system interacts with:
All hardware installed in or connected to a computer system.
All software installed or running from a storage device on a computer
system.
Microsoft Windows
Most popular operating system.
Supports a vast array of application software and peripheral devices.
MacOS
For Macintosh computers.
Proprietary system.
Does not have same functionality and support for software and
peripheral devices.
Network operating system (NOS)
Manages network resources.
Maintains security.
Tracks user accounts.
Handles communication between workstations and servers.
Popular network operating systems
Windows NT, Novell Netware, UNIX
Utilities
Utilities augment functionality of operating systems. Utilities includes device
drivers and Troubleshooting capabilities.
Utilities provide file management capabilities such as copying, moving or
renaming a file.
Norton Utilities includes an undelete function that can recover deleted files.
Symantec and McAfee Virus checkers add protection for all system and data
files.
Application Software
Accomplishes specific tasks for users.
Enables a computer to become a multi-purpose machine.
Produce worksheets and reports.
Automate record keeping like attendance and grades.
Create flow charts and graphic organizers.
Communicate worldwide.
Productivity Software
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14. Spreadsheets
Databases
Presentation Software
Document Preparation
Word Processing
Desktop Publishing
Project Management Software
Graphics Creation and Manipulation
Animation and 3D Graphics
Video Editing
Internet Connectivity
Website Creation and Management
Groupware
Financial Management
Educational Games and Tutorials
Programming Languages
Basic building blocks of any software.
Programming languages allow a programmer to write instructions that a computer can
understand.
Programming languages have some resemblance to the English language.
BASIC
Pascal
Fortran
C++
Java
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