This document discusses various concepts and classifications related to abdominal trauma imaging. It begins with definitions of terms like window, Hounsfield units, and anatomy. It then covers classifications of injury to different solid organs like liver, spleen, kidney, and pancreas. Specific examples of injuries at different grades are shown, along with complications. Treatment options for some injuries are also mentioned.
Viêm ruột thừa là tình trạng đặc trưng bởi hiện tượng viêm của ruột thừa. Mặc dù các ca nhẹ tự khỏi mà không cần điều trị, phần lớn viêm ruột thừa cần được mở ổ bụng để lấy bỏ ruột thừa bị viêm. Tỉ lệ tử vong cao nếu không điều trị, chủ yếu do ruột thừa viêm bị vỡ gây viêm phúc mạc và sốc.
Viêm ruột thừa là tình trạng đặc trưng bởi hiện tượng viêm của ruột thừa. Mặc dù các ca nhẹ tự khỏi mà không cần điều trị, phần lớn viêm ruột thừa cần được mở ổ bụng để lấy bỏ ruột thừa bị viêm. Tỉ lệ tử vong cao nếu không điều trị, chủ yếu do ruột thừa viêm bị vỡ gây viêm phúc mạc và sốc.
End-stage renal disease is a condition in which the kidneys no longer function normally and required excellent medical and nursing care for the managing this condition.
Insulin trên bệnh nhân đái tháo đường cao tuổibanbientap
Liệu pháp tiêm insulin có thể được dùng để chữa trị cho cả 2 loại đái tháo đường typ 1 và typ 2. Tuy vậy, nhiều người bị đái tháo đường typ 2 có thể kiểm soát lượng đường huyết bằng cách uống thuốc và thay đổi lối sống.
Nghiên cứu đặc điểm lâm sàng, x-quang phổi, và kết quả khí máu của bệnh nhân ...banbientap
Nghiên cứu đặc điểm lâm sàng, x-quang phổi, và kết quả khí máu của bệnh nhân có đợt cấp bệnh phổi tắc nghẽn mạn tính điều trị tại trung tâm Hô hấp - Bệnh viện Bạch Mai
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. CÁCH ĐỌCCÁCH ĐỌC
CHỤP CLVTCHỤP CLVT
BỤNGBỤNG
Bùi Văn GiangBùi Văn Giang
Saint Paul, 8-2008Saint Paul, 8-2008
2. Một số khái niệmMột số khái niệm
Cửa sổCửa sổ
Đơn vị tỷ trọngĐơn vị tỷ trọng
Giải phẫuGiải phẫu
Một số dấu hiệu cơ bảnMột số dấu hiệu cơ bản
3. Một số khái niệmMột số khái niệm
Cửa sổCửa sổ
4.
5.
6. Một số khái niệmMột số khái niệm
Cửa sổCửa sổ
Nhu mô: tổn thương tạng: u, vỡ,Nhu mô: tổn thương tạng: u, vỡ,
nang, chảy máunang, chảy máu
Mỡ: thâm nhiễm mỡ (viêm), khíMỡ: thâm nhiễm mỡ (viêm), khí
(thủng tạng rỗng).(thủng tạng rỗng).
7. Một số khái niệmMột số khái niệm
Đơn vị tỷ trọngĐơn vị tỷ trọng
Khí: -1000HUKhí: -1000HU
HH22O: 0 HUO: 0 HU
Mỡ: <0 HUMỡ: <0 HU
Dịch 20HUDịch 20HU
Nhu mô: 30-40Nhu mô: 30-40
Máu 70-80HUMáu 70-80HU
Xương >100 HUXương >100 HU
8.
9. Một số khái niệmMột số khái niệm
Cửa sổ
Đơn vị tỷ trọng
Giải phẫu lớp cắtGiải phẫu lớp cắt
Một số dấu hiệu cơ bảnMột số dấu hiệu cơ bản
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. Một số khái niệmMột số khái niệm
Cửa sổ
Đơn vị tỷ trọng
Giải phẫu
Một số dấu hiệu cơ bảnMột số dấu hiệu cơ bản
28. Chấn thương thận kínChấn thương thận kín
Đ 1ộĐ 1ộ
•• Đ 1: 75-85 % ch n th ng th n kínộ ấ ươ ậĐ 1: 75-85 % ch n th ng th n kínộ ấ ươ ậ
•• T n th ng nh :ổ ươ ỏT n th ng nh :ổ ươ ỏ
- Đ ng gi p nh nhu mô, không l n t i t y th nụ ậ ỏ ấ ớ ủ ậ- Đ ng gi p nh nhu mô, không l n t i t y th nụ ậ ỏ ấ ớ ủ ậ
- T máu d i baoụ ướ- T máu d i baoụ ướ
•• Đi u tr b o t nề ị ả ồĐi u tr b o t nề ị ả ồ
[5]:Kawashima RadioGraphics 2001
32. •• Đ 2: 10%ộĐ 2: 10%ộ
•• T n th ng nhu mô nhi u:ổ ươ ềT n th ng nhu mô nhi u:ổ ươ ề
- Rách nhu mô vào t i t y th n.ớ ủ ậ- Rách nhu mô vào t i t y th n.ớ ủ ậ
- Thi u máu thùy th n.ế ậ- Thi u máu thùy th n.ế ậ
[5]:Kawashima RadioGraphics 2001
Chấn thương thận kínChấn thương thận kín
Đ 2ộĐ 2ộ
36. •• Đ 3 : T n th ng nhu mô n ngộ ổ ươ ặĐ 3 : T n th ng nhu mô n ngộ ổ ươ ặ
- 5%- 5%
- Rách nhu mô th n ph c t p vào t i xoangậ ứ ạ ớ- Rách nhu mô th n ph c t p vào t i xoangậ ứ ạ ớ
th n kèm t n th ng m ch ngo i vi gây t máu,ậ ổ ươ ạ ạ ụth n kèm t n th ng m ch ngo i vi gây t máu,ậ ổ ươ ạ ạ ụ
đái máu, thi u máu nhu môếđái máu, thi u máu nhu môế
- Đ 4 : T n th ng sâu vào t i đ ngộ ổ ươ ớ ườ- Đ 4 : T n th ng sâu vào t i đ ngộ ổ ươ ớ ườ
bài xu t, m ch máuấ ạbài xu t, m ch máuấ ạ
[5]:Kawashima RadioGraphics 2001
Chấn thương thận kínChấn thương thận kín
Đ 3ộĐ 3ộ
63. Splenic InjurySplenic Injury
Active arterial extravasation from splenicActive arterial extravasation from splenic
lacerationlaceration
Subcapsular and perisplenic hematomasSubcapsular and perisplenic hematomas
66. Pancreas injuryPancreas injury
Pancreas tail lacerationPancreas tail laceration
with blood in left anteriorwith blood in left anterior
pararenal spacepararenal space
Pancreatic bodyPancreatic body
lacerationlaceration
67. Pancreas InjuryPancreas Injury
Pancreatic neckPancreatic neck
laceration - bloodlaceration - blood
between pancreasbetween pancreas
and splenic veinand splenic vein
Pancreatic headPancreatic head
contusioncontusion
80. Adrenal HematomaAdrenal Hematoma
Adrenal hematoma and grade II liver lacerationAdrenal hematoma and grade II liver laceration
Patient struck on right sidePatient struck on right side
81. Bladder TraumaBladder Trauma
CT Cystography in the Evaluation ofCT Cystography in the Evaluation of
Bladder TraumaBladder Trauma
Lis,L.E., Cohen,A.J.Lis,L.E., Cohen,A.J.
J Comput Assist Tomogr 1990;14:386-389J Comput Assist Tomogr 1990;14:386-389
82. Bladder Rupture(intraperitoneal)Bladder Rupture(intraperitoneal)
CT cystogram-350 cc of contrast (4%) infusedCT cystogram-350 cc of contrast (4%) infused
through Foley catheter.through Foley catheter.
free contrast in peritoneal cavityfree contrast in peritoneal cavity
92. Diaphragmatic HerniaDiaphragmatic Hernia
Subtle traumaticSubtle traumatic
diaphragmatic herniadiaphragmatic hernia
Two days later,Two days later,
stomach up in cheststomach up in chest
93. Diaphragmatic HerniaDiaphragmatic Hernia
Stomach in chestStomach in chest
Stomach constricted passing through diaphragmStomach constricted passing through diaphragm
98. Spine TraumaSpine Trauma
Posterior element spinousPosterior element spinous
fracturefracture
patient withpatient with
AnkylosingAnkylosing
SpondylitisSpondylitis
99. Combination InjuriesCombination Injuries
Devascularized leftDevascularized left
lobe of liverlobe of liver Pancreatic laceration andPancreatic laceration and
left renal infarctleft renal infarct
105. Combination InjuriesCombination Injuries
Pattern of Impact determines combinationPattern of Impact determines combination
injuriesinjuries
Avoid Satisfaction of Search ErrorAvoid Satisfaction of Search Error
106.
107. Trauma to the Hollow VisceraTrauma to the Hollow Viscera
DuodenumDuodenum
JejunumJejunum
IleumIleum
ColonColon
StomachStomach
108. Bowel and Mesenteric InjuriesBowel and Mesenteric Injuries
- 5% of patients after blunt abdominal trauma who undergo5% of patients after blunt abdominal trauma who undergo
surgical explorationsurgical exploration
- Mortality of duodenal perforationMortality of duodenal perforation
= 65% if surgery delayed > 24 hours= 65% if surgery delayed > 24 hours
= 5% if surgery done in 1= 5% if surgery done in 1stst
24 hours24 hours
CT FindingsCT Findings
Bowel Wall InjuriesBowel Wall Injuries
- thickening- thickening
-- intense wall enhancementintense wall enhancement
109. CT FindingsCT Findings
PneumoperitoneumPneumoperitoneum
-anterior peritoneal surface-anterior peritoneal surface
-perihepatic/splenic areas-perihepatic/splenic areas
-mesentery/omentum-mesentery/omentum
-ligaments (falciform, etc)-ligaments (falciform, etc)
Free FluidFree Fluid
-small bowel, low density & no air-small bowel, low density & no air
-blood, intermediate density (high density if arterial)-blood, intermediate density (high density if arterial)
-oral contrast, very high density, > 150 HU-oral contrast, very high density, > 150 HU
111. Duodenal InjuryDuodenal Injury
Duodenal perforation-Duodenal perforation-
missed originallymissed originally
Perforation seen on UGIPerforation seen on UGI
examexam
121. Free Intraperitoneal AirFree Intraperitoneal Air
““Little bubbles, big troubles”Little bubbles, big troubles”
DistributionDistribution
- around liver- around liver
- in mesentery- in mesentery
- posterior to the rectus abdominis muscles- posterior to the rectus abdominis muscles
midrectus recessmidrectus recess
pararectus recessespararectus recesses
Delayed Scans May Be HelpfulDelayed Scans May Be Helpful
123. Jejunal PerforationJejunal Perforation
Extraluminal airExtraluminal air
at porta hepatis,at porta hepatis,
over liverover liver
Same patient one day laterSame patient one day later
Extravasation of oralExtravasation of oral
contrastcontrast
124. Jejunal PerforationJejunal Perforation
Paracolic gutter fluid and mesenteric fluid mayParacolic gutter fluid and mesenteric fluid may
have different originshave different origins
149. CT signs suggestive of small bowelCT signs suggestive of small bowel
injuryinjury
NO. (%)NO. (%)
Small bowel wall thickeningSmall bowel wall thickening 18/19 (95)18/19 (95)
Free Fluid or blood withoutFree Fluid or blood without
associated solid visceral injuryassociated solid visceral injury 9/19 (47)9/19 (47)
Casey L, Vu D, Cohen AJ. Small Bowel RuptureCasey L, Vu D, Cohen AJ. Small Bowel Rupture
after Blunt Trauma: CT signs and Their Sensitivityafter Blunt Trauma: CT signs and Their Sensitivity
150. CT signs pathognomic of bowelCT signs pathognomic of bowel
rupturerupture
NO. (%)NO. (%)
Extraluminal airExtraluminal air 7/19 (37)7/19 (37)
Oral contrast extravasationOral contrast extravasation 8/19 (42)8/19 (42)
Extraluminal air onlyExtraluminal air only 3/19 (16)3/19 (16)
Oral contrast extravasation onlyOral contrast extravasation only 4/19 (21)4/19 (21)
Both extraluminal air andBoth extraluminal air and
oral contrast extravasationoral contrast extravasation 4/19 (21)4/19 (21)
TOTALTOTAL 11/19 (58)11/19 (58)
151. Duodenal PerforationDuodenal Perforation
Duodenal perforation extravasates into the rightDuodenal perforation extravasates into the right
anterior pararenal spaceanterior pararenal space
Duodenal wall may be thickened by edema orDuodenal wall may be thickened by edema or
bloodblood
152. Jejunal and Ileal PerforationJejunal and Ileal Perforation
Jejunal and ileal perforation manifests as bowelJejunal and ileal perforation manifests as bowel
wall thickeningwall thickening
Extraluminal air and fluid may be subtleExtraluminal air and fluid may be subtle
Lung windows help to disclose extraluminal airLung windows help to disclose extraluminal air
153. Extraluminal FluidExtraluminal Fluid
Triangles imply extraluminal fluidTriangles imply extraluminal fluid
Paracolic gutter fluid and mesenteric fluid mayParacolic gutter fluid and mesenteric fluid may
have different originshave different origins
154. Small Bowel InjurySmall Bowel Injury
Do not hesitate to repeat scan if the clinicalDo not hesitate to repeat scan if the clinical
condition deterioratescondition deteriorates
Shock and overhydration can cause abnormalShock and overhydration can cause abnormal
appearing small bowelappearing small bowel