C. cellular respiration check your learning

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CHECK YOUR LEARNING
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

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Cellular Respiration
Which of the following statements about cellular respiration is
true?
A) Plants use solar energy to turn glucose into oxygen.
B) All organisms can use sunlight to produce chemical energy, stored as
glucose and oxygen.
C) Cellular respiration occurs only in plants and cannot be performed by
mammals.
D) Chemical energy, in the form of glucose and oxygen, is the primary
source of energy.

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Which of the following statements about cellular respiration is
true?
A) Plants use solar energy to turn glucose into oxygen.
B) All organisms can use sunlight to produce chemical energy, stored as
glucose and oxygen.
C) Cellular respiration occurs only in plants and cannot be performed by
mammals.
D) Chemical energy, in the form of glucose and oxygen, is the primary
source of energy.

Why is energy transfer in the form of electrons ideal for cellular
functions?
A) It allows cells to transfer and use energy in huge bursts.
B) It allows cells to transfer and use energy in small steps, so there is no
large energy release in the form of heat.
C) Most of the energy stored is in the form of low-energy bonds.
D) all of these answers

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide functions as an energy carrier
in cellular processes?
A) It's oxidized to NADH and then reduced to NAD+ by removing two
electrons.
B) It's reduced to NADH and then oxidized NAD+ by removing one
electron.
C) It's oxidized to NADH and then reduced to NAD+ by removing one
electron.
D) It's oxidized to NAD+ and reduced to NADH by removing two
electrons.

Note regarding the previous question – it is important to
understand that electrons are the format for chemical energy in
cells – so when a compound is reduced (and therefore gains
electrons) it gains energy. That same compound/chemical can
then move somewhere else in the cell – carrying electrons and
therefore carrying energy from one cellular location to another.
This allows for cells to be metabolically efficient, and to spread
multiple reactions out across different locations in the cell.
Important electron carriers in cells:
NAD+/NADH
NADP/NADPH2

Fill in the blanks: Cells utilize the universal energy currency,
_____, by either transferring a(n) _____ group to a protein or by
coupling an unfavorable reaction to _____ of its unstable side
chain.
A) ATP, phosphate, hydrolysis
B) NADH, hydride, oxidation
C) NAD+, proton, reduction
D) thiamine, acetyl, decarboxylation

What is the purpose of glycolysis?
A) It uses ATP to make glucose.
B) It produces oxygen.
C) It breaks down glucose into pyruvate to release energy.
D) It breaks down pyruvate to release energy.

Which enzyme in the first half of glycolysis requires ATP to
perform its function?
A) phosphoglucose isomerase
B) aldolase
C) phosphofructokinase
D) triosephosphate isomerase

During the second half of glycolysis, all of the following reactions
produce a high energy molecule (ATP or NADH), EXCEPT:
A) the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate kinase
B) oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
C) the reaction catalyzed by enolase
D) transfer of a phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP

What is the net outcome of glycolysis from one molecule of
glucose?
A) four ATP
B) one ATP and two NADH molecules
C) one ATP, one NADH, and one pyruvate molecule
D) two ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvate molecules

What happens during the breakdown of pyruvate?
A) There is a net gain of 2 ATP (which are released).
B) Acetyl-CoA is produced to enter the Krebs cycle.
C) NADH is formed.
D) All of these.

In eukaryotic cells where is glycolysis occurring?
A) The cytoplasm.
B) The intermitochondrial space.
C) At the mitochondrial inner membrane.
D) The mitochondrial matrix.

In eukaryotic cells where is glycolysis occurring?
A) The cytoplasm.
B) The inner mitochondrial space.

True or False - Glycolysis is an anaerobic process (it does not
require oxygen).

True or False - Glycolysis is an anaerobic process (it does not
require oxygen).
TRUE

True or False – Glycolysis, when used as a sole means of
producing ATP for cells in the absence of oxygen, is referred to as
fermentation.

True or False – Glycolysis when used as a sole means of
producing ATP for cells in the absence of oxygen is referred to as
fermentation.
TRUE – for example, when our muscle cells run out of
oxygen, they use glycolysis alone to make ATP, causing
lactic acid to form as a byproduct. This is metabolically
possible because the electrons placed on NADH are, in this
circumstance, returned to pyruvate, reducing pyruvate to
lactic acid. This is essentially the same process whereby
yeast make ethanol, and many other fermentation byproducts
are formed by other cells.
Please see:
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Metabolis
m/Glycolysis/Fermentation for more information.

For each acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle:
A) one carbon dioxide molecule is released.
B) None of these.
C) two carbon dioxide molecules are released.
D) one carbon dioxide molecule is consumed.

Which of the following is NOT a step of the Krebs (citric acid)
cycle?
A) Citrate is converted into isocitrate.
B) Pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA.
C) Succinate is converted into fumarate.
D) Isocitrate is converted into α-ketoglutarate.

In eukaryotic cells where is the Krebs cycle occurring?
A) The cytoplasm.
B) The intermitochondrial space.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the flow of
electrons through the electron transport chain, as well as their
eventual destination?
A) Electrons come from NAD+ and FAD+ and eventually go to water.
B) Electrons come from NAD+ and FAD+ and eventually go to oxygen.
C) Electrons come from NADH and FADH2 and eventually go to water.
D) Electrons come from NADH and FADH2 and eventually go to oxygen.

ATTENTION! Understanding the flow of electrons during aerobic respiration is VERY IMPORTANT. By
now you should know that electrons come into aerobic respiration on GLUCOSE (it is the electron
donor) and they ultimately all end up going to OXYGEN (it is the electron acceptor). When oxygen
ACCEPTS those electrons it is reduced to form water.
But the electrons aren’t all transferred in one single step (that would be an explosion, which would be
bad for cells).
Instead, during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle they are removed a little at the time and put onto NAD+
and FAD, to form NADH and FADH2 (the cell’s electron carriers). These reduced electron carriers then
carry electrons to the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN. At the ETC they are sequentially moved in a
stepwise fashion through the chain, ultimately ending up on oxyen. The ETC uses the energy inherent in
electron transfers to pump H+ from the matrix of the mitochondria into the innermitochondrial space,
creating an electrochemical gradient of H+ on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Those H+
flow BACK (downgradient) through ATP synthase which uses that flow to power the oxidative
phosphorylation of ATP.
So essentially electron flow works like this (you should be able to figure out where glycolysis and the
Krebs’ cycle work:
glucose
NADH
pyruvate
Acetyl CoA NADH
FADH2
Electron
transport
chain
O2
NADH

Now – to you - how do the CARBONS that were on
glucose move? What happens to all of those
carbons?

All of the electrons originally on glucose, are transferred to form
________ and _________ during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
These electron carriers then diffuse to the electron transport
chain.
A) NAD+ and FADH
B) NADPH and FADH2
C) NADH and FADH2
D) NADH and CO2.

How do hydrogen ions aid in the synthesis of ATP?
A) Hydrogen ions add a phosphate to ATP synthase to form ATP.
B) ATP synthase uses a hydrogen ion gradient to form ATP from ADP
C) Hydrogen ions add protons to ADP to form ATP.
D) Hydrogen ions add protons to ATP synthase to form ATP.

How does the electron transport chain power chemiosmosis?
A) It demolishes the electrochemical gradient.
B) It forms an electrochemical gradient.
C) It converts ADP into ATP.
D) It synthesizes ATP synthase,

What is the specific ion involved in the electrochemical gradient
referred to in the last question (that powers ATP synthase?)
A) Na+
B) K+.
C) H+
D) None of the above

In eukaryotic cells where do the H+ (protons) accumulate due to
the actions of the electron transport chain?
A) The cytoplasm
B) The mitochondrial matrix
C) The inner mitochondrial space (the space between the inner
mitochondrial membrane and the exterior mitochondrial membrane).
D) At the cell membrane.

In the figure below, where does the NADH and FADH2 come
from?

From glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. The original
source of the electrons was the glucose that first
entered glycolysis.

Which of the following are sources of variability in the amount of
ATP equivalents produced per molecule of glucose consumed?
A) Species variance.
B) Variance in the ability of electron carriers to reach the inner
mitochondrial matrix.
C) Titration of intermediates in glycolysis or the Krebs cycle into other
metabolic pathways.
D) All of the above.

What is the final electron acceptor in the process of aerobic
respiration?
A) oxygen
B) water
C) carbon dioxide
D) pyruvate

C. cellular respiration check your learning

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