Meaning of Perception: Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret
information from environment through five senses.
It is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Process of Perception
Inputs: Input refers to Stimuli available in the environment. It
includes, information, objects, events and people etc.
Throughputs: it is the stages of transformation. Perceptual inputs
are proceeds to obtain output. Throughputs includes:
Selection: selecting information on the basis of interests, experience,
background etc.
Organization: grouping stimuli into meaningful & identifiable patterns.
Interpretation: assigning meaning to the selected & organized
information.
Outputs: At this stage result of perceptual process can be seen. Transformed inputs.
Results in attitude, opinions, feelings, values & behavior.
Perceptual Error in Organizations:
Stereotyping : Judging people on the basis of group to which they
belong is called stereotyping.
Impression / first impressions : Making an opinion about a person on the
basis of first meeting itself.
Projection
Attributing (looking) one's own characteristics (qualities) to someone
else.
looking one's own qualities in other people. E.g., if a person is honest,
he will consider other people as honest.
Attribution
How people explain the cause of other’s or their own behaviour.
Selective perception
People perceive as per their need, motives or interests.
Inference
Judging others on the basis of incomplete information.
Perceptual set
Interpreting others behaviour according to our own mental set.
Halo effect
one trait forms a general impression. Evaluating a person on the basis
of single trait/ characteristics/ quality.
Factors influencing perception
Internal Factor: These are factors related to the characteristics of
perceiver.
Needs & motives: People with different needs generally experience different
stimuli. A hungry man catches attestation of food related objects.
Self concept: How the people see him self. Generally people select only
those aspects which they find match with their characteristics.
Past experience: A person also perceives on the basis of his past
experiences.
Beliefs: A person also perceives on the basis of what he believes irrespective
of what really is,
Expectations: Expectation refers to the anticipation of particular behavior
from a person which also affects the perceptions.
Current psychological states: The current state of mind also affects the
selection of stimulus.
External Factors: These are the environmental factors and are the
characteristics of the perceived (Stimuli).
Size: Big size catches attestation
Intensity: Loud sound and bright color catches attestation more.
Contrast: Stimuli which stand against the background catches attention
more.
Repetition: it catches attention more.
In this presentation you will be introduced to one of the most interesting subject in Business Administration. Organizational Behaviour. This relates to individuals/ group of people working together in teams; however this subject becomes more challenging when situational factors are incorporated which alter the dynamics of the way a team works and executes its plans. This is a good information tool to better understand professional behavior in an organization.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
This Slideshare is the sole Property of the Welingkar School of Distance Learning – Reproduction of this material , without prior consent, either wholly or partially will be treated as a violation of copyright.
Organisational behaviour is primarily concerned with that aspect of human behaviour which is relevant for organisational performance. It studies human behaviour at individual level, group level, and organisational level.
The role of psychology in human resources management by Dr.Mahboob Khan PhdHealthcare consultant
HRM can be considered to be responsibility of all those who manage people as well as a description of persons who are employed as specialists. It is that part of management that involves planning for human resource needs, including recruitment and selection, training and development. It also includes welfare and safety, wage and salary administration, collective bargaining and dealing with most aspects of industrial relations. The integration between the management of human resources and psychology is arguably the prime factor delineating HRM theory and practice from its more traditional personnel management origins. Selection of the personnel has long been recognized as a key activity within HR and this article seeks to explore the extent to which its practice provides evidence of such strategic alignment.
Provides an overview of organization development (OD), focusing particularly on the intervention processes available. Categories or types of intervention are noted, and the depth of intervention is recognised as a key decision point for OD practitioners.
Organizational Behaviour - Individual Determinants of OB IISOMASUNDARAM T
Perception - Meaning, Perceptual process and Mechanism, Motivation - Types of Motivation, Theories of Motivation, Learning - Meaning, Principles of Learning, Theories of Learning.
The T-group method and the syndicate method are two different training and development approaches used to promote personal and professional growth in individuals and teams.
The T-group method, as mentioned earlier, focuses on group dynamics and interpersonal skills. Participants engage in role-playing, feedback, reflection, and experiential learning exercises in a safe and supportive learning environment. The goal of the T-group method is to help individuals develop self-awareness, empathy, and communication skills, and to improve group dynamics and team effectiveness.
Action research - OD process - Organizational Change and Development - Manu...manumelwin
Dual purpose of action research:
Making action more effective.
Building a body of scientific knowledge around that action.
Action refers to: Programs and interventions designed to solve problems and improve conditions.
Meaning of Perception: Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret
information from environment through five senses.
It is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Process of Perception
Inputs: Input refers to Stimuli available in the environment. It
includes, information, objects, events and people etc.
Throughputs: it is the stages of transformation. Perceptual inputs
are proceeds to obtain output. Throughputs includes:
Selection: selecting information on the basis of interests, experience,
background etc.
Organization: grouping stimuli into meaningful & identifiable patterns.
Interpretation: assigning meaning to the selected & organized
information.
Outputs: At this stage result of perceptual process can be seen. Transformed inputs.
Results in attitude, opinions, feelings, values & behavior.
Perceptual Error in Organizations:
Stereotyping : Judging people on the basis of group to which they
belong is called stereotyping.
Impression / first impressions : Making an opinion about a person on the
basis of first meeting itself.
Projection
Attributing (looking) one's own characteristics (qualities) to someone
else.
looking one's own qualities in other people. E.g., if a person is honest,
he will consider other people as honest.
Attribution
How people explain the cause of other’s or their own behaviour.
Selective perception
People perceive as per their need, motives or interests.
Inference
Judging others on the basis of incomplete information.
Perceptual set
Interpreting others behaviour according to our own mental set.
Halo effect
one trait forms a general impression. Evaluating a person on the basis
of single trait/ characteristics/ quality.
Factors influencing perception
Internal Factor: These are factors related to the characteristics of
perceiver.
Needs & motives: People with different needs generally experience different
stimuli. A hungry man catches attestation of food related objects.
Self concept: How the people see him self. Generally people select only
those aspects which they find match with their characteristics.
Past experience: A person also perceives on the basis of his past
experiences.
Beliefs: A person also perceives on the basis of what he believes irrespective
of what really is,
Expectations: Expectation refers to the anticipation of particular behavior
from a person which also affects the perceptions.
Current psychological states: The current state of mind also affects the
selection of stimulus.
External Factors: These are the environmental factors and are the
characteristics of the perceived (Stimuli).
Size: Big size catches attestation
Intensity: Loud sound and bright color catches attestation more.
Contrast: Stimuli which stand against the background catches attention
more.
Repetition: it catches attention more.
In this presentation you will be introduced to one of the most interesting subject in Business Administration. Organizational Behaviour. This relates to individuals/ group of people working together in teams; however this subject becomes more challenging when situational factors are incorporated which alter the dynamics of the way a team works and executes its plans. This is a good information tool to better understand professional behavior in an organization.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
This Slideshare is the sole Property of the Welingkar School of Distance Learning – Reproduction of this material , without prior consent, either wholly or partially will be treated as a violation of copyright.
Organisational behaviour is primarily concerned with that aspect of human behaviour which is relevant for organisational performance. It studies human behaviour at individual level, group level, and organisational level.
The role of psychology in human resources management by Dr.Mahboob Khan PhdHealthcare consultant
HRM can be considered to be responsibility of all those who manage people as well as a description of persons who are employed as specialists. It is that part of management that involves planning for human resource needs, including recruitment and selection, training and development. It also includes welfare and safety, wage and salary administration, collective bargaining and dealing with most aspects of industrial relations. The integration between the management of human resources and psychology is arguably the prime factor delineating HRM theory and practice from its more traditional personnel management origins. Selection of the personnel has long been recognized as a key activity within HR and this article seeks to explore the extent to which its practice provides evidence of such strategic alignment.
Provides an overview of organization development (OD), focusing particularly on the intervention processes available. Categories or types of intervention are noted, and the depth of intervention is recognised as a key decision point for OD practitioners.
Organizational Behaviour - Individual Determinants of OB IISOMASUNDARAM T
Perception - Meaning, Perceptual process and Mechanism, Motivation - Types of Motivation, Theories of Motivation, Learning - Meaning, Principles of Learning, Theories of Learning.
The T-group method and the syndicate method are two different training and development approaches used to promote personal and professional growth in individuals and teams.
The T-group method, as mentioned earlier, focuses on group dynamics and interpersonal skills. Participants engage in role-playing, feedback, reflection, and experiential learning exercises in a safe and supportive learning environment. The goal of the T-group method is to help individuals develop self-awareness, empathy, and communication skills, and to improve group dynamics and team effectiveness.
Action research - OD process - Organizational Change and Development - Manu...manumelwin
Dual purpose of action research:
Making action more effective.
Building a body of scientific knowledge around that action.
Action refers to: Programs and interventions designed to solve problems and improve conditions.
Data Analysis Methods 101 - Turning Raw Data Into Actionable InsightsDataSpace Academy
Data analytics is powerful for organisations. It can help companies improve their overall efficiency and effectiveness. The blog offers a step-by-step narration of the data analysis methods that will help you to comprehend the fundamentals of an analytics project.
Table of ContentsIntroduction. 2Summary of the busines.docxjohniemcm5zt
Table of Contents
Introduction
.
2
Summary of the business
.
3
Benefits and disadvantages of Business Analytics
.
3
Challenges that the organization may face using business analytics.
5
Business Analytic Techniques That the organization Can Use
.
6
The Implementation Plan
.
7
Backup plan
.
8
Conclusion
.
8
References
.
9
Introduction
Analytics refers to discovering, interpreting and communicating important patterns in collected data. Analytics has been used in organizations since exercises in managements were put into place by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the late 19th century.
Today, with the introduction of computers in day to day running of businesses, organizations and most of the institutions, the use of analytics has been brought to a whole new level. These consequential patterns can help in decision making in different scenarios.
Business analytics refers to the proficient use of technologies in continuously exploring and investigating past business performance so as to make inferences and help in business planning and decisions. Predictive modeling and statistical methods are extensively utilized to help the management in making this decision.
Business analytics are applicable in a wide range of business and organization scenarios to help in making management decisions. Business analytics has been changed the way businesses look at their key indicators of performance.
The business analyst has responsibilities in the following areas:
They help in identifying the technical actions that would address a certain situations, also supports in delivering the business strategies.
They help in defining procedures they will use in organizations.
They help in supporting the implementations and operations of strategic plans.
They refine the techniques once they have implemented in order to tolerate changes while ensuring continued alignment with the business strategy.
Business Description
The firm is involved in the design. Design firms make designs to clients to meet their (clients) needs.
The business analytics can use different methods analytical techniques. For example, the orders for particular graphic designs vary seasonally due to upcoming promotions and holiday season. The firm should use business analytics to know when in the past they experience different designing orders. The firm should use business analytics to analyze data so that it can be able to make informed decisions.
The organization possesses technological equipment’s but they do have any integrated system. The business should use analytics to connect its databases for easy access and efficiency of information flow.
The firm should also use business analytics to predict how the business would perform in a new environment it wishes to venture into. It would analyse all the factors that would seemingly impact its operations and success in the new environment.
Benefits and disadvantages of Business Analytics
Benefits
Business analytics creates a better .
Business analytics is a custom of transforming the data into business understandings enabling the end users for better decision-making. By using the modern tools and techniques, business analytics can help assess complex situations, consider all the available options, and predict outcomes and showcase critical risks for the decision makers.
Business Analytics can simply be described as a practice that includes the use of various techniques such as Data warehousing, Data mining, Programming in order to visualize and discover several patterns or trends in data. In simple, Analytics help convert the data into useful information, which can be used for decision-making. As a means of sorting through data to find useful information, the application of analytics has found new purpose
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. INTRODUCTION TO BUSINES ANALYTICS
• Business analytics (BA) is a set of disciplines and technologies for
solving business problems using data analysis, statistical models and
other quantitative methods. It involves an iterative, methodical
exploration of an organization's data, with an emphasis on statistical
analysis, to drive decision-making.
• Data-driven companies treat their data as a business asset and
actively look for ways to turn it into a competitive advantage. Success
with business analytics depends on data quality, skilled analysts who
understand the technologies and the business, and a commitment to
using data to gain insights that inform business decisions
3. How business analytics works
• Before any data analysis takes place, BA starts with several
foundational processes:
1. Determine the business goal of the analysis.
2. Select an analysis methodology.
3. Get business data to support the analysis, often from various
systems and sources.
4. Cleanse and integrate data into a single repository, such as a data
warehouse or data mart
4. Business Analytics - Terminologies
• Business analytics begins with a data set (a simple collection of data or a data file) or
commonly with a database (a collection of data files that contain information on people,
locations, and so on).
• As databases grow, they need to be stored somewhere. Technologies such as computer
clouds (hardware and software used for data remote storage, retrieval, and
computational functions) and data warehousing (a collection of databases used for
reporting and data analysis) store data.
• Database storage areas have become so large that a new term was devised to describe
them.
• Big data describes the collection of data sets that are so large and complex that software
systems are hardly able to process them (Isson and Harriott, 2013, pp. 57–61). Isson and
Harriott (2013, p. 61) define little data as anything that is not big data.
• Little data describes the smaller data segments or files that help individual businesses
keep track of customers. As a means of sorting through data to find useful information,
the application of analytics has found new purpose.
5. Types of Analytics (3 types )
• Descriptive- The application of simple statistical techniques that describes
what is contained in a data set or database. Example: An age bar chart is
used to depict retail shoppers for a department store that wants to target
advertising to customers by age.
• Predictive- An application of advanced statistical, information software, or
operations research methods to identify predictive variables and build
predictive models to identify trends and relationships not readily observed
in a descriptive analysis. Example: Multiple regression is used to show the
relationship (or lack of relationship) between age, weight, and exercise on
diet food sales. Knowing that relationships exist helps explain why one set
of independent variables influences dependent variables such as business
performance.
6. Types of Analytics
• Prescriptive: An application of decision science, management science,
and operations research methodologies (applied mathematical
techniques) to make best use of allocable resources. Example: A
department store has a limited advertising budget to target
customers. Linear programming models can be used to optimally
allocate the budget to various advertising media.
7. Business intelligence
• Business intelligence (BI) can be defined as a set of processes and technologies
that convert data into meaningful and useful information for business purposes.
While some believe that BI is a broad subject that encompasses analytics,
business analytics, and information systems (Bartlett, 2013, p.4), others believe it
is mainly focused on collecting, storing, and exploring large database
organizations for information useful to decision-making and planning (Negash,
2004). One function that is generally accepted as a major component of BI
involves storing an organization’s data in computer cloud storage or in data
warehouses. Data warehousing is not an analytics or business analytics function,
although the data can be used for analysis. In application, BI is focused on
querying and reporting, but it can include reported information from a BA
analysis. BI seeks to answer questions such as what is happening now and where,
and also what business actions are needed based on prior experience. BA, on the
other hand, can answer questions like why something is happening, what new
trends may exist, what will happen next, and what is the best course for the
future.
8. Process of Business Analytics
Business analytics is the process of
• analyzing huge datasets to unearth trends,
• patterns,
• correlations,
• outliers and anomalies to help organizations derive inferences and
make data-driven decisions.
10. • in the BA process, the first step is to recognize that databases may contain
information that could both solve problems and find opportunities to improve
business performance
• Step 2 of the ODMP, an exploration of the problem to determine its size, impact,
and other factors is undertaken to diagnose what the problem is
• BA descriptive analytic analysis explores factors that might prove useful in solving
problems and offering opportunities.
• The ODMP problem statement step is similarly structured to the BA predictive
analysis to find strategies, paths, or trends that clearly define a problem or
opportunity for an organization to solve problems.
• ODMP’s last steps of strategy selection and implementation involve the same
kinds of tasks that the BA process requires in the final prescriptive step (make an
optimal selection of resource allocations that can be implemented for the
betterment of the organization).
11. Importance of Business Analytics
• Importance of Business Analytics
Facilitates better understanding of available primary and secondary data,
which again affect operational efficiency of several departments.
Provides a competitive advantage to companies. In this digital age flow of
information is almost equal to all the players.
1) decision-making,
2) problem solving,
3) understanding,
4) improving processes
5) understanding customers.
12. Organisational Decision Making
• The BA process can solve problems and identify opportunities to improve
business performance.
• In the process, organizations may also determine strategies to guide
operations and help achieve competitive advantages.
• Typically, solving problems and identifying strategic opportunities to follow
are organization decision-making tasks.
• The latter, identifying opportunities, can be viewed as a problem of
strategy choice requiring a solution. It should come as no surprise that the
BA process described closely parallels classic organization decision-making
processes.
• As depicted in Figure , the business analytic process has an inherent
relationship to the steps in typical organization decision-making processes.
14. Organisational Decision Making in business analytics
• Focused on decision making to solve problems
• Applied to finding opportunities in data and deciding what is the best
course of action to take advantage of them
• The five-step ODMP begins with the perception of disequilibrium, or
the awareness that a problem exists that needs a decision
15. Business Analytics for competitive advantage
Business analytics drives competitive advantage by
• generating economies of scale
• economies of scope
• quality improvement.
• Taking advantage of economies of scale is the first way organizations
achieve comparative cost efficiencies and drive competitive
advantage against their peers.