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BURNS
Dr.Arvinth
 Ever since man has discovered fire there has been burn injury.
 80,000-90,000 cases of burns occur in India, every year.
 Early burnt tissue excision and various types of skin cover
promote early wound closure with better functional results.
RESPONSE TO BURN INJURY
 Local changes
 Burn causes coagulative necrosis.
 Depth depending on
 Temperature ;>400 C
 Duration of contact.
 Specific heat of causative agent.
Causes of burns
Superficial burns
Percentage of burns- Rule of nine
Assessment of Surface Area of a Child
IN AN INFANT:-
Head = 19%.
Front and back = 18 + 18%
Each leg= 13/14%.
Each arms = 9%.
Local effects of burns
 Burns inflammation:
 Inflammatory cells arrive in burns area at 2-5 days
 Most pronounced at 7-10 days
 Blood flow maximal during this period
 Burns wound edema:
 ↑ capillary permeability due to heat on endothelium and mediators of
Inflammation
Blisters
 By leakage of fluid from heat injured deep vessels
 Fluid enters & collects in Dermo-epidermal junction
 Seen in superficial partial thickness injury
 Provide medium for bacterial growth
 Should be drained and appropriate dressing/ skin cover should be provided
Eschar
 Metabolically dead burnt skin, seen in deep second,
third and fourth degree burns
 May cause coagulation abnormalities
 Treatment includes tangential excision and skin
grafting
Systemic effects of burns
Effect on CVS:
Cardiac output decreased due to
↑ peripheral vascular resistance
plasma volume
↑ blood viscosity
myocardial contractility
 Cardiac output is almost
completely restored with
adequate fluid resuscitation.
Effect on renal function
 Decreased blood volume and cardiac output results in
decreased renal blood flow and GFR.
 Stress induced hormones & mediators (Angiotensin,
Aldosterone & Vasopressin) further decrease RBF.
 Results in oliguria & ARF in inadequately treated
patients.
Effect on GI system
 Diffuse mucosal atrophy by apoptosis of epithelial cells
 Reduced uptake of glucose, amino acids & fats due to reduction
in brush border microvillus
 Gastroduedonal ulceration (curling’s ulcer) due to stress
induced changes & reduced splanchic blood flow & poor
mucosal defense
Effect on immune system
 Burns > 20% cause global dysfunction of immune
system
 Macrophage & T-helper cell functional abnormalities &
impaired neutrophil chemotaxis
Management of burns
IMMEDIATE CARE
 Patient must be removed from source of injury
 Rescuer safety- rescuer does not becomes another victim
 Burning clothing, all metallic objects like rings, jewelry, watches should be
removed as they retain heat and also produce tourniquet effect later
 Water must be poured directly over burnt areas taking care to avoid
hypothermia.
Initial assessment & treatment
 Primary survey ; A. B. C
 AIRWAY with C-spine immobilization, BREATHING,
CIRCULATION
 DETERMINE the associated life threatening conditions like
obstructed airway, cardiac arrythmias etc
 Initiate fluid resuscitation with two large bore I.V. canulas
 Place urinary & nasogastric catheters.
 Order appropriate Radiolaogic & laboratory investigations
Secondary survey
 Perform head to toe physical examination
 Record a detailed burn diagram
 Administer analgesics intravenously
 Administer tetanus prophylaxis
 Cover the wounds
 Evaluate & perform escharotomies & fasciotomies.
 Consider transfer to other facility as necessary
FLUID RESUSCITATION
Local treatment
 Wound care :
 Prompt excision of necrotic tissue & immediate cover of
wounds is essential to prevent wound infection.
 Frequent assessment of burns wound depth.
 Burns wound depth may increase in post burn period.
 Individualized care plan within 1st week.
Burn wound dressing
3 principal functions:
a. Protective: physical barrier: prevents contamination.
b. Metabolic :reduce evaporative heat loss .minimizes cold stress.
c. Comfort : reduces pain & maintains limb in functional position
 Full thickness burns- antibacterial dressing to delay colonization
 Superficial burns- simple dressing with sterile Vaseline gauze,
bandages & adequate splints
 Daily dressing change twice or thrice
 Removal of necrotic debris & Saline wash
 Swab should be taken regularly
Wound care plan
 First degree:
 Requires no dressing .
 Topical antibiotic soaks to reduce infection.
 Second degree (superficial):
 Daily dressing with topical antibiotic .
 Second degree (deep) & third degree:
 Tangential wound excision & skin grafting for buns > 20 % TBSA
 <20 %: regular dressing & later grafting
 Fourth degree:
 Wound excision & flap repair/amputation .
Inhalational injuries
 Most often in burns in enclosed spaces & blast injuries, mucosal injuries of
naso & oropharynx
 Hoarseness & stridor upper airway injury.
 Wheezing & dyspnea lower airway injury.
3 mechanisms:
 CO poisoning: more affinity to Hb with CNS, CVS depression.
 Direct thermal injury: causes obstruction due to edema.
 Chemical injury: cyanides, aldehydes produce alveolar injury.
 Removing person from closed environment.
 Secure airway: Intubation
 Chest X Ray, ABG, Fibro- optic Bronchoscopy
 Provide 100% oxygen  single most effective therapy.
 Bronchodilation & chest physiotherapy
 Fluid requirement: ↑ insensible loss,1.5 times of usual
requirement is needed.
 Antibiotics : in pneumonia
 ICU management in ARDS
Management of INHALATIONAL INJURIES
Electrical Injuries
 3-5 % of all burns.
 Electrical Current passes thro areas of least resistance:
 Nerves, muscles & vessels  maximal damage
 Skin & bone offer high resistance  spared.
 Visible areas of tissue necrosis represent only small % of destroyed tissue
 Major injury is deep & invisible.
 Vessels undergo progressive occlusion due to thrombosis causing further
ischemia.
Management of Electrical Injuries
 Safe removal from electrical source.
 Immediate CPR in high voltage burns.
 Cardiac monitoring by ECG :24-72 hrs post injury
 Aggressive fluid management despite relatively small external
burns to prevent ATN
 Skin flaps rather than skin grafts is necessary
 Amputation in unsalvageable limbs
Chemical injuries
Summary of burns management
 Immediate Safe removal & stop the burning process.
 Primary resuscitation.
 Adequate fluid resuscitation.
 Proper wound care; early excision of deep burns &
appropriate wound cover.
 Nutritional management.
 Early recognition & treatment of complications.
THANK YOU

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Burns

  • 2.  Ever since man has discovered fire there has been burn injury.  80,000-90,000 cases of burns occur in India, every year.  Early burnt tissue excision and various types of skin cover promote early wound closure with better functional results.
  • 3. RESPONSE TO BURN INJURY  Local changes  Burn causes coagulative necrosis.  Depth depending on  Temperature ;>400 C  Duration of contact.  Specific heat of causative agent.
  • 4.
  • 7. Percentage of burns- Rule of nine
  • 8. Assessment of Surface Area of a Child IN AN INFANT:- Head = 19%. Front and back = 18 + 18% Each leg= 13/14%. Each arms = 9%.
  • 9. Local effects of burns  Burns inflammation:  Inflammatory cells arrive in burns area at 2-5 days  Most pronounced at 7-10 days  Blood flow maximal during this period  Burns wound edema:  ↑ capillary permeability due to heat on endothelium and mediators of Inflammation
  • 10. Blisters  By leakage of fluid from heat injured deep vessels  Fluid enters & collects in Dermo-epidermal junction  Seen in superficial partial thickness injury  Provide medium for bacterial growth  Should be drained and appropriate dressing/ skin cover should be provided
  • 11. Eschar  Metabolically dead burnt skin, seen in deep second, third and fourth degree burns  May cause coagulation abnormalities  Treatment includes tangential excision and skin grafting
  • 12. Systemic effects of burns Effect on CVS: Cardiac output decreased due to ↑ peripheral vascular resistance plasma volume ↑ blood viscosity myocardial contractility  Cardiac output is almost completely restored with adequate fluid resuscitation.
  • 13. Effect on renal function  Decreased blood volume and cardiac output results in decreased renal blood flow and GFR.  Stress induced hormones & mediators (Angiotensin, Aldosterone & Vasopressin) further decrease RBF.  Results in oliguria & ARF in inadequately treated patients.
  • 14. Effect on GI system  Diffuse mucosal atrophy by apoptosis of epithelial cells  Reduced uptake of glucose, amino acids & fats due to reduction in brush border microvillus  Gastroduedonal ulceration (curling’s ulcer) due to stress induced changes & reduced splanchic blood flow & poor mucosal defense
  • 15. Effect on immune system  Burns > 20% cause global dysfunction of immune system  Macrophage & T-helper cell functional abnormalities & impaired neutrophil chemotaxis
  • 16. Management of burns IMMEDIATE CARE  Patient must be removed from source of injury  Rescuer safety- rescuer does not becomes another victim  Burning clothing, all metallic objects like rings, jewelry, watches should be removed as they retain heat and also produce tourniquet effect later  Water must be poured directly over burnt areas taking care to avoid hypothermia.
  • 17. Initial assessment & treatment  Primary survey ; A. B. C  AIRWAY with C-spine immobilization, BREATHING, CIRCULATION  DETERMINE the associated life threatening conditions like obstructed airway, cardiac arrythmias etc  Initiate fluid resuscitation with two large bore I.V. canulas  Place urinary & nasogastric catheters.  Order appropriate Radiolaogic & laboratory investigations
  • 18. Secondary survey  Perform head to toe physical examination  Record a detailed burn diagram  Administer analgesics intravenously  Administer tetanus prophylaxis  Cover the wounds  Evaluate & perform escharotomies & fasciotomies.  Consider transfer to other facility as necessary
  • 20. Local treatment  Wound care :  Prompt excision of necrotic tissue & immediate cover of wounds is essential to prevent wound infection.  Frequent assessment of burns wound depth.  Burns wound depth may increase in post burn period.  Individualized care plan within 1st week.
  • 21. Burn wound dressing 3 principal functions: a. Protective: physical barrier: prevents contamination. b. Metabolic :reduce evaporative heat loss .minimizes cold stress. c. Comfort : reduces pain & maintains limb in functional position  Full thickness burns- antibacterial dressing to delay colonization  Superficial burns- simple dressing with sterile Vaseline gauze, bandages & adequate splints  Daily dressing change twice or thrice  Removal of necrotic debris & Saline wash  Swab should be taken regularly
  • 22. Wound care plan  First degree:  Requires no dressing .  Topical antibiotic soaks to reduce infection.  Second degree (superficial):  Daily dressing with topical antibiotic .  Second degree (deep) & third degree:  Tangential wound excision & skin grafting for buns > 20 % TBSA  <20 %: regular dressing & later grafting  Fourth degree:  Wound excision & flap repair/amputation .
  • 23. Inhalational injuries  Most often in burns in enclosed spaces & blast injuries, mucosal injuries of naso & oropharynx  Hoarseness & stridor upper airway injury.  Wheezing & dyspnea lower airway injury. 3 mechanisms:  CO poisoning: more affinity to Hb with CNS, CVS depression.  Direct thermal injury: causes obstruction due to edema.  Chemical injury: cyanides, aldehydes produce alveolar injury.
  • 24.  Removing person from closed environment.  Secure airway: Intubation  Chest X Ray, ABG, Fibro- optic Bronchoscopy  Provide 100% oxygen  single most effective therapy.  Bronchodilation & chest physiotherapy  Fluid requirement: ↑ insensible loss,1.5 times of usual requirement is needed.  Antibiotics : in pneumonia  ICU management in ARDS Management of INHALATIONAL INJURIES
  • 25. Electrical Injuries  3-5 % of all burns.  Electrical Current passes thro areas of least resistance:  Nerves, muscles & vessels  maximal damage  Skin & bone offer high resistance  spared.  Visible areas of tissue necrosis represent only small % of destroyed tissue  Major injury is deep & invisible.  Vessels undergo progressive occlusion due to thrombosis causing further ischemia.
  • 26. Management of Electrical Injuries  Safe removal from electrical source.  Immediate CPR in high voltage burns.  Cardiac monitoring by ECG :24-72 hrs post injury  Aggressive fluid management despite relatively small external burns to prevent ATN  Skin flaps rather than skin grafts is necessary  Amputation in unsalvageable limbs
  • 28. Summary of burns management  Immediate Safe removal & stop the burning process.  Primary resuscitation.  Adequate fluid resuscitation.  Proper wound care; early excision of deep burns & appropriate wound cover.  Nutritional management.  Early recognition & treatment of complications.