1) The document discusses different types of thermal trauma including burns, electrical trauma, and frost bite. It describes the classification, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments for each. 2) Burns are classified based on depth of damage from superficial (degrees 1 and 2) to deep (degrees 3 and 4). Frost bite also has a classification from superficial to deep based on extent of freezing. 3) Initial first aid for all types of thermal trauma focuses on stopping the damaging agent and providing sterile dressing. Further treatment depends on the specific type and severity but generally includes wound care, infection prevention, and reconstruction as needed.

1. THERMAL TRAUMA
((BURNSBURNS,, ELECTRICAL TRAUMAELECTRICAL TRAUMA,,
FROST BITE (FREEZING)FROST BITE (FREEZING)))

2. BurnsBurns are he damage to tissuesare he damage to tissues
caused by their exposure to thermal,caused by their exposure to thermal,
chemical, electrical, or radiation energychemical, electrical, or radiation energy

3. CONSTRUCTION OF THE SKIN
Epidermis
Dermis
Basallayer

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6. THE REASONS OF THE BURNS
THERMALTHERMAL:
Hot liquids
Steam
Flame (fire)
Hot hard solid
RADIATION
CHEMICAL
Acids
Alkalis
ELECTRICAL

7. THE REASONS OF THE BURNS

8. THE REASONS OF THE BURNS

9. CLASSIFICATION OF THE BURNS
According to the
depth of damage:
DEGREE 1
DEGREE 2
DEGREE 3A
DEGREE 3B
DEGREE 4
According to the
depth of damage:
SUPERFICIAL
DEEP

10. CLASSIFICATION OF THE BURNS

11. SUPERFICIAL BURNS
DEGREE 1DEGREE 1 – damage to only the
epidermis. Skin in this areas
reddened, with edema, sensory
function is increased. Function of
the tissues is intact. Treatment –
application of alcohol. Heeling
without crusts.
DEGREE 2DEGREE 2 – damage to the
epithelium up to the basal layer. The
pain is more severe, long fasting and
there are blisters form, they are
usually filled with light transparent
contents. All types of sensation are
kept. When the bare layer at the
base of blister is touched the patient
experiences severe pain.
DEGREE 3ADEGREE 3A -- epithelial necrosis with partial involvement of the basalepithelial necrosis with partial involvement of the basal
layer; hair follicules, sweat and sebaceous glands are intact. All types oflayer; hair follicules, sweat and sebaceous glands are intact. All types of
sensation are less. The blisters are filled with hemorrhagic contents.sensation are less. The blisters are filled with hemorrhagic contents.
Epitelization and crust are formed from 3 to 4 weeks.Epitelization and crust are formed from 3 to 4 weeks.

12. DEEP BURNS
DEGREE 3BDEGREE 3B – complete necroses
of the dermis, basal layer and part
of subcutaneous layer. All types of
sensation are lost. If blisters form,
they are usually filled with
hemorrhagic substance. When the
blisters are opened violet-blush
surface is not sensitive to skin
prick or irritation by alcohol.
There are the areas of necrosis
DEGREE 4DEGREE 4 – complete necrosis– complete necrosis
of the skin and underlyingof the skin and underlying
tissues.tissues.

13. DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN
DEGREE 3A AND DEGREE 3B
•PAIN SENSITIVITY
•THE CONTENS INTO THE
BULLS
•THE FUNDUS OF THE BULLS
•BYOCHEMICAL REACTIONS

14. DETERMINATION OF THE AREA OF BURN
THE “RULE OFTHE “RULE OF
NINE”NINE”

15. DETERMINATION OF THE AREA OF BURN
Determination by
Lund&Browders
method
THE “RULE OFTHE “RULE OF
PULM”PULM”

16. DETERMINATION OF THE AREA OF BURN
IT IS THE MOST EXACT
METHOD –
WHIS HELP BY THE
MILLIMETRE PAPER

17. EVALUATION OF SEVERITY OF BURNS
THE RULE OF Baux (BO index):
Age in years + general burns area in%:
i 100 – poor prognosis
75-100 – doubtful prognosis
j 75 – good prognosis
FRANK’S INDEX:
1% of superficial burn equals one point, a deep burn equals
three points
to 30 – good prognosis
30-60 – relatively good prognosis
60-90 – doubtful prognosis; j 90 – poor prognosis

18. BURN DISEASE
OCCURS WHITH A BURN AREA OF:
Above 30% of body surface of the superficial burns in adults
More then 10% of body surface of the deep burns in adults
Above 5% of body surface of the superficial burns in children

19. BURN DISEASE
The four periods of the disease areThe four periods of the disease are
identifiedidentified::
Burn shockBurn shock (it is a result of the sharp pain, loss of large volume of blood
plasma and intoxication of patient, local accumulation of vasoactive substances,
injury the microcirculation; persistent from 48 till 72 hours).
Acute burn toxaemiaAcute burn toxaemia (it is outcome of the influence of toxic products and
products of tissues decay; fever, tachycardia, dullness of heart sounds, anaemia,
hypo-and dysproteinemia, abnormal hepatic and renal function; persist from the
3 till the 12-th day).
SepticemiaSepticemia (it is characterized by severe infection, may be fester of wound,
general deterioration ( weight loss, dryness and pallor, muscular atrophy,
bedsores; in this period proliferation of microbes is began with development of
varied septic conditions: pneumonia, pressure sores, sepsis); complete skin
regeneration is indicated of the end of the septicaemic period; it persists a few
weeks).
RecoveryRecovery (it is the restoration of bodily function, after the full heeling of
burn’s wounds, can persist for as long as 2-4 years after the trauma )

20. THE FIRST AID AFTER THE BURN
1. STOP THE ACTION OF
THE THERMICAL
AGENT
2. COOL THE BURN’S
SURFACE.

21. THE FIRST AID AFTER THE BURN
3. APPLY THE ASEPTIC
BANDAGE.

22. TREATMENT THE PLACE OF BURN
1. PRIMARY
SURGICAL
TREATMENT.
2. CLOSED METHOD
OF TREATMENT.
3. OPENED
METHOD OF
TREATMENT.

23. OPENED METHOD OF TREATMENT
OF BURNS

24. CLOSED METHOD OF TREATMENT
OF BURNS

25. COVERING OF THE BURN’S SURFACE
USE OF THE
XENOTRANSPLENTANT ALLOWS:
- TO DECREASE THE LOOSING
OF PLASMA;
- TO PREVENT THE
DEVELOPMENT OF INFECTION
AND INTOXICATION;
- TO STIMULATE OF THE
REPARATION OF SKIN;
- TO DECREASE THE TIME OF
TREATMENT INTO THE
HOSPITAL.

26. TREATMENT OF BURN’S DESEASES
BURN SHOCK:
TREATMENT OF HYPOVOLEMIA AND TOXEMIA,
ANALGETICS, ANTYBIOTICS, TREATMENT OF SYMPTOMS
ACUTE BURN TOXEMIA:
KORRECTION OF WATER-ELECTROLITIC BALANS,
NETRALIZATION AND EXTRACTION OF TOXINS,
STIMULATION OF THE HOMEOSTASIS, ANALGETICS,
PREVENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF INFECTION
SEPTICEMIA
ANTYBIOTICS, IMMUNOSTIMULATION, PARENTERAL
EATING.

27. CHEMICAL BURNS
ACIDS – coagulation necrosis
ALKALI– colliquative necrosis

28. RADIATION BURNS
IT IS PRESENT ON A BASE OF THE
RADIATION DEEASES AND IT’S TREATMENT
IS VERY DIFFICULT

29. ELECTRICAL TRAUMAELECTRICAL TRAUMA
IT IS NECESSARY TO PAY GREAT ATTENTION TO:
Power and stress of current, resistance of skin, time of
action, kind of current (constantly, chaining), the way of
the spreading of current across the body, conditions
during the trauma.

30. ELECTRICAL TRAUMAELECTRICAL TRAUMA
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS:
General
Local

31. FIRST AID AFTER THE ELECTRICAL
TRAUMA
1. STOP THE ACTION OF
CURRENT.
2. CARDIAL-LUNG
REANIMATION.
3. ASEPTIC BANDAGE.

32. LOCAL TREATMENT OF THE PLACE
OF CURRENTS ACTION
1. NECRECTOMIA.
2. AMPUTATION.
3. REPLACMENT OF SKIN.
4. RECONSTRACTIVE
OPERATIONS.

33. FROST BITE (FREESING)

35. CLASSIFICATION OF THE FROST BITE
(FREESING)
1. ACUTE:
- LOCAL FREESING
- GENERAL HYPOTERMIA
2. CHRONICAL.

36. CLASSIFICATION OF THE FROST BITE
(FREESING)
ACCORDING TO THE LEVEL OF TEMPERATURE:
- FREESING AFTER THE 0°C
- FREESING AFTER THE TEMPERATURE LESS
THAN 20°C
- CONTACT FREESING

37. PERIODS OF FROSBITE
- LATENT (PRE-REACTIVE)
- REACTIVE

38. DEPTH OF FROSTBITE

39. DEPTH OF FROSTBITE

40. DEPTH OF FROSTBITE
DEGREE 1
DEGREE 2

41. DEPTH OF FROSTBITE
DEGREE 4
DEGREE 3

42. DIFFERENT TYPES OF FROSTBITE

43. CHANGINGS INTO THE PATIENT’S
BODY
1. IN PRE-REACTIVE PERIOD - IT IS
MINIMAL).
2. IN REACTIVE PERIOD:
- DISTROY THE MICROCIRCULATION
INTO THE KIDNIES
- DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOXEMIA
- DESTROY THE FUNCTION OF CNS,
CVS, LUNGS.

44. GENERAL HYPOTERMIA

45. GENERAL HYPOTERMIA
THERE ARE 4 PERIODS:
1. COMPENSATION (t° is the 37°)
2. ADYNAMIC (decrease t° of body on to 1-2°)
3. AVERAGE (STUPOR FORM) - (decrease t° of
body till the 26-27°)
4. CONVULSIVE FORM (fall in the body
temperature as low as 26°)

46. FIRST AID AFTER THE FROSTBITE

47. FIRST AID AFTER THE FROSTBITE

48. FIRST AID AFTER THE GENERAL
HYPOTERMIA

49. TREATMENT OF FROSTBITE

50. CONCERVATIVE TREATMENT
1. ANTICOAGULATIVE AND ANTIAGREGANT
THERAPY.
2. SPASMOLITICS.
3. DESENSIBILIZATTION.
4. DETOXICATION.
5. ANTIINFLAMMATORY THERAPY.
6. SIMPTOMATHYC THERAPY.

51. SURGICAL TREATMENT
NECROTOMIA
NECRECTOMIA

52. SURGICAL TREATMENT
AMPUTATION