Buildingservicesi igroup

School of Architecture, Building and Design
Table of Contents
CONTENTS PAGES
1. Introduction 2
2. Air Conditioning System 3-22
3. Fire Protection System
4. Vertical Transportation System
5. Electrical Supply System
6. Problems
7. Recommendations & Solutions
8. Conclusion
9. References
10. Appendix
Taylor’s University | Building Services II | “SS15 Courtyard, Subang Jaya”
1

INTRODUCTION
SS15 Courtyard is a high rise commercial building that located in SS15, Subang Jaya.
The mall was developed by Titijaya Group and officially opened in December 2015. The
main reason that we choose this building as our case study is because this building
consists of 2 office towers( Southern & Northern ), a residential block(Northern) and a
retail mall (3 floors). Therefore, we can observe the different types of operation system
in different area.
We visited SS15 Courtyard for twice. Our first visit was on 31st of May, Mr Chang had
brought us around the building to describe the function of each system. The second visit
was on 6th of June. Unfortunately, we could not visit the vertical transportation because
Mr Chang rejected us due to the private and confidential policy. However, we are really
grateful that Mr Chang spent his time on the guide and provide us the information.

2

AIR
CONDITIONING
SYSTEM

3

Literature overview
Mechanical ventilation
Mechanical ventilation is the process where the air in a space is being removed and replaced
with fresh air with the use of mechanical system such as powered fan and air conditioning. This
type of ventilation is needed when the natural air circulation is insufficient to provide fresh air to
the occupant in the area. It is an active design which used to control indoor air temperature and
quality, remove excess humidity, odors and contaminants.
Air conditioning system
Air conditioner is one of the mechanical ventilation systems that can change the temperature of
the air within a building to provide thermal comfort for the occupants. Air conditioner is
commonly used in both domestic and commercial building. The operating principle of a
refrigeration cycle is to transport heat from the area to be cooled to the outside environment by
using a medium called refrigerant which absorbs and removes heat. The common types of air
conditioning system used nowadays are unitary system, package system and centralized
system.
UBBL Part III Section 41– Mechanical Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
1. Windows and openings allowing uninterrupted air passage is not necessary if the rooms is
equipped with mechanical ventilation or air- conditions.
2. In case of air- conditioning failure there should be alternative ways to introduce fresh air
into the room within half an hour.
3. This provision apply to building with mechanically ventilated or air- conditioning.
4. Windows and openings allowing uninterrupted air passage is no necessary if the toilets
are equipped with mechanical ventilation or air- conditioning.
4

Unitary System
There are two types of unitary systems: window unit and split unit. The split unit system is
chosen to used in the mall.
Split unit consists of two main parts:
1) Indoor unit:
It is a unit that produces the cooling effect inside the room or office. The indoor unit houses the
evaporator coil, a blower and the filter. After passing from the expansion coil, the chilled Freon
fluid enters the cooling coil. The blower sucks the hot, humid and filtered air from the room and
it blows it over the cooling coil. As the air passes over cooling coil its temperature drops and
also loses the excess moisture. The cool and dry air enters the room and maintains comfortable
conditions as per the requirements.
2) Outdoor unit:
This unit consists components such as compressor, condenser coil and expansion coil. This unit
is installed outside the room or office space which is to be cooled and the major source of noise
is eliminated.
In the outdoor unit, there is a fan that blows air over the condenser thus cooling the compressed
Freon gas in it. This gas passes through the expansion coil and gets converted into low
pressure, low temperature partial gas and partial liquid Freon fluid.
5

Indoor Units
There are two types of the split unit AC can be found in the mall are:
a. Wall Mounted Type:
This unit can be mounted in the room’s wall. It is suitable for a room or an area required
different power to fulfil in different air condition.
b. Ceiling Mounted Type:
This type is suitable in large open spaces to provide cooling comfort. Its four-direction louvers
and fan speed features on the ceiling cassette units allow for even air distribution.
A wall mounted indoor unit found in the security room at Level P2.
A ceiling mounted indoor unit type (left) and its outdoor unit(right) found in the management
office of the mall at Level P2.
6

Another ceiling mounted indoor unit discovered inside the mall. The unit located in the open
space for even cool air distribution.
Outdoor Units
Some outdoor units are placed at Level P2, besides the management office. These units are
owned by one of the tenants in the mall, Loudspeaker.
7

Components of Indoor Unit
The components in the unit are explained as below:
1. Evaporator coil:
A network of tubes filled with refrigerant that remove heat and moisture from the air as the
refrigerant evaporates into a gas again.
2. Air filters:
Air filter elements trap dust, pollen, and other particles as air moves through the air conditioning
system and helps to supplying clean air to the room.
3. Blower:
The blower sucks the hot and unclean air from the room and supplies cool and clean air back.
4. Drain Pipe:
The pipe is often made of PVC, that carry the condensate water to the outside of the building.
Components of Outdoor Unit
The outdoor unit is installed outside of a room or any open space for the ease of installation and
maintenance. The components in the unit are shown as below:
1. Compressor:
The electric pump, or heart of the system, that circulates the refrigerant in a closed loop
between the condenser and evaporator coils.
2. Condenser:
A network of tubes filled with refrigerant that remove heat from the heated gas refrigerant and
convert the refrigerant into a liquid form again. The excess heat escapes into the outside air.
3. Cooling Fan:
It pulls the air through condenser coil for heat dispersal.
4. Expansion Valve:
It is used to control the refrigerant flow in a refrigeration system. They help to facilitate the
change of higher pressure of liquid refrigerant in the condensing unit to lower pressure gas
refrigerant in the evaporator.
8

Package Air Conditioners System
A package unit is the all-in-one heating and cooling system. It is similar to split unit but it
provides greater capacity and efficiency. The unit is suitable for places like restaurants, small
halls, etc. Packaged AC can be either air-cooled or water-cooled.
The air-cooled packaged AC is another system used in mall. Tenants such as 7eleven,
Rakuzen, Guardian, etc. Referring to the site officer, the reason of their choosing is because
this system is greater for enhancement in cooling in small space.
In this system unit, the refrigeration coil is cooled by the atmospheric air. There is an outdoor
unit that comprises the components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The
outdoor unit can be kept on any open space where free flow of the atmospheric air is available.
The fan located inside this unit sucks the outside air and blows it over the condenser coil cooling
it in the process. The condenser coil is made up of several turns of the copper tubing and it is
finned externally.
The cooling unit comprising of the expansion valve, evaporator, the air handling blower and the
filter are usually hanged to the ceiling. The ducts coming from the cooling unit are connected to
the various rooms that are to be cooled.
9

The diagram below show how the packaged system runs inside a house.
The photos below were taken inside the mall.
Indoor unit
Left: The unit is hang to the ceiling. This ducting provides quiet operation and easy installation
and service.
Right: The diagram shown the components inside the ducting.
10

Outdoor Units
The outdoor units are placed at Level P2, which is nearby the management office. These units
are owned by different mall’s tenants.
11

Centralized air conditioning system
Another air conditioning system utilizes in Courtyard is centralized air conditioning, it is suitable
for large building which comprised of several floors to be cooled down like shopping mall,
cinema, airport and hotel. It is more economically viable for a large building as it can cool the
whole building at once. It must be installed before the building done constructing. This system is
different from unitary and package system as there is no individual cooling coil and other
components like evaporator installed in the room, all the compressor, condenser, expansion
valve and evaporator are kept in a large plant room. Chilled air is supply to the building with a
system of supply and return ducts. This system consists of 3 main parts where the process of
heat exchange is carried out, namely AHU room, chiller room and cooling tower.
Air handling unit (AHU)
Air handling unit is a device used to regulate and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, air
conditioning (HVAC) system. Basically, AHU room consists of the supply duct for inlet and outlet
of air, blower, heating and cooling coil, filter compartment and air duct. AHU acts as an
intermediary which receive chilled air from chiller room and supply them to all the rooms. All the
unwanted heat is removed from the rooms by the inlet diffuser, subsequently it flows back to the
chiller room.
12

Chiller room
Cooling tower
Cooling tower which is normally located on top of a building is used to reject the heat from the
condenser water. Water is sprayed down onto a water basin to increase the water surface area
as large as possible. Simultaneously, there is a fan on top to blow the water. Heat is being
removed at the same time when a small amount of water is evaporated, creating a cooling
action. The cooled condenser water is then returned to the chiller unit.
13

14

Air Handling Unit (AHU) room
There is a sign labelled ‘A.H.U room’ on each door of the room.
This is the internal part of the AHU, it consists of blower, heating and cooling coil. The blower
serves to circulate the air movement and control the airflow rate. The cooling coils are used to
cool down high temperature air whereas the heating coils serve to allow the low temperature
air to be heated up.
This is the filter panel that helps clean the air, ensure that a dust free and safe- inhaling air is
supplied to the building.
15

This is the ducting system in AHU room, its function is to transport air to and from the complex.
This allows the ideal temperature to be achieved and maintained in the building when the hot
and cold air mixed together. All the ducts are sealed, tested for tightness and insulated.
There are 2 pipes in the AHU room, one labelled with CHWS (dark blue in colour) and another
is CHWR (light blue in colour).
There is another component called humidifier in AHU room. It helps to keep the indoor
environment moist as excessive cooling will lead to dry atmosphere which can causes various
health issues.
16

Chiller room
This is the chiller room located at level P4 (parking area) of ss15 Courtyard, there are a total of
3 chiller units. Two out of the three chiller units will take turn to operate everyday to expand their
service life span.
17

Temperature sensor
There is a electrical temperature sensor on the Carrier device that is able to detect any changes
in temperature of the liquid refrigerant. According to the label on the device, it stated that the
temperature of the leaving chilled water and entering condenser water shall be kept at 7o
C and
30o
C respectively.
(a)Chilled water leaving temperature (b) Cooling water entering temperature
The system operates in ss15 Courtyard has shown to run at a temperature of 6.6 o
C and 29.4 o
C
which is slightly different from the MS 1525 code 8.11.1 and the specification of the Carrier
Device.
18

MS 1525 code 8.11.1
19

Cooling tower
There is only one cooling tower in Courtyard which is located at level 6 which is an open air
area.
As I have mentioned above, these two pipes (CWS & CWR) are filled with condenser water
which linked to chiller room.
20

Diffuser (inlet/outlet)
Louver bladed diffuser
It is the most common diffusers in Courtyard. They are used to supply air at ceiling level.They
can deliver air in 360° which helps to distribute airflow evenly to a big size room. It has circular,
square and rectangular shapes. For the square shape diffuser, it has four separate quadrants to
allow air to flow in 4 directions.
Cone diffuser
They can be seen on the wall above level 1 in Courtyard, it is used to when large air velocities
are needed at the high ceiling area (from ground level to level 1 in Courtyard). It can supply air
in a horizontal direction by extending the cones and vertical direction by retracting the cones.
This ensure the area receive enough amount of cool air to keep the comfort level steady
21

Linear diffuser
It can be seen at the ceiling outside of the lift at ground level, it is used for aesthetic reason as it
can fit the narrow space between the false ceiling and the wall. Air can also be delivered equally
around the perimeter of area outside the lift. Normally the width of a linear diffuser is of one to
four slots, depends on how much air is required to supply. The linear diffuser used in Courtyard
has 3 slots as shown in the picture above.
Air curtain with linear slot outlet mounted above the automatic door in Courtyard.
(Function: a type of downward facing blower fan that prevent contaminants and unconditioned
air from outdoor to flow inside or cold air to leave the mall.)
22

Return grilles
Inlet diffuser works in the opposite way to an outlet diffuser, it is designed to extract air from the
room and return back to AHU room for further conditioning.
Double deflection supply grille has two sets of blades in the horizontal and vertical orientation.
Inlet diffuser that installed on the ceiling at ground level near the lift.
Some of the diffuser are hanging without any ceiling cover, therefore you are able to see the
ducting directly.
23

FIRE
PROTECTION
SYSTEM

24

Active fire System
Active fire protection is the component of fire detection and prevention which reacts to action or
motion. The role of active fire protection within the fire containment process is to detect, alert
about, and seek to eliminate the fire hazard.
1. Sprinkler System
A fire sprinkler system is consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and
flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. The
plug is a small glass bulb full of a glycerin-based liquid designed to expand and shatter when it
gets hot. If fire breaks out, the air temperature above the fire rises and the sprinkler activates
when the air temperature gets high enough. The sprinkler sprays water forcefully over the
flames, extinguishing them completely in most cases.
25

2. Fire Extinguisher
A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires,
often in emergency situations. It located in the wet riser room. Typically, a fire extinguisher
consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged
to extinguish a fire. Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire
primarily by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle. Like the stored pressure dry
chemical extinguishers, the multipurpose dry chemical is effective on Class A, B, and C fires.
3. Automatic CO2 System
It located in the electrical system control room. Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless,
electrically non-conductive gas that is highly efficient as a fire suppression agent. Gas
Suppression Systems are generally used in concealed rooms. The principle used by Gas
Suppression System is by breaking the Fire Triangle, the fire ceases to exist. Each detector
26

constantly monitors the room for signs of fire. As soon as fire is detected, an alarm is sounded,
to the personnel to evacuate the entire room. Then, the gas like, Novec, Clean Agent or Co2 is
released in the enclosed room. Thus, the oxygen in the room is rapidly reduced, to a level
where fire cannot exist.
4. Wet/Dry Riser System
Dry riser (red in color) Wet riser
This buildings have a wet riser and dry riser system. Wet and dry risers are intended for the use
of the Fire Service to provide a readily available means of delivering considerable quantities of
water for manual or automatic fire fighting operations.
4.1 Dry riser is a vertical pipe intended to distribute water to multiple levels of a building or
structure as a component of the fire suppression systems. Dry risers do not contain water when
they are not being used, but are charged with water by fire service pumping appliances when
necessary.
4.2 Wet riser is a system where the pipes are kept full of water for manual or automatic fire
fighting operations.The provision of a built-in water distribution system means that firefighters do
not need to create their own distribution system in order to fight a fire and avoids the breaching
of fire compartments by running hose lines between them.
27

5. Alarm Fire Detection System
A fire alarm system has a number of devices working together to detect and warn people
through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies
are present. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat
detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call
points or pull stations. Fire alarm warning devices can also be set to different volume levels.
Smaller buildings may have the alarm set to a lower volume and larger buildings may have
alarms set to a higher level.
6. Smoke Detector
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. This building
security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system, while
household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or
visual alarm from the detector itself. It located on the ceiling of the building. Smoke can be
detected either optically or by physical process (ionization), detectors may use either, or both,
28

methods. Sensitive alarms can be used to detect, and thus deter, smoking in areas where it is
banned.
7. Voice Communication System
This Emergency Voice Communication System (EVCS) is designed for use as a fire telephone
system, disabled refuge call system or as a combined system when both fire telephones and
disabled refuge points are required. Voice-based systems provide response personnel with the
ability to conduct orderly evacuation and notify building occupants of changing event
circumstances. In high rise buildings, different evacuation messages may be played to each
floor, depending on the location of the fire.
29

8. Hose Reel
Fire hose reels are located at the bomba room and it is to provide a reasonably accessible and
controlled supply of water to combat a potential fire risk. The length of a fully extended fire hose
is 36 meters with a diameter of 19mm (outside diameter). A control nozzle attached to the end
of the hose enables the operator to control the direction and flow of water to the fire. All fire
hose reels come with a unique ball valve shut-off device, a plastic or solid brass hose reel
nozzle and mounting bracket.
9. Break Glass
A Break Glass Call Point is a device which enables personnel to raise the alarm by breaking the
frangible element on the fascia. They should be mounted 1.4m from the floor and sited where
they can be easily seen. Manual Call Points should be sited on the floor landings of stairways
and at exits to open air. It should be noted that Call Points should be fitted on the floor side of
an access door to a staircase so the floor of origin is indicated at the Control Panel. Flameproof
30

call points are available, also handle operated points for use in areas where broken glass may
cause a hazard.
10. Fireman Switch
The fireman switch is a specialized switch disconnector or isolator. You can see these switches
on the outside wall of shops or the buildings. For exterior devices, the switch should be adjacent to
the controls for the devices. Interior switches should be adjacent to the main entrance to the
building. They are used by firemen to turn off neon- lighting or other electrical equipment in case
of fire to prevent the overheated equipment from exploding. The ON and OFF positions for the
switch must be clearly indicated and visible to someone standing on the ground.
31

Passive Fire Protection System
Introduction
It is an integral component of the structural fire protection and fire safety in the building
that use fire resistant door or wall to contain fire or slow the spread. It also helps to reduce
damage to the building as well as provides more evacuation time for the people inside the
building. Moreover, it includes fire doors, assembly point, bomba lift and so on.
Fire Door
There are fire floor at every floor and it will separate each compartment. They are mostly
located at the fire escape exits. Fire door is very important for all building because it can delay
the spread of fire as well as smoke. It also can protect people in the building to escape from the
fire accident as soon as possible.
UBBL 1984 Section 173
(1) All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of key or any special
knowledge or effort.
(2) Exit doors shall close automatically when release and all door devices including
magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire
alarm.
32

Exit Sign
Exit sign is very crucial that it acts as a guidance which allows the occupants to find the
exit or safety zone when break out of fire. Besides, exit sign can be found at the ceiling above
the doors.
(1) Story exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible sign sand shall
not obscure by any decoration, furnishings or other equipment.
(2) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every
location where the direction of the travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately
apparent.
(3) Every exit sign shall have the world “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150
meter high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide. The lettering
shall be in red against a black background.
(4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
33

Emergency Staircase
In a building, the location of the emergency staircase should have the advantage to
provide clear access to the road for the ease of rescue process and fire fighting. Besides, the
occupants of the building may also use the emergency staircase to access to the road routinely
so that obstruction freedom can be maintained all the time.
(1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 upper floor shall have means of egress via at least
two separate staircase.
(2) Staircase shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available
for escape purpose the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy
load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in
Seventh schedule to these By-laws.
(3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls and handrails
may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimeters.
(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at
landings.
(5) Door giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point
encroach on the required width of the staircase or landings.
34

Fire Evacuation Route
Fire evacuation route is be displayed at the wall of lift lobby and clearly to state the way
to escape for the occupants. Guidelines and requirements are provided in order to enhance the
safe evacuation of all occupants. Besides, it also helps in handling of an emergency situation.
35

Bomba Lift
A bomba lift is a lift which allows commandeered by the Fire Service. Basically, the lift
can be controlled within the car after the activation of the lift controls which is usually located at
the ground floor level so that the firefighters are able to access to whatever level they want in
order to proceed with the rescue operation.
36

VERTICAL
TRANSPORTATIO
N SYSTEM
37

Overview
Vertical transportation system is a system that allow the user to access one floor to another
floor. All building more than one storey will have at least one staircase to access to another
floor. Besides that, buildings more than 4 storey, an elevator commonly known as lifts is
required. Because staircase is not suitable for the people with disabilities. In addition, the
installation of elevator solve the problem for people who is not willing to use the staircase.
We observed that in SS15 Courtyard consists of escalator, travelator and elevator. There are
total 10 elevators and 5 pairs of escalators. Both escalator and elevator play an important role in
providing convenient and accessible path in this building.
Travelator
Travelator is a moving walkways to transport people in short distance or inclined distance
between two floors of the building. A travelator can be in horizontal or inclined position.
Basically, horizontal travelator can be found in airport to use as a speedy walkway for
passengers who are rushing for the flight. For inclined position travelator can be found in any
building and it is connected with two floors of a building. Overall, travelator is a conveyor
transport that allow people and things transfer from a point to another point.
There are two types of travelator, zero degrees inclination or also known as “Horizontal” moving
walkways and up to 15 degrees inclination or also known as “Inclined” moving walkways.
38

Travelator in SS15 Courtyard is in 15 degrees inclined position. The speed of the travelator is
about 0.45m/s. the step width of the travelator is about 1012 mm. The travelator is
manufactured by EITA-Schneider (MFG) Sdn Bhd.
Location of travelator
There is only a travelator in courtyard which connected from level LG(lower ground) to
B1(basement). This travelator is provide convenience for the village grocer customer who can
travel the trolley from LG to B1.
39

Escalator
An escalator is a moving staircase that enable the consumer access from one floor to another
floor. It consists of a motor driven chain of individual, linked steps that move the tracks up and
down, allowing the treads to remain horizontal. It requires no waiting time except during heavy
traffic.
There are three different types of escalator in SS15 Courtyard. The speed of the escalator in
FIGURE 1 is about 0.45m/s, FIGURE 2 is about 0.50m/s while FIGURE 3 is about 0.47m/s. The
step width of escalator in FIGURE 1 is about 810 mm, while FIGURE 2 is about 1080 mm and
which can allow two people stand side by side. The step width of escalator in FIGURE 3 is
about 977 mm.
The escalator is manufactured by EITA-Schneider (MFG) Sdn Bhd.
40

41

Arrangement of escalator
There are two types of escalator arrangement in SS15 Courtyard, double bank with interrupted
traffic in one direction and parallel two way traffic. Double bank with interrupted traffic in one
direction is the passenger need to pass through several merchandise. This arrangement is
inconvenient for the passenger but benefits to the shopping complex owner. Parallel two way
traffic is used in the building where heavy traffic flow.
42

Location of escalator
There are 5 pairs of escalator in SS15 Courtyard.
This escalator is located at basement. It allow the user to access from B1 (basement) to level
LG (lower ground floor).
43

(a) (b)
These two escalator is located at lower ground floor (LG). It allow the user to access from level
LG (lower ground floor) to level G (ground floor). (a) escalator is located at the middle of the
mall. (b) escalator is located at the side of the mall and also in front of the side entrance.
44

(c) (d)
These two escalator is located at ground floor. It allow the user to access from level G (ground
floor) to level 1 (first floor). (c) escalator is located at the middle of the mall and also in front of
the main entrance. (d) escalator is located at the side of the mall.
45

Components of escalator
46

Components Functions
47

1 Moving Handrail To provide stability for passenger
2 Deck Board A decorative capping member of the balustrade of an
escalator which continue in the direction of travel
3 Comb Plates To prevent objects get stuck in the gap.
4 Control Panel To control the operation of escalator
5 Drive Unit To move the steps with a motor
6 Drive Chain To move the chain
7 Sprocket Is a profile wheel with teeth that mesh with the chain
8 Trailing Track A railway for the chain to move
9 Moving Handrail Drive
Unit
Located at the top of balustrading which move the
balustrading at the same time .
10 Step Tread A horizontal surface that provide a standing place
11 Riser A vertical surface of step
12 Step Demarcation Line Warning security line
13 Trailing Roller To make sure the chain roll smoothly
14 Step Chain To link all the steps into a close loops
15 Landing Platforms There are top and bottom landing platform. Top platform
contain motor, bottom platform hold the step return idler
sprocket.
16 Floor Plates A place to be provided for passenger before they step into
the moving stairs.
17 Tracks To guide the step chain and pull the step from the bottom
platform to top platform.
Safety Devices
1 Emergency stop button Any accidents happened, it will stop the walkway
immediately.
2 Maintenance switch During maintenance service, it will cut off the circuit.
3 Skirt panel brush Prevent the passengers' shoes from touching the skirt panel
and avoid foreign matters from being taken into the gap.
48

Additional feature in line with green technology
The escalators and travelator in SS15 Courtyard had installed variable frequently(VVVF)
energy-saving system. It can save up to 60% of energy. If there is no passenger, the escalator
and travelator will stop to enter the saving mode. If there is people approaching, it will run
immediately.
Elevator
Elevator or lift is a vertical transportation that allow people or transport goods from one floor to
another floor. There are two types of elevator, electric elevator and hydraulic elevator.
Electric elevator use electrical power to lift and lower the car. Hydraulic elevator use the
principles of hydraulics to raise and lower the car.
49

The lift in SS15 Courtyard can carry 15 persons or support 1025 kg in one time. The duration of
the elevator is about 47s from ground floor to P5 (parking 5). The passenger transfer time is
2.0s in and out. The elevator is manufactured by EITA-Schneider (MFG) Sdn Bhd.
The lift entrance width is 1125mm with single speed centre opening. The door closing time is
3.2s.
Sensor of elevator
The aim of sensor used in escalator is for safety purposes. The sensor will open while the
sensor detect a person or an object blocks the doorway until the person or object is removed
from the doorway.
50

The Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 (UBBL) requirements for lifts:
Under UBBL 1984 section 123-128, lifts:
124 - For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level
at least one lift shall be provided.
Under UBBL 1984 section 152-155, ventilation to lifts shafts:
152(1) - Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless
other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is
provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings
as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.
Arrangement of elevator
There are two types of elevator arrangement in SS15 Courtyard.
Six car arrangement
It consists of five passenger lifts and a firefighter lift.
51

Ground floor
Three car arrangement
It consists of two passenger lifts and a firefighter lift.
Lower ground floor
52

First floor
Components of elevator
External
53

Lift supervisory
Floor indicator
Emergency intercom
54

Lift operating panel
Up and down button
55

Ventilation hole
Hand rail
Lift car
56

57

58

Internal
Components Functions
Control panel Control the operation of elevator.
Overspeed governor To stop and hold the governor rope in case
the elevator run exceeding the rated speed.
Guard rail To guide the elevator travel uniformly.
Counterweight It move at opposite direction with the lift car to
balance the weight of car.
Buffers To stop the lift car or counterweight during
emergency.
Wire ropes To hold the lift car.
Traveling cable Used for power transmission for the elevator
and communication between controller.
Lift frame To support the lift car.
Door operator To open and close the door.
Landing door To prevent passenger or things falling into the
hoistway.
59

https://www.slideshare.net/KaiYun96?utm_campaign=profiletracking&utm_medium=sssite&utm_source=s
sslideview
Kit poi’s
http://www.faotis.net/en/product/zhdt/
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Escalator.html

60


ELECTRICAL
SUPPLY
SYSTEM

61

Electricity in this world have made an impact to our daily life due to the fact that it
provides us power for mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting in the buildings. In
Malaysia, there are 3 electric utility companies that provides the electricity that is
demanded by the public. Those 3 are Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) for peninsular
Malaysia, for Sabah it is Sabah Electricity SDN. BHD (SESB), and also Sarawak Energy
(SE) for Sarawak. It all starts from a power plant that produces high voltage current to
consumer. The process is called power distribution grid, whereby the voltage rises and
drops depending on function and locations. The generated electricity will pass through
the step-up transformer to raise the voltage to HV of transmission voltage. The purpose
is to cover back the energy loss due to the resistance in the transmission wire.
SS15 Courtyard, which was once known as Subang Mall received 11kV of
electrical supply from the TNB substation. The electricity is distributed to the High
Tension Room of the building. The electricity is then stepped down by the transformer to
415V and moved to the Low Voltage Room to supply electricity to the Riser Room of
every floor of the building.
62

HIGH TENSION ROOM
The High Tension Room is at the ground floor of SS15 Courtyard. The incoming
electrical power supplied through a 11kV feeder from TNB. The underground cables of
the 11kV supply is connected to the 11kV switchgear inside the high tension room
which is just next to the TNB substation. The high tension room has switchgears which
consists of switching and protection devices such as fuses, vacuum circuit breakers,
isolators, disconnect switches, overcurrent and earth fault protection (OCEF) relays and
other devices that control the flow of electricity. The high voltage electricity at 11kV will
be step down using several step-down transformers depending on the power demand of
the end user, which in this case will be the tenants and management of this building.
63

3 phase, 11kV Control Panel together Vacuum Circuit Breaker together with
with the OCEF relay in blue colour contact arms on a withdrawable trolley
A vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) is used as an ON/OFF device to control the
flow of electricity. Due to the high voltage of 11kV, the actual ON/OFF switch must be
operated inside a vacuum. In the above picture, the white coloured cylinders is the
actual switches, technically named "interruptors". The operation of the ON/OFF switch
can be controlled manually (for simple switching to ON or OFF) or automatically when
abnormal situations are detected by the OCEF protection relay. When an abnormal
situation is detected by the OCEF relay, such as an abnormally high current flow or
leakage of current to earth, this protection relay will automatically "trip" (switch OFF) the
VCB to protect the end users and equipment from damage.
64

TRANSFORMER ROOM
In SS15 Courtyard, there are 2
transformer rooms. Both of it are
located at 2 different locations. The
smaller transformer is located at the
Ground Floor, whereas the bigger
transformer is located at the
Basement. The step-down
transformers are placed in these
rooms in order for them to step
down 11kV of electricity that is
coming from the High Tension
Room to 415V. The stepped down
current will then be transferred to
their own Main Switch Board (MSB)
that are located in the Low Voltage
Room.
MS 1525:2014 7.3 Transformers
7.3.1 All supply voltage transformers in the building’s electrical system shall be selected
based on their overall efficiency according to their load profile, taking account of the
capital cost and cost of losses. Such a selection can be based on the following typical
loss characteristics for the different transformer ratings as shown in Tables 16, 17, and
65

18. The losses indicated in Tables 16, 17, and 18 are valid for low voltage distribution
transformers and shall be applicable for secondary windings from 400V to 433V.
The Transformer Panel Transformer switch when it is switched on
66

Readings on the transformer panel shows that it supplies 415V to the shops, residence
and offices in the building
Dry transformer with protective metal cage (Basement)
67

A smaller transformer (Ground floor)
Low Tension Room
68

The Low Tension Room is situated next to the Transformer Room. The output
from the secondary side of transformer, which is at low voltage, is connected to low
tension room with cables. The equipment in the Low Tension room has similar functions
as those in the 11kV High Tension room, but the voltage level is lower (415V), and
instead of using vacuum circuit breakers, it uses air insulated circuit breakers (ACB). In
SS15 Courtyard, there are 3 Main Switch Boards (MSB) inside the Low Tension Room
that distribute electricity to the landlord, tenants and chiller respectively. These panels
are the main power switches of the entire building.
The Main Switch Board (MSB) receives the low
voltage electricity from the transformer and
supply it to multiple units of Distribution Boards
(DB) located at every floor of the building through
the Riser Room or near the end user’s premises.
MSB contains a lot of air-insulated Moulded Case
Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) and its associated
control and protection circuitry.
69

Air Insulated MCCBs
Low voltage OCEF Relay
The distribution board (DB) is also known
as panelboard or breaker panel. The main
function of the distribution board is to
divide the electrical power feed into
subsidiary circuits while providing a
protective fuse or circuit breaker for each
circuit. The distribution board offers
70

protection to users and equipment from electrical shock or fire resulting from ground
fault. The electricity from the distribution board is then further delivered to a smaller
version of MCCB, MCB and Earth Leakage Circuit Board (ELCB).
RISER ROOM
Riser Room can be found at every floor of SS15 Courtyard. The Riser Room consist of
Distribution Board (DB), which is a smaller panel board that receive electricity from the
Main Switch Board (MSB) and supply electricity to every electric appliances of the
particular floor that it is situated in. Besides that, the Riser Room also consist of an
71

Essential Distribution Board (ESB) that receive the electricity from generator during
emergency.
Electrical Meter Distribution Board Wiring
72

Distribution Board (DB) Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)
GENERATOR SET ROOM
The Generator Set Room is located
on the 1st Floor in the building. The
generator act as a backup electrical
supply source when there is an
electrical breakdown from the TNB
station. The generator will generate
electricity either automatically or
manually within 5 seconds by using
diesel oil after it detects that there
is no electrical supply from the TNB
station. As for SS15 Courtyard, their
generator has to be switched on
manually. So when there is actually
a power failure coming from TNB
station, one of the engineers
working under the building will
manually switch it on. The
generator’s power will be pumped
and supplied by the MSB to make it run. Diesel will then be added into the tank to run the
motor inside the generator, to help supply emergency electricity to the building or the area
affected. The electricity generated will transfer to EMSB in the Low Voltage Room, then to the
ESB in Riser Room. The generator will generate electricity for the building until the power
supply has been regained, then it will be manually switched off until a next power failure
happens. But unfortunately, the power supplied by the generator will only be enough for the
73

lightings which are directly connected such as the lifts, lobby or toilets. As for the offices,
electricity will not be supplied there due to the shortage of electric supply.
Generator Set
Main Switch Board that supplies the electricity to the Generator Set
74

Ventilation System
Flexible Bellows Louvered Panel
When the generator is switched on and running, it will generate electricity when the
motor inside starts to run. This will cause the generator set to produce heat. Therefore,
a ventilation system is needed in the generator set room to prevent the generator from
overheating. Which is why the flexible bellows attached to the back of the generator, will
act as a medium to let the hot air out through a louvered panel in order for the heat to
not be trapped.
[Photo above] Diagram of what it looks like
in a generator set room along with their
labels
75

Diesel Tank
In the picture on the left, it shows the maximum
area where we were allowed to have access to.
Due to the fact that it is very dangerous, we
could only snap a photo of it from afar. The
purpose of a diesel tank is to store the diesel to
run the generator when it is switched on to
supply electricity to the building during power
failures. This is due to the fact that battery has
much lower specific energy than the fuel like
gasoline, therefore diesel fuel is required to work
out the generator while still using battery to operate. Even though gasolines can only be
stored for about a year, disposing it would be difficult. When the diesel fuel passes
through the motor and allow combustion to occur, the dynamo will generate electric field
and current will be supplied to the LV room, later followed by the distributing areas.
[Photo above] What a diesel tank would look like up
front.
76

Carbon Dioxide Tank
The purpose of the carbon dioxide tank is when a fire breaks out in any of the rooms, a
carbon dioxide pilot will pull its trigger to conduct those tanks to work to put out the fire
during emergencies. These tanks are also available in every other electrical supply
rooms for safety purposes.
77


PROBLEMS
78

Problems of mechanical ventilation and air- conditioning
Cooling tower
Cooling tower continuously wash by condenser water, inevitably it is exposed to the risk
of the growth of algae and bacteria like Legionella. It also cause problems like corrosion
and fouling which will increase health risks.
Corrosion often associate with cooling tower as it always expose to air and water.
Fouling is the deposition of suspended material from internal sources such as
by-products of corrosion or dust around the cooling tower.
It is a serious problem as it will increase the hardness of water and water consumption.
Blockage in the water basin of cooling tower may happen, eventually lead to leakage.
All these problems reduced heat transfer efficiency and therefore reduced the efficiency
of cooling process. It will then increase the energy consumption by refrigeration chillers
and greenhouse gas emissions.
79

Problems of fire protection system
Through our observation, we realized that most of the fire door cannot close
automatically. However, exit doors shall be close automatically when released and all devices
including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon the power failure or actuation of
fire alarm as stated in UBBL 1984 section 173 (2). Thus, the fire door cannot compartment the
safety zone and the fire area when fire breaks out which cannot protect the occupants in the
building.
Moreover, we also found that the advertisement boards are placed in front of the fire
door. This will block the occupants when they escape from the building during the fire break out
due to there have many obstruction in front of the fire door. The management of Courtyard has
not fulfilled the requirement of UBBL 1984.
80


RECOMMENDATION
& SOLUTION
81

Recommendation of Solution for the particular problems:
1st problem (Doors are not closed properly)
After identified the problems, we may suggest a solution for the related problems which is apply
a electronic magnetic door catch to every single fire door. The magnetic fire door
catches/holders will allow a fire door to be held open electro-magnetically allowing a free flow of
traffic. In the event of a fire (or power failure), the magnet is released and the door closer will
close the fire door securely to help limit the spread of fire throughout a building. This type of
door control is ideal for busy corridor doors as found in the shopping mall, schools or even
hospitals.
Sample:
Sample of magnetic door catch/holder
( The fire door could be open but it will closed properly when emergency/fire burn out. It suit for
the needs of courtyard allowing a free flow of traffic. At the same time, it can be a very good fire
protection system by releasing the door automatically )
82

2nd problem (Blockage of advertisement to fire exit doors)
In addition to that, for the problems of advertisements blocking the fire exit door, we can actually
instruct the mall security guards to remove it when they doing their rounds. If the same problems
happen in second time again, the mall management can catch the people by monitoring the
CCTV and give them a fine.
83

RECOMMENDATIONS & SOLUTIONS ON IMPROVING AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Cooling Tower
1. Regular maintenance
First, the contaminants in the cooling tower should be removed and keeping it as clean as
possible. Fix the damages on cooling tower like leakage and broken panel. Do inspection
regularly to ensure it functions properly.
2. Continuous monitoring
Purchase equipment and software to supervise the cooling-system water. This process includes
checking the water quality and system efficiency. Warning will be given to the facility team when
there is any potential decline in water quality.
3. Systematic filtration
Side stream filtration helps to draw out trapped contaminants that may circulate in the water
before they can accumulate in the basin and reach other parts of the system. After the water is
filtered, it returns back to the chiller room or cooling tower. It can be installed at the side of the
water basin or the condenser water return pipe. It is cost effective as it only filters a portion of
the water flow, it doesn’t need to be compatible with the system’s recirculation rate. Side stream
filtration system eliminates shutdown time as it can be cleaned while the cooling systems are
running. By removing the suspended contaminants, all the problems (growth of algae and
biological bacteria, fouling and corrosion) can be solve directly or indirectly.
84

CONCLUSION
Through observing SS15 Courtyard, we found that the building services in this building are
being well maintained and a majority of them had meet the basic requirements and standards of
the rule according to the Uniform Building By-Law 1984 (UBBL).
Maintenance to the building is very important because it can maintain the effectiveness and
efficiency of the building systems. Services such as repairing, servicing, renovation and
replacement should be carried out frequently.
Throughout this assignment, we are able to identify, understand and explain the type of building
system such as air conditioning system, fire protection system, vertical transportation system
and electrical supply system. Besides that, we are also able to understand how the system work
and its function. Moreover, we also can differentiate and distinguish the installation of various
types of services in this building. Other than that, we are able to work in a team and learnt to
tolerate each other to complete this assignment effectively.
In a conclusion, building services play an important role in a building. It makes the building more
comfortable, functional and safe to use.
85

REFERENCES
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7 June 2017].
2. Brighthub Engineering. (2017). Wall Mounted Indoor Unit: Ductless Split Air Conditioner
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mounted-indoor-unit/. [Accessed 7 June 2017].
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Air Condtioners..[ONLINE] Available at:
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ckaged-ac/. [Accessed 7 June 2017].
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-Guide.pdf [Accessed 07 June 2017].
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http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-part-one.html
[Accessed 10 June 2017].
6. Electrical-knowhow.com. (2013). Basic Elevator Components - Part Two. [online]
Available at:
http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-part-two.html
7. Electrical-knowhow.com. (2013). Electrical & Control System and Moving Walkways.
[online] Available at:
http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/electrical-control-system-and-moving.html
8. Eng-tips.com. (2017). Elevator Required for a 4 or 5 Story Building?? - IBC/ICC/CABO
(building officials) Code Issues - Eng-Tips. [online] Available at:
http://www.eng-tips.com/viewthread.cfm?qid=226682 [Accessed 13 June 2017].
9. Google Books. (2017). Patent US6685002 - Method of escalator modernization. [online]
Available at: https://www.google.com/patents/US6685002 [Accessed 05 June 2017].
10. Joshua Lee. (2016). [pdf] Available at:
https://www.slideshare.net/JoshuaLee68/ubbl-1984-pdf [Accessed 12 June 2017].
11. Mitsubishielectric.com. (2017). Elevators & Escalators - MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC.
http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/elevator/overview/elevators/glossary.html [Accessed
10 June 2017].
12. Mitsubishielectric.com. (2017). Elevators & Escalators - MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC.
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http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/elevator/overview/elevators/e_operations01.html
13. What’s the Difference Between Split System and Packaged Air Conditioners? - - One
Hour AC & Heating, Plumbing - Arizona . (2017). [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.pitzersonehour.com/blog/article/split-vs-packaged-air-conditioners/.
14. What Is a Package Unit? | Packaged HVAC Units | Frigidaire. (2017). [ONLINE]
Available at:
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15. Warsashacademy.co.uk. (2017). High voltage switchboard | Engine room simulator |
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[Accessed 19 Jun. 2017].
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Distribution. [online] Available at:
https://www.commserv.ucsb.edu/infrastructure/planning/terminal.asp [Accessed 19 Jun.
2017].
19. Macallisterpowersystems.com. (2017). Generator Set Rooms & Enclosures | MacAllister
Power Systems. [online] Available at:
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oms-enclosures/ [Accessed 19 Jun. 2017].
20. Price Industries Limited. (2011). Air Distribution Engineering Guide. [online] Available at:
https://www.priceindustries.com/content/uploads/assets/literature/engineering-guides/air-
distribution-engineering-guide.pdf [Accessed 5 Jun. 2017].
21. Team, T. (2013). Choosing ducted air conditioning air supply diffusers. [online] H&H Air
Conditioning. Available at:
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air-conditioning.php [Accessed 5 Jun. 2017].
22. Arca53.dsl.pipex.com. (n.d.). Grilles and diffusers. [online] Available at:
http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index_files/grilles.htm [Accessed 6 Jun. 2017].
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23. Achrnews.com. (2015). Four Steps to Controlling Legionella Growth in Cooling Towers.
http://www.achrnews.com/blogs/16-guest-blog/post/131004-four-steps-to-controlling-legi
onella-growth-in-cooling-towers [Accessed 9 Jun. 2017].
24. Giever, E., Zanders, R., Cabe, J., Wilburn, M. and Colson, S. (2012). Side Stream
Filtration For Cooling Tower. [online] www.asfiltermedia.com. Available at:
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oling_towers.pdf [Accessed 10 Jun. 2017].
25. The Engineering Mindset. (2016). How a Chiller, Cooling Tower and Air Handling Unit
work together. [online] Available at:
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rzQhSXVq60&t=168s [Accessed 19 Jun. 2017].
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2017].
88


APPENDIX
89

Date of discussion: 18 April 2017
Job delegation:
Phon Kit Poi
Discussion on Vertical Transportation System
Introduction
Sew Yue Ling
Discussion on Vertical Transportation System
Conclusion
Hong Li Vian
Discussion on Air Conditioning System
Analysis on air conditioning system
Recommendation on air conditioning system
Lee Lin Hui
Discussion on Air Conditioning System
Analysis on air conditioning system
Recommendation on air conditioning system
Lieu Xue Qi
Discussion on Fire Protection System
Analysis on fire protection system
Recommendation on fire protection system
Fong Kah Yan
Discussion on Fire Protection System
Analysis on fire protection system
Recommendation on fire protection system
Nicole Thain Huey Wei
Discussion on Electrical Supply System
90

Jacquelyn Vanessa Tee
Discussion on Electrical Supply System
Site visit 1
Date of site visit: 31 May 2017 (Wednesday)
Location: SS15 Courtyard, Subang Jaya
Attendees: Phon Kit Poi, Sew Yue Ling, Hong Li Vian, Lee Lin Hui, Lieu Xue Qi, Fong Kah Yan and Nicole
Thain Huey Wei
91

Job scope:
Phon Kit Poi
Prepare letter
Take photo during site visit
Observer
Sew Yue Ling
Note taker
Observer
Hong Li Vian
Observer
Lee Lin Hui
Driver
Observer
Lieu Xue Qi
Observer
Fong Kah Yan
Driver
Observer
Nicole Thain Huey Wei
Observer
92

Site visit 2
Date of site visit: 8 JUNE 2017 (Thursday)
Location: SS15 Courtyard, Subang Jaya
Attendees: Phon Kit Poi, Sew Yue Ling, Hong Li Vian and Jacquelyn Vanessa Tee
Job scope:
Phon Kit Poi
Prepare letter
Sew Yue Ling
Note taker
Hong Li Vian
Observer
Jacquelyn Vanessa Tee
Observer
93

APRIL 2017
SUN MON TUES WED THURS FRI SAT
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18
Job
delegation
19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30
MAY 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31
Site visit
94

JUNE 2017
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8
Second site
visit
9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22
Presentatio
n
23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30
95

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