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1. BUILDING SERVICES I
Water Treatment for Domestic Water Supplies
Lecturer: Ms. Lim Tze Shwan
Group Members
Calvin Wong Ping Ket (0322481)
Nicole Thain (0325697)
Alan Chung JiaZen (0321487)
Jacquelyn Vanessa Tee (0320021)
Kiew Chee Yuan (0323297)
Tham Kai Loon(0323593)

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGES
1. Introduction 3-5
2. Installation Process 6-12
3. Management System 13-18
4. Advantages & Disadvantages 19-21
5. Case Study 22-25
6. Possible problems to the system 26
7. Recommendation 27
8. Learning outcomes 28
9. References 29
10. Bibliography 30
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3. Introduction
Clean and safe water is essential in our daily life. It is also important to our health, hygiene and
the productivity of our community.
Domestic water systems deliver water to a facility. Some of the systems pump water from a well
directly from their property while other type of systems would pump water from sources such as
river or lake. Normally, domestic water pumps receive water from a municipality and deliver
water through the facility.
The water treatment process varies slightly at different locations, depending on the technology
used and the water it needs to be processed, but the basic principle are most commonly the
same. This section describes standard water treatment processes:
- Coagulation and Flocculation
- Sedimentation
- Filtration
- Disinfection
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4. Household Water Treatment
Household water treatment function to:
- Remove specific contaminants
- Take extra precautions because for people who has a compromised immune system
- Improvised the taste of drinking water
The most common types of household water treatment system consists of:
● Filtration system
- Functions to remove impurities from water through physical barrier, chemical or
biological processes.
● Water softeners
- A device that reduces the hardness of the water. Normally uses sodium ions to replace
calcium ions, the ions that create “hardness”.
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5. ● Distillation system
- A process that takes place in which impure water is then boiled and the steam released
is collected and condensed in a separate compartment, leaving many of the solid
contaminants behind.
● Disinfection
- It is a physical or chemical process in which pathogenic microorganisms can be killed.
Examples of chemical disinfectants are chlorine and physical disinfectants are such as
heat and ultraviolet rays.
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6. Installation Process
Distribution System to House
Water distribution is a process which delivers water to consumers with a suitable quality,
quantity and pressure. Water distribution systems consist of a joined series of components.
They include:
● pipes
● storage facilities
● components that convey drinking water
Public water systems depend on distribution systems to provide an uninterrupted supply of
pressurized safe drinking water to all consumers. The distribution system carries the water from
the treatment plant to the customer or the source to the consumer when the treatment process
is absent. An adequate water pressure needs to be at different points for an efficient distribution
system. Depending on the topography between the customer and the sources, the following
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7. methods of distribution system is to be used to deliver water to consumer with adequate
pressure.
1.Gravity system
It is reliable and highly economical over pumping
systems as no extra power is needed to maintain the
flow. Suitable when the source is at a sufficient height
above the consumer to produce the pressure
required.
2. Pumping system
Used when the sources of water is at same
height or lower than the consumer’s area. Pump
is used to develop the required head (pressure)
to distribute to storage reservoirs and consumers.
3. Combined gravity and pump system
Pump and the elevated reservoir is connected to
main water line. When the demand is low, water is
being stored in reservoir. When the demand is high,
water will be supplied to the consumer come from
both of the pumping station and elevated reservoir. It
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8. is called as dual system because water comes from two sources in this system. It is the most
reliable and efficient.
Some of the connecting pipes in water distribution system:
● SERVICE PIPE
The pipe from the water main or other supply to the water distribution system of the
building served.
● DISTRIBUTION PIPE/ SUPPLY PIPE
A pipe within the building structure which delivers water from the water service pipe to
the point of utilization.
● RISER
A water supply pipe that extends from one floor level to the next to deliver water to
branches or to a group of fixtures.
● FIXTURE BRANCH
The water supply pipe which connects the fixture supply pipe & the water distributing
pipe.
● FIXTURE SUPPLY
A water supply pipe between the fixture with the fixture branch.
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9. Domestic water treatment systems consists of two categories, which are Point-of-use and
Point-of-entry. Point-of-entry systems are systems that will be installed after the water meter to
treat the water for entering the home. Point-of-use systems are systems that will be installed in a
single source line in front of any or all of the building’s faucets or taps which used to distributes
water for cooking, or bathing in home.
The most common types of domestic water treatment systems consists of:
a) Water Softeners
The majority of the water supply is rich in mineral salts, for
example, Calcium and Magnesium. The softener removes
these dissolved salts using synthetic resins which reduces
water hardness and preventing the development of
limescale. A softener is the absolute solution to limescale
problems and prevents damage to expensive electrical
appliances such as washing machine, dishwasher, kettle &
central heating system.
Installation process:
1. Turn off the main water supply of the house.
2. Turn on all the fixtures in house and outside hoses to drain the water lines before installing a
water softener.
3. Install the water softener between the main line and the house, by using the necessary pipe
fittings as recommended by the manufacturer of the softener.
4. Water softeners require maintenance, and the maintenance schedule as recommended by
the manufacturer must be adhered to for the softener to work properly.
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10. 6. Join the overflow tube to the brine tank.
7. Put the softener in a backwash stage and turn the valve to the bypass position.
b) Filtration System
Some of the treated water may contain suspended solid particles such as dirt,
chemicals,minerals and other impurities which may causes water to have smells, discolouration
and bad taste. Contaminants or bacteria in the water would endanger health or even cause
serious illness. It will also causes corrosion to water systems, taps,and electrical appliances.
A water filter is to remove these impurities and make it safe to drink and for other uses. The
filtering systems varies in performances and materials, depending on the severity of the
situation and the volume of water to be treated. When a filter is installed, a regular cleaning
operation is essential. The most common types of filters are:
1.Activated Carbon Filter
An activated carbon filter is very effective at removing a number of
larger particles like sediment and silt in water. Activated carbon has
positive charge so it can attracts and absorbs these particles so it will
no longer present in the water that comes out of the faucet. In addition,
the end result of the water will be less odor and tastes much better.
This filter is usually installed just before the water faucet.
2. Reverse Osmosis Filter(RO Filter)
Reverse Osmosis Filter is very popular mainly because it has the
capability to remove all types of contaminants that may endanger
health, and make sure the end result is odor free and clear. It is
very easy to install and are normally installed in the place under
the kitchen or utility sink. Semi-permeable membrane is the heart
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11. of any RO water filter. It allows water molecules to pass through but holding back a majority of
contaminants, dissolved salts, bacteria and organic compound.
As water enters the filter, it will first
pass through a pre-filter which traps larger particles such
as silt and sediment. After that, pressurized water is forced
through the semi-permeable membrane which filters out all
the impurities and contaminants. The disadvantages of
using an RO filter is the need to pressurized the water (by
using a pump) and the sensitivity of the semi-permeable
membrane. The membrane can be damaged by the presence of oil in the incoming water.
3. UltraViolet Filters
Ultraviolet light water treatment is one of the most
effective treatments available to kill bacteria in the water.
The working principle of this treatment is very simple
because it does not involves any chemicals.
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12. The water supply to consumer’s tap will
passed through an initial filter system to
remove larger particles before it enters
the Ultraviolet Filter. The Ultraviolet light
is fatal to all bacteria and
microorganisms. Once the water passes
through this UV chamber, the UV light
destroys all microorganisms present.
The general guideline for all Installation Process:
Step1- Drain the system
Turn off the water supply at the consumer meter end. Next, open a faucet at the lowest point to
drain most of the water.
Step 2- Cut into the water supply line
Find the best place to install filter ​with enough space below the filter tank to allow easy removal
and reattachment. Cut out a section of the pipe with pipe cutter, then sand the burrs off the end
of the freshly cut pipes.
Step3-Attach the fittings
Attach the fittings as recommended by the manufacturer of the filter. Fittings can vary from
adhesive plastic-type to the stainless steel compression type. Ensure that all fittings fit tightly
without leaks.
Step4-Position the filter
Install the water filter on the water line and hand tighten the fittings by hand. Afterwards, tighten
all fittings by using the appropriate wrenches.
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13. Step5-Turn on the water
Slowly turn the water back on at the main water line, and check the filter and fittings for any
leaks.
Management System: Water Treatment Process
To start things off, we all know that we need good supply of water that is fitting for
domestic uses. Water itself is basically an essential thing in our lives, but most naturally
occurring sources of water require processing to be made fit for human consumption and uses.
For us humans, the drinking water we take must have sufficient low levels of dissolved salts and
microbes to avoid harmful effects.
There are a huge amount of unpleasant materials that need to be removed from water
before it is even fit for domestic consumption and uses, which includes colloidal clay,
microscopic organisms, chemicals which cause tastes or odours and acidic substances. The
water for a domestic water supply does not necessarily need to be completely pure. In fact, it
can contain traces of nutrient minerals like calcium, iron and iodine compounds, but it must be
free from harmful substances that must be dealt with at a water treatment plant.
In developed countries like Malaysia, the water gathered from ground water, rain, rivers,
lakes etc. is closely monitored for pollution by government agencies as well as the water
companies who contributes in the designing and operating systems to treat the water to make it
suitable for use.
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14. [Water Treatment Process in diagram form]
During the initial stage, abstraction is carried out and all these water resources (eg.
Rivers, reservoirs) are limited by yearly rainfall; so
extended periods of drought can cause water shortages
if the reservoir levels or groundwater levels fall
considerably. It is good to be able to store water in a
reservoir because storing the water in reservoirs starts
the natural cleaning up process, as the more dense
particles settle to the bottom of the water so water
companies don’t always have to take them out. Not only
that, it is also good due the fact that reservoirs usually ensure a supply of water is always
obtainable and accessible in periods of drought, which is beneficial to countries or areas with a
higher risks of drought.
[Screening process in picture form]
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15. Next, we have screening that is a crude filtering
involving the removal of materials like branches, twigs
and other plant material that might clog up and cause
blockage to the pipes in the water treatment plant. On
some occasions, pre-ozonation would be carried out
with the very chemically active form of oxygen, ozone
that is travels passed through the water to eliminate
microorganisms and oxidize metals in order to make it
easier to be removed during the clarification stage.
Depending on the situation of the water, pre-chlorination may be carried out to minimize the
growth of algae and other biological growth. The precipitation and removal of dissolved iron and
manganese compounds can also be aerated by pre-chlorination.
Moving forward, we also have the
clarification process that is carried out via
coagulation of flocculation, as well as
sedimentation. In this process, coagulants
that are safe chemicals are added to the
water to act as a binding agent for particles
to coagulate or flocculate them together. This enables them to give larger lumps called ‘flocs’
that sediments(settles) out faster under the effect of gravity. It also allows dissolving metals and
removing organic matter. Coagulation of colloidal clay
would then occur by adding aluminium sulphate, iron
sulfate or lime. This stage of clarification is part of the water
treatment process that is all about removing the dirt and its
colour. The moment the sedimentation is over, the ‘sludge’
that has been settled out is then removed and the filtration
units are now pumped with clarified water.
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16. This would bring us to the next step, which is the filtration process.
This is where anything solid still floating or suspended in the water
gets removed. The clarified water is then pumped onto the filtering
stage and passed through sand filter beds to remove finer solids
that have not been filtered out previously. After all that is done, the
water is now clean and colourless.
[Chlorination process in diagram form]
Finally, the last treatment would be chlorination where water is added with chlorine to kill
bacteria. This process is also known as disinfection. It is delivered to water treatment plants as
liquid in high-pressure cylinders. Only a small amount of chlorine is needed to be added into the
water. This would kill any residual organisms or bacteria to keep
the water safe right to the point where it reached your tap at
home. If a sufficient amount of chlorine is mixed in the water, the
bacteria can be killed rapidly but then there should belittle traces
of chlorine left in order to kill other microorganisms that get into
the water further on in the pipe delivery system to your home. The
benefit of chlorine is that is will prevent the growth of algae and
eliminates the bad tastes and odours and discoloration from
organic compounds.
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17. After concluding the final treatment, the water is then pumped from the treatment works
and stored in covered reservoirs. It is pumped through a network of pipes, which are the water
main pipes and other pumping stations to provide water supply for homes.
In a nutshell, it mustn't be taken lightly as lack of clean water can bring a huge amount of
harmful effects to humans affected with it. For example, the most common thing that is
documented on the news is majority of the Africans are affected by waterborne diseases. In
most cases, those diseases lead to death. The steps above is the in depth explanation on how
clean water can be achieved and this knowledge is much needed generally.
Melbourne Water’s Management System
For the management system In Melbourne Water as mentioned in our case study, they
ensure that the drinking water they supply is safe and treated to provide to the whole city. Most
of the drinking water provided by Melbourne Water needs very little treatment due to the fact
that it comes from protected catchments that supplied high quality water. This water is not
contaminated as it leaves their storage reservoirs and goes in the supply system.
Some of their water is supplied by unprotected catchments and is completely treated at
Melbourne Water treatment plants. There are extra steps to remove impurities before the water
becomes uncontaminated and is comparable to water treatment processes used around the
world.
The Melbourne Water company and other retail water companies have developed risk
management systems for drinking water quality using the principles of HACCP (Hazard Analysis
and Critical Control Point) as well as the quality management system standard ISO 9001.
Initially, disinfection of source water that came from open storages is transferred out
when this water in the beginning would enter the distribution system, along with fluoridation and
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18. pH correction of the major supplies. At places where the source of water comes from
unprotected catchments or little detention time sources, that is where the filtration plants would
treat the source of water to maintain its standard. Whereas the source of water that comes from
protected catchments does not require much treatment and is disinfected, fluoridated and pH
adjusted before being supplied to Melbourne city. Although at certain circumstances, secondary
disinfection and secondary pH correction are applied to specific zones (usually remote from the
initial treatment).
The long detention times that are stored in reservoirs and primary disinfection plants
help to inactivate microorganisms in raw water. The main objective of a secondary disinfection is
to prevent taste and odour problems, and to control the growth of biofilm that is revolved around
the closed distribution system which is where primary disinfection has already been carried out
on the water. Besides that, chlorine residual limits are also set to ensure that disinfection
by-products do not go above the limits for health as specified in the Australian Drinking Water
Guidelines. On a side note, Melbourne Water’s methods of disinfection are chlorination,
chloramination and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.
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19. Advantages & Disadvantages
Water treatment is a technique that filter the water and cut down the components that is
harmful to human body which contain in the untreated water so human can use the water more
safety and healthy. Water treatment involved in every water supplies as long as the water are
supplying for human daily life purpose, so we are going to analyze the advantages and
disadvantages of the water treatment for domestic water supplies.
Domestic water supplies mostly installed in high rise building which means is commercial
or residential building which supplies to the resident for indoor or outdoor purpose so the water
quality must be very clean and drinkable, thus the process of the water treatment has to be very
details and safety. There’s a lot of method to purify or clean the water containment which
included bacteria, microorganism and other harmful toxic components such as ion exchange
treatment, ozonation treatment and chlorination which is totally familiar to us. There’s always
two side of everything so does the water treatment process which has the pros and cons and
here we are going to explain it.
The advantages of the water treatment is reasonably more than the disadvantages
because the main purpose of the water treatment is to purify the water and which is based on a
healthy purpose. The water which processed by the treatment are more safer to be consume,
because the water resources that we can obtain our water could be lake, rainwater, river which
contained a lot of bacteria although those bacteria won’t directly damage to human body but it
could cause diarrhea, vomiting or even death, thus the water treatment could help us purify
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20. those bacteria which is unseen by eyes and protect us against the harmful bacteria and
microorganism. So on, water treatment including the process of softening water which means
removing the calcium, magnesium and other metal components from the hard water and purify it
into soft water which can be drinkable for human because the sodium intake can directly affect
to human which have the disease of kidney failure and other.
Last but not least, I am going to analyze the pros and cons by listing the water treatment
method which is commonly used.
1.​ ​Chlorination treatment.
The process of this treatment is to destroy the bacteria, parasites and other organism which
causing disease and death, and it will also remove soluble iron, manganese and hydrogen
sulfide which contain in the natural water resources. This method is use for all the water which is
entering to the housing area so basically occur at factory’s treatment. However, chlorination
treatment do have the opposite effect on the human. The process causes smell and bad taste
which come from the imply of chlorine as the concentration is great enough the water will taste
bad and some people may have a sensitivity toward chlorine so this kind of water treatment can
be harmful to them.
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21. 2.​ ​Ozone treatment
Ozone was first imply into water treatment at 1800s, and it can effectively remove the amount of
iron, bacteria or virus, hydrogen sulfide and also manganese in the water compared to
chlorination treatment. This treatment doesn’t add chemical to the water so it’s more healthy
compare to the chlorination treatment. Even though it doesn’t add chemical to the water, ozone
is less soluble into the water compared to chlorine so additional technique is required to apply to
the treatment thus is more expensive and difficult for the factory to undergo this treatment for
the purification of the water.
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22. Case Study: Melbourne Water
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23. Melbourne Water was started up in year 1890. Melbourne Water’s predecessor, the
Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW) was formed to take responsibility for both
water supply and the treatment of sewage. After more than 120 years of effort, Melbourne
Water nowadays have many reservoir to support the water system which are Maroondah
Reservoir, O'Shannassy Reservoir, Silvan Reservoir, Upper Yarra Reservoir, Greenvale
Reservoir, Cardinia Reservoir and Thomson Reservoir. Besides that, a major scheme of
pipelines and tunnels are built in Melbourne to bring more water to Melbourne to avoid the
extreme storms caused widespread flooding to Port Phillip Bay. Melbourne Water also
constructed the second major sewage treatment plant, the Eastern Treatment Plant in
Bangholme opened. The 1100-hectare plant was built to relieve pressure on the Western
Treatment Plant. In year 1995, Melbourne Water commenced operation as the wholesale water
company, together with City West Water, South East Water and Yarra Valley Water as
Melbourne’s retail water companies.​ The Victorian Government put in place a long-term plan for
water, Our Water Our Future, which set out 110 initiatives for water conservation aimed at every
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24. sector of the community, seeking to provide water to sustain growth over the next 50 years.
They are determined to protect the environment by cutting our carbon footprint. As well as their
goal of 100% renewable energy use by 2018, they are also working hard to achieve their goal of
zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2018.​
Melbourne Water is in charge of Melbourne’s water supply system. The water supply by
Melbourne Water is mainly taken from the catchment area, there are also a small portion of the
water supply is taken from seawater and then passing through reverse osmosis membrane to
remove salt and mineral.
The main source of water for Melbourne's water catchment areas. There are two types
of catchment areas that are used to collect water, which is protected catchment and open
catchment. Most of the protected catchment areas are located in national park and state forest,
where public access is limited. With this pollution of the water will be able to be prevented. With
this, a high quality of water is to be ensure. These catchment areas are set aside for almost 100
years to serve only the purpose of harvesting water from the rainwater and have remain largely
undistributed since. The soil of the protected catchment areas will act like sponge to hold the
rainwater and distribute it into river, streams, creeks and springs. The water that is release by
the soils will then flow into the reservoir. The water is the let to rest at the reservoir to break
down the impurities through a long period of time. The source of the water is from protected
catchment, therefore high quality of water that is let to rest to breakdown the impurities as a
filtration process will require very little treatment. Open catchment area also act as a water
source. These open catchment area consist of mainly farmland, rural properties and state forest
that are open for activities. With this, water that is taken from open catchment areas will need to
go through a different filtration treatment process, so that it meets the water quality same as
water from protected catchment. The water from open catchment area is only able to fulfil a
small portion of the total amount of water supply by Melbourne Water.
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25. Melbourne Water is known as a rainwater-independent source of water. Therefore,
alternative way of getting water is required to ensure there will be enough water supply during
natural disaster, for example, drought and bushfires. Desalination is an alternative way to get
water source. Water is taken from the sea and goes through a reverse osmosis process to
remove the dissolved salt and minerals. The desalinated water will flow to one of the reservoir
and mix with the existing water in the reservoir. From there the water can be able to transfer
through the other reservoir in Melbourne.
The North-South Pipeline is the last resort for Melbourne Water to make sure the water
supply is enough. Melbourne Water made certain measurement to boost the water supply
system when the storage water is lower than 30%, where the water supply is not enough.
After that, the water that is stored will then be treated. As some of the reservoir get the water
directly from protected catchment, this ensure a high water quality and therefore the treatment
process will only consist of disinfection, fluoridation and pH correction, unlike the normal
treatment process. With this, only some of the water in certain reservoir will go through a full
process of water treatment which consist of coagulation, floatation, filtration, disinfection,
fluoridation and pH correction.
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26. The treated water will then be supply to domestic area around Melbourne through large
pipes to smaller service reservoirs. After that, the water will then flows through smaller pipes to
their customers.
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27. Possible Problems to the System
Problem to natural disasters
The water treatment systems are threatened by the natural disasters such as rainstorm and
windstorm, when the disaster comes, they will bring a lot of silt and impurities in the reservoir,
resulting in serious pollution of reservoirs and water towers.
Problem to old and aging equipment
In the long run, water treatment systems are faced with the outdated water system problems,
the old mechanical do not afford to supply efficiently as before, and they cannot effectively filter
the water, resulting in those impurities mixed with water, along the water pipe flows to the city to
provide domestic water supply for the people.
Problem to cracks and corrosion
The cracks in the reservoirs may be contaminated by insects and dust, resulting in the growth of
bacteria in the water. In addition, in the corrosive water pipes, the water remaining in the water
pipe contained lead and iron will flow with the water pipe to the city. If household keep use the
water contains high levels of lead and iron, in long term, it will cause serious problems to the
human’s body.
Problem to artificial chemical materials
Pesticides, detergents, heavy metals raw materials not only become a potential crisis in the
modern life, the water quality is also subject to the same threat, these man-made chemical
substances dispersed in the environment, exist in the air, soil, lake and so on, water treatment
system cannot completely remove these harmful chemical raw materials, resulting in doping in
the water flow to the city.
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28. Solutions to problems
Natural Disaster
Natural disaster is a problem that we are not be able to fully prevent, this is because we do not
know when does a natural disaster strike. The only solution to this is that we take certain
counter measure to reduce the damage done to the system. One of the suggested way is that,
Melbourne water can try to find more alternate source to compensate the water loss and
infection during natural disaster. For example, increasing the amount of water taken from the
sea by having a bigger plant to produce the water when the water level in the reservoir is low.
Aging and old equipment
Equipment that is used in a long run will often wear down. That is why maintenance is very
important as i is able to let us to maintain the equipment for a longer period. If equipments is not
maintain properly. It will cause leakage of water which will cause wastage that is not energy
efficient and also will affect the water quality as the water run through worn out equipment.
Cracks and corrosion
Having a high quality of water plant construction is important as it ensure that there is no crack
in the wall of the reservoir. This will able to maintain a high quality of water. Surveillance for
crack in the wall of reservoir is important as it will be able to determine cracks almost on the
spot. Maintenance and repair can then be carry in a short period of time to fix the crack to
prevent further infection of bacteria that will pollute the water.
Artificial chemical materials
Artificial chemical materials will affect the water quality that is send to the reservoir from
catchment area. Even though the water is mostly taken from protect catchment, which have less
exposure to pollution, it cannot be denied that pollutants from adjacent polluted land will not flow
into the water. Therefore, it is best to test the water quality and take necessary step to
completely purified the water before sending it out to the customers.
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29. ​Learning Outcome
As a conclusion, we have understand the basic about the domestic water supply system,
as it is very important for our daily. It supply cold water for us that ensure that we can carry out
our daily activities. The water supply system also needs to be install first to be used. We have
gain knowledge on the installation process of the water supply system. The domestic water
supply system also needs to be maintain and repair of there is any problem occurs. From there
we would be able to apply what we have learn and research to a case study, Melbourne Water,
which let us to further understand the application of the water supply system in-depth. Even with
a good water supply system there will also be problems that the water supply system faced. We
have come out with some solution and recommendation to enhance and also solve the problem
that is faced by the water supply system for the case study that we have done our research on.
With that, we have learn and understand quite a lot about the domestic water supply system.
We have understand the system and the application behind the water supply system and gave
suggestion on improving the water supply system.
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30. References
1. http://www.docbrown.info/page01/AqueousChem/AqueousChem1.htm
2. http://www.safewater.org/PDFS/knowthefacts/conventionalwaterfiltration.pdf
3.
http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/SCHUTTE%202007%20Handbo
ok%20for%20the%20Operation%20of%20Water%20Treatment%20Works.pdf
4. https://dec.alaska.gov/water/opcert/Docs/Chapter4.pdf
5. http://www.charlestonwater.com/149/Water-Treatment
6. http://test.mywonderfulworld.org/pdf/VZTF_WaterTreatment.pdf
7. http://www.denverwater.org/WaterQuality/TreatmentProcess/
8. ​http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/Home_Water_Treatment_Introduction.aspx
9.​http://www.hunterwater.com.au/Water-and-Sewer/Water-Supply/Water-Treatment-Processes.
aspx
10. Our history - a timeline. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2016, from
http://www.melbournewater.com.au/aboutus/historyandheritage/Pages/Our-history-a-timeline.as
px
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31. Bibliography
1. CDC,(2005).Water treatment. Retrieved 12th November 2016 from
http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_treatment.html
2. Jefferson, B., & Parsons, S. (2006).​ Introduction to Potable Water Treatment Processes.
New York: Wiley.
3. Melbourne Water (n.d.) Water Supply System Retrieved 16th November 2016 from
http://www.melbournewater.com.au/whatwedo/supply-water/Pages/Water-supply-system.aspx
4. Schutte, F. (2006).​ Handbook For The Operation Of Water Treatment Works. South
Africa: Water Research Commission.
5. Nova Scotia, (2009). Ultraviolet Disinfection for drinking water. Retrieved 12th November
from ​https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/uvdisinfect.asp
6. The American Ground Water Trust, (2014). Domestic water treatment for homeowners.
Retrieved 13th November 2016 from
https://agwt.org/content/domestic-water-treatment-homeowners
7. DOMESTIC WATER SYSTEMS. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2016, from
http://www.hohwatertechnology.com/domestic-water-systems.html
8. (2015). Retrieved November 22, 2016, from
http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_treatment.html
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