Bservicecompiled1

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our utmost appreciation and gratitude to every party who has
aided us in completing this project, including but not limited to:
Mr. Sivaraman Kuppusamy, our dedicated tutor who has provided us countless advice
and guidance throughout the project.
Mr. Yeoh Kean Foo, operation manager of Centro Mall who has given us the permission
for the visitation to Centro Mall.
Mr. Edy, assistant of operation manager, who has guided us during the visitation to Centro
Mall and given us very helpful information about Centro Mall.
And last but not least, to everyone in the group, whom without your dedication and
perseverance, this project will never have completed.

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ABSTRACT
This case study report will look into details of building service used in Centro Mall, Klang.
There are four main systems to be discussed which are air-conditioning system,
mechanical ventilation system, mechanical transportation and fire protection system.
The visitation to the site enabled us to further understand the systems of Centro Mall. The
collected information is then paired with extensive analysis and research to understand
the mechanism. With the best of our abilities, we have compiled observations made on
site and some analysis through literature reading into this case study report.

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INTRODUCTION
The aim of this project is to allow students the opportunity to understand how building
services work in an actual building. One of the main objectives is to develop students’
understanding and familiarity on the drawing conventions and standards for different
building services systems.
The report is a case study of Centro Mall, Klang, Selangor. A two-hour visitation to the
mall was arranged and guided by the operation manager and his assistant to make
observations on site. Air conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system, mechanical
transportation system and fire protection system were analyzed in depth after the
visitation.
Although the team has contributed and demonstrated great effort, there were some
limitations during the project. Due to security and privacy concern, drawings of the
building cannot be obtained from the management. Besides, second visitation to the
building was not approved and even taking pictures of public accessible area such as the
lift and staircase was prohibited resulting to the lack of clear photographs and drawings
to aid the expression of our finding and analysis.
There were a few methods used for the analysis of the building service systems which
include interviews, online research and book sources. An arranged interview with the
operation manager was conducted. Scholarly articles, and educational websites are a few
of the best sources to obtain information regarding building service systems. We also
referred to similar reports from peers and building service guides to have a better
understanding on detailed mechanism.

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1. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
1.1 Literature Review
An air conditioning is a system used for keeping the air in the building cool. This system
has to be properly designed especially in hot and humid climate like Malaysia in order to
provide thermal comfort to the users as well as to increase energy efficiency and cost
effectiveness.
There are two types of air conditioning system. The ones that we use in houses or smaller
sized room are called the split system which comprises of two parts. The outdoor unit
consists of compressor, condenser and expansion valve while the indoor unit consists of
the evaporator and cooling fan.
Another type of air conditioning system is called the centralized system which is used for
larger building such as shopping malls and hotels. Centralized air conditioner has a
centralized duct system, consisting an air handling unit, air supply system, air return duct
and grilles that circulates warm air from a furnace cooled air to spaces. The warm air
from the space is then returned back to the system to be cooled down again.
1.2 Introduction
The chosen building, Centro Mall, Klang uses both centralized and split system.
Centralized system is used for open and larger area like the corridor and atrium while
split system is smaller more enclosed space like the shops and offices where tenants or
operator can control the system individually.
1.3 Schematic Overview
Figure 1.1: Introduction of components in an air-conditioning system.
(Source: Khemani, 2009)
UBBL section 41
Mechanicals ventilation
and air-conditioning (3):
The provisions of the
Third Schedule to these
By-laws shall apply to
buildings which are
mechanically ventilated or
air-conditioned.

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1.4 Refrigerant Cycle
1.4.1 Water Tank
Figure 1.2: 3rd floor plan showing location of water tanks in Centro Mall, Klang.
Air-conditioning make-up tank is located at the roof top, usually near the cooling towers.
For Centro Mall, cooling towers and water tanks are both located at roof top next to each
other. The purpose of the water tanks is to replenish the amount of water in the
condenser water systems in case there is any water loss due to the cooling tower’s
operation or maintenance. The water from the make-up tank are supplied to the cooling
tower basin by a centrifugal pump, a device implanted in the cooling tower to measure
the volume of water it contains, which will control the operation and amount of water
that flows into the cooling tower.
Tank rupture hazards can damage equipment or injure someone nearby. Every tank
which is pressurized should have a pressure relief valve installed as a safety device. The
water must be level and free of rocks or other foreign objects that will damage the water
tank. Besides, ladder is required to allow the access to tank top.
Figure 1.3: Photographs showing water
tank used in Central Mall.
Figure 1.4: Photographs showing
water tank used in Central Mall.
Ladder
Water Tank
Water resist vale
Water Tank

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1.4.2 Cooling Tower
Figure 1.5: 3rd floor plan showing location of cooling tower in Centro Mall, Klang.
Figure 1.6: Diagram showing cooling process of a cooling tower.
Next to water tank, cooling tower is located at the roof top on 3rd floor. A cooling tower is
a heat rejection device which rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of
a water stream to a lower temperature. An HVAC cooling tower is used to dispose of
unwanted heat from the chiller. One chiller is paired with one cooling tower. In Centro
Mall, there are 3 pairs to chillers and cooling towers.

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Figure 1.7: Photograph showing exterior of
cooling tower used in Centro Mall, Klang.
Figure 1.8: Photograph showing interior of
Figure 1.9: Photograph showing interior of
Figure 1.10: Photograph showing brand and
specification of cooling tower used in Centro Mall,
Klang.
Air inlet louvers
Propeller fan
Overflow
Grating
1.4.2.1 Air inlet louvers
Stainless steel louvers allows the
air flow into cooling tower.
1.4.2.2 Fan
One cooling tower is equipped
with two fans. These fans are
located at the cooling tower to
cool down the water and allow
warm air to escape.
1.4.2.3 Grating and overflow
If the tank overfills, excess water
flows safely via the overflow to
the outdoors. Grating filters
residues which can affect the
efficiency of chiller.
Figure 1.11: Photograph showing the top of
cooling tower.

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1.4.3 Chiller
Figure 1.12: 2nd floor plan showing location of chiller room in Centro Mall, Klang.
Centro Mall is equipped with two large chillers and one small chiller. The large chillers
usually operate during the day and work alternately to reduce workload on each
individual chiller and reduce power consumption while the small chiller operates in the
morning where heat flow from human traffic and sun is lower.
Chillers in Centro Mall are located at the second floor where the chilled water pumps
circulates water from chiller to every air handling unit and fan coil unit. Condenser water
pumps circulates water from chillers to cooling towers in order to reject heat released
from chiller.
Figure 1.13: Photograph showing chillers used in
Centro Mall.
Figure 1.14: Photographs showing water pump set
used in Centro Mall.

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MS 1525:2007
8.2.2
Where chillers are
used and when the
design load is greater
than 1000kWr, a
minimum of two
chillers or a single
multi-compressor
chiller should be
provided to meet the
required load.
Figure 1.15: Diagram showing cooling process of a chiller.
(Source: North, n.d.)

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1.5 Air Cycle
An air cycle is a process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be
conditioned. In Centro Mall, Klang, the system can be divided into two – Air Handling Unit
(AHU) and Fan Coil Unit (FCU). AHUs are connected to a central HVAC system to condition
open and large area in the mall while an FCU is a smaller unit to condition a shop/office
unit or the lift which can be controlled individually by tenants and operators.
1.5.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU)
AHU is a central air conditioner station that handles the air that will be supplied into
buildings by the ventilation ductwork.
1.5.1.1 Control Panel
In the AHU room, there is a control panel which has a temperature detector to control the
valve opening percentage for the flow of cool air into different spaces according to their
temperature. For example, the control valve for the space next to the main entrance is
always kept 100% due to high temperature caused by hot air coming from the outdoor.
Other components in the control panels are sail switch, motor and controller.
Figure 1.16: Photopraph showing model of
AHU used in Centro Mall, Klang.
Figure 1.17: Photopraph showing control panel in AHU
room.
Figure 2: Photograph showing used AHU filter panels
found in the AHU room of Centro Mall.
1.5.1.2 Filter
Filter in an AHU is important as it
ensures the flow of clean dustless air
into the mall. Filter panels are replaced
once they become wet, microbial
growth on the filter media is visible, or
when filters become damaged to the
extent that air bypasses the media.
Used filters

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Figure 3: Photograph showing interior of in AHU of Centro Mall.
Figure 4: Photograph showing interior of AHU in Centro Mall.
1.5.1.3 Blower
Blower in an AHU is used to
propel the air for distribution.
Centrifugal fan is used in AHU of
Centro Mall as it can move air
more efficiently.
1.5.1.4 Cooling Coil
Cooling Coil in AHU is used to
reduce the temperature and
humidity of the air. These coils are
arranged in rows with different fin
spacing. The coils are normally
made up of corrosion resistance
hydrophilic Aluminum fins and
copper.
BlowerMotor
Motor
Cooling Coil
Figure 1.18: Diagram showing how does a AHU work
(Source: Ford, 2010)

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1.5.2 Fan Coil Unit
Conditioned air from FCU is supplied to the space via ductwork system. The air supply
travels through the ductwork and is then distributed and discharge into the space via
air diffusers. Then the circulated air is collected via return air inlet and is returned back
to the FCU to be cooled again.
Fan Coil Unit (FCU) is a simple
device consisting of a
cooling heat exchanger or 'coil'
and fan. It is part of
an HVAC system found in
residential, commercial, and
industrial buildings. A fan coil
unit is used to control the
temperature in the space where
it is installed, or serve multiple
spaces. It is controlled either by
a manual on/off switch or by
thermostat.
Figure 1.18: 2nd Floor plan showing FCU positions
Figure 8: Photograph showing Fan Coil Unit
(Source: Ford, 2010)

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1.5.3 Ductwork
Figure 9: Photograph showing exposed ductwork outside of
AHU room of Centro Mall.
UBBL Act 133, Section 123, Pipes and service ducts:
a) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables
or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be
- Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossings of
branches and mains together with supports and fixing;
- Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes. Stop cocks and other controls there to
enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services
accommodated.
b) The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to
enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.
MS1525: 2007, code 8.7.1
High- pressure and medium- pressure ducts should be leak tested in accordance with HVAC
Air Duct Leakage Test Manual published by SMACNA or any other equivalent standards,
with the rate of leakage not to exceed the maximum rate specified.
Ducts are used to distribute the
air from AHU to the rooms that
need to be air-conditioned. It is
very well insulated to maintain
the temperature of air flow into
the spaces.
Insulated
ductwork

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1.6 Control System
The air conditioning system of Centro Mall uses Building Automation System (BAS) to
control the cooling units. Temperature sensor is used to compare the actual temperature
of a space with a target temperature. Then a conclusion is made by the control system to
take an action. For example, starting the blower. The configuration of system can be
scheduled and changed by the operation team from the BAS. BAS then responds to the
reading from the sensor according what that is scheduled.
The chiller is built-in with ISM (Integrated Starter Module) controller which will monitor
and control the operation status of condenser water pump, chilled water pump and
cooling tower. In order to start-up the chilled water system, first step is to start the chiller
from HVAC BAS system.
Firstly, the chiller will energize ISM controller and it will call chilled water pump to start
first. After a few seconds, cooling water pump will start. Once the chiller detects a flow in
the chilled water system, it will start automatically by itself. After all only the cooling
tower fan motors will start. Once the chilled water system is in full operation, it will
regulate the compressor to full load or partial load base on the total building cooling load
required.
1.7 Conclusion
In conclusion, the air conditioning system used is Centro Mall is very well maintained as
observed during the visitation. Machines that produce very large sound such as the chiller
are strategically placed to reduce noise to the users. Sufficient equipment and back-up
plans and regular maintenance basis is planned and designed for the building.
MS1525: 2007, code 8.5
All pipe installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be adequately insulated to
prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapor barriers may be required
to prevent condensation under some conditions. There are sufficient path for us to cross
and excess on the roof top where the cooling tower and the chiller plant are located.

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2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Mechanical ventilation in a building is to promote fresh air into spaces and the remove
any latent heat by means of mechanical devices to control the indoor air quality, humidity,
odours and contaminants built up inside a building. The main function of mechanical
ventilation is to expel stale air containing water vapour, carbon dioxide, airborne
chemicals and other pollutants and replace by drawing in outside air, presumably
contains less pollutants and water vapour and also circulate the air throughout a building.
Mechanical ventilation is important as:
a. It controls indoor air humidity and ensure human comfort.
b. It prevents heat concentrations from machinery, lighting and people.
c. It preserves the oxygen content and removes carbon dioxide at the same time.
d. It prevents condensation
e. It disperse the concentrations of bacteria
f. It helps in dilution and disposal of contaminants such as smoke, dust gases and
body odors
g. It provides constant fresh air.
h. It acts as an alternative to the unreliable natural ventilation.
There are three types of mechanical ventilation system which are:
Supply Ventilation System
In supply ventilation system, the outside air supply is provided by mechanical means in
order to maintain positive pressure and is then extracted naturally. This system is
normally used in boiler plant and factories.
Figure 2.1: Supply Ventilation System Air Flow Diagram
(Source: Whole-House Ventilation, 2016)

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Exhaust Ventilation System
In extract ventilation system, the fan creates negative pressure on its inlet side, and cause
the air inside the room to move towards the fan and the air is displaced by fresh air from
outside the room. This system is normally used in kitchen, toilet and bathrooms.
Figure 2.2: Exhaust Ventilation System Air Flow Diagram
Balanced / Combined Ventilation System
In combined ventilation system, it consists of both supply and exhaust ventilation system
where a slight pressurization of the air inside the building is achieved by using an extract
fan smaller than inlet fan to prevent dust, draughts and noise. This system is usually found
in cinemas, sport center or attic.
Figure 2.3: Balance / Combined Ventilation System Air Flow Diagram

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2.2 INTRODUCTION
All three ventilation system can be found in Centro Mall at different location for different
function to achieve human comfort. The following list is shown according to the different
function for different types of ventilation system.
1. Supply Ventilation System
a. Stairwell Pressurized System
2. Exhaust Ventilation System
a. Smoke Spill System
3. Balanced / Combined Ventilation System
a. Kitchen Ventilation System
b. Generator Room Ventilation System
2.2.1 Supply Ventilation System
Stairwell Pressurized System
Pressurization system is used to separate and prevent the smoke to enter by pressurizing
an area with aspect to another adjacent area.
For stairwell pressurization system, an effective pressurization system will have supply
air fans with sufficient capacity to provide pressurization to prevent smoke entry when
doors are open. For Centro Mall, the fans are in dual-speed and completed with roof cowl
located at the top of the staircase shaft above roof. During normal condition, the fans
controlled by the Building Automation System (BAS) will run in normal speed for
pressurization in fire mode. It will then be overwritten by fire signal and run at a higher
speed during fire mode. It is to provide highly pressured condition and avoid smoke from
entering.
There will be one fan serving each stairwell and the fan will discharge air into the entire
staircase shaft. Thus, staircase will be pressurized. However, there is only one staircase
is protected by the pressurized system. Others are ventilated naturally with an opening.
Pressure relief damper are used to maintain the pressure reading at preset valve which
are located at every floor responding to the pressure near them. When the pressure is
increased, the dampers will drive close. In contrast, when the pressure is decreased as
the door is open, the dampers will open.
Mechanical
Ventilation
Pressurized System
Smoke Spill System
Ducted Ventilation
System

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Figure 2.4: Fire Exit Floor Plan
Figure 2.5: Pressurization system in stairwell
(Source: Fire and Smoke Control, 2016)
Figure 2.6: Pressure Relief Dampers for Staircase
UBBL – Clause 202
All staircase serving buildings of more
than 45.75 metres in height where
there is no adequate ventilation as
required shall be provided with a
basic staircase pressurization system
designed and installed in accordance
with MS 1472.
Higher pressureLower pressure
Staircase with pressurized system
Staircase with natural
ventilation system

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Figure 2.7: Opening at Stairwell
2.2.2 Exhaust Ventilation System
Smoke Spill System
Basement Car Park
When fire occurs, ventilation is needed to prevent accumulation of smoke. Exhaust
ventilation system is used for the smoke spill system at the basement parking lot in
Centro Mall. When fire is occurred, an axial fan is used to allow the smoke to flow through
in a direction of parallel shaft and transfer the smoke to the exhaust grille located on the
end of the wall of the car park. The smoke is then transferred up to the ground floor to
release through ducting.
Figure 2.8: Basement Floor Plan
UBBL – Clause 198 – 202
In buildings not exceeding 18 metres
above ground level, staircase may not
be ventilated if access via ventilated
lobbies at all floors except the top
most and; if buildings 18m high or less
with top most floors ventilated at top
most with 5% of area of enclosure.
Buildings higher than 18m have to be
mechanically ventilated at every floor.
Openable windows shall meet the
operational requirements of the
D.G.F.S.
Extract System
Axial Fan
Axial Fan Control Panel Room

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Figure 2.9: Axial Fan Figure 2.10: Exhaust Grille
Figure 2.11: Axial Fan control panel room Figure 2.12: Ducting
2.2.3 Balanced / Combined Ventilation System
2.2.3.1 Kitchen Ventilation System
The kitchen exhaust fan is for kitchen ventilation purpose and it is only applicable for
food and beverage tenants. Tenant kitchen is a combination of centralized and individual
duct system where some tenants’ lots are linked to the centralized duct system for air
supply and some others are provided with individual kitchen exhaust and fresh air duct.
Centralized kitchen fans only provided to centralized kitchen exhaust duct system but not
for any kitchen fresh air system. All kitchen exhaust fans are operated by BAS system.
Tenant’s kitchen that has individual exhaust duct will have their own exhaust system.
Filters are installed in order to filter out grease.
UBBL – Clause 249 – 252
Smoke and venting in large buildings, natural draught smoke vent, smoke vent for exit safely
to be designed to prevent accumulation of smoke during evacuation and manual vents must
be operable by bomba from outside.

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Dedicated outdoor air unit is use to transfer outdoor air and supply to the kitchen in order
to replace the kitchen air that is being exhausted.
Figure 2.13: Exhaust from tenant’s kitchen (not operating yet)
Figure 2.14: Exhaust from tenant’s kitchen
2.2.3.2 Generator Room Ventilation System
Chiller Room Ventilation System
Supply and exhaust ventilation system can be found in chiller room. It is used to cool the
room as there are many machines running which will produce a lot of heat. The hot air is
extracted through ducting and release at the balcony. There are two exhaust located at
the balcony. The exhaust is design to face downwards is to act as weather shield to
prevent rain water to flow in.
Figure 2.15: Exhaust from chiller room 1 Figure 2.16: Exhaust from chiller room 2
UBBL – Clause 99
Where a common vertical
kitchen exhaust riser is provided,
the riser shall be continued up to
a mechanical floor or roof for
discharge to the open and shall
be constructed with the fire
resisting material of at least 2
hours rating with BS476: Part 3.

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Elevator Control Room Ventilation System
In the elevator control room, there are machines that will release heat as it is always in
used. To cool the environment in the control room, split air-conditioning unit is used
during day time for 12 hours which is controlled using timer. After 12 hours, it will
automatically switch to the centralized air-conditioning at night.
Figure 2.17: Supply Air Grille Figure 2.18: Return Air Exhaust
Figure 2.19: Split air-conditioning

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2.3 COMPONENTS
2.3.1 Axial Fan
An axial fan is a type of compressor that increases the pressure of the air flowing through
it in a direction of parallel shaft. The blades of the axial fan forces air to flow parallel to
the shaft about which the blade rotate. The fan consists of an impeller with blades of aero
foil section rotating inside a cylindrical casing. Axial fan is used for relatively high flow
rate.
Axial fan works in conjunction with the exhaust ventilation system to extract the smoke
from the basement and channeled it to the ground floor to release it through a series of
ductwork. Axial fan is able to extract air effectively under low pressure compared to
propeller fan.
Figure 2.20: Axial fan used in Centro Mall
Figure 2.21: Components of Axial Fan
(Source: Axial Fans, 2016)
Protection Guard Silencer
Inlet Cone
Flexible Connection
Mounting Ring
Mounting Brackets
ON / OFF Switch
Axial Fan
Outer Cowl
Counterflange
Air
Operated
Damper
Mounting
Feet

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2.3.2 Ductwork
Ductwork is used in mechanical ventilation in delivering and removes air. The airflow
includes supply of air, return of air and exhaust air. Therefore, air ducts are one of the
methods to ensure acceptable indoor air quality and also thermal comfort. The ductwork
ventilation used is galvanized steel. This material is the most common material used in
fabricating ductwork. The main reason of using galvanized steel is because the use of
ducts presents the existing possibility of spreading fire, heat, gases and smoke throughout
the building or the area served. Fiberglass is inserted in the ductwork to provide
insulation purpose.
Poor design of ductwork may result in conditioned air being forced outside and outdoor
air being drawn into the building. This will increase the energy consumption by the
machine and can result in air quality and building pressure. Ventilation ducts should not
be overlapped with the fire-fighting lobby unless it is enclosed with fire resistance
elements which shall constructed in masonry or fitted with fire damper.
Figure 2.21 & 2.22: Ductwork used in basement parking for channeling smoke out
Figure 2.23: Ductwork used in Chiller room for Figure 2.24: Ductwork at staircase for ventilation
Air-conditioning purposes

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2.3.3 Diffuser / Air Grille
Diffuser is a mechanical device located at the edge of the ductwork, controlling and
managing the air velocity before releasing to the occupy space. It can be found in various
shapes such as rectangle, round or linear.
Functions of diffuser are:
 To deliver ventilating and conditioning air
 To distribute flow of air evenly in desired directions
 To enhance mixing of room air into the primary air being discharged
 To create low-velocity air movement in the occupied portion of room
Figure 2.25: Linear diffuser for supply Figure2.26: Rectangle diffuser for return
Figure 2.27: Diffuser for extracting smoke Figure 2.28: Diffuser for supply in elevator control room
in basement

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2.3.4 Filter
Filter is normally located inside the ductwork to filter the external air before releasing
into occupy space or filter the outlet air before it goes to the atmosphere. Fiberglass
filter is used because it has sound insulation properties and also considered as an
environmental friendly materials compared to polyester and synthetic materials. Grease
filter is also used in the exhaust of the kitchen.
Figure 2.29: Fiberglass filter Figure 2.30: Grease filter in kitchen
(Source: Whirlpool, 2016)
2.3.5 Fire Damper
Fire damper is installed to prevent the fire spreading through walls from one space to
another and it is usually located at compartment wall. The fire damper is the key element
of any smoke extraction system since its primary task is to move to a position that ensures
safety. When an emergency occurs, the dampers must be able to bring their safety
position with control signal and keep there. It is also important to be able to operate the
dampers even when the smoke extracting system is already working.
Figure 2.27: Damper located at lift lobby

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2.4 CONCLUSION
The mechanical ventilation in Centro Mall is considered moderate and done in a
traditional way. The systems are in an organized way where the ductworks are neatly
hidden inside the ceiling. However, the ductwork at the basement may create lower
ceiling and disturb the people’s movement or air movement in case of emergency.
Most of the area is mechanical ventilated which result in less natural openings for
ventilations. Thus, it creates problem when fire occurred above ground level due to the
insufficient of natural inlet air.
Overall, Centro Mall practiced good mechanical ventilation and achieved thermal comfort
in human satisfying level.

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3.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
Buildings are built vertically due to the rapid development and high land cost, thus
emphasize the importance of mechanical transportation within a building. Examples of
mechanical transportation are lift, escalator and travelator. These help to assist in moving
goods or people. Every mechanical transportation should abide by the UBBL as well as
fire requirements to provide basic and comfort needs. Furthermore, it should provide
minimum waiting time, comfortable acceleration, smooth braking system and rapid
transportation.
3.1.1 Lift
For vertical mechanical transportation, it moves people and goods to different floors of
building within a dedicated shaft. The quality of lift performance is determined by the
hoisting capacity, waiting interval, quality of ride and lastly the design requirement.
Diagram attached below shows the variations on two main types of lifts, electric lift and
hydraulic lift.
Electric Lift
Traction elevator comprises geared and gearless traction machine, mainly used for mid
and high rise building. Traction elevators has its machine room sited on top of lift shaft,
minimizing the length of belts and optimize the efficiency. It is activated by pulling the
elevator cars by means of steel belts over a pulley attached to electric motor, and
balanced by counterweight in the system. Geared traction elevator has gearbox attached
to motor, which drive the wheel that moves the steel belts, while gear-less traction
elevator have the wheel attached directly to the motor. A more revolutionary elevator
system is machine room-less elevator, which eliminate the dedicated machine room as
the machine is mounted within the hoist way. The control boxes are located in control
room adjacent to the elevator shaft on highest landing within 150 feet of machine. In
comparison, Machine Rooms-Less (MRL) Lift has more advantages in term of aesthetic
view, cost, and design flexibility.
Lift
electric lift
Traction lift
Machine Room-Less Lift
hydraulic lift

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Hydraulic Lift
Hydraulic lift is mainly used for low-rise building (2-8 stories), with its machine room
located at the lowest level, activated by piston pushing the elevator up as an electric
motor forces hydraulic fluid into the piston, and descends as a valve releases the fluid
from piston. This lift is known for its simple operation, relatively lower load imposed,
lower structural cost, accurate levelling and smooth acceleration.
3.1.2 Escalator and Travelator
Escalator
Escalator is one of the inclined mechanical transport which are commonly found. It
functions as moving stairs which allows user to have immediate means of transportation
from one floor to another, aims to continuously and efficiently convey large mass of
people in adjustable constant velocity to avoid congestion. Escalator has the flexibility to
reverse and suit the human traffic flow at peak hours. Similar to vertical transportation,
there are certain laws to be abide by.
Travelator
Travelator are moving walkways intended for horizontal movements, inclined up to 15
degree, slowly and safely transport masses of goods or people from point to point. The
moving surface may be a pallet-type or a moving belt type, consisting tuber or mesh metal
walking surfaces that move over metal rollers. As the walkway ends, the surface
disappears into end comb-plates.
Figure 3.1 Diagram of Traction
Lift System (source:
archtoolbox, n.d.)
Figure 3.2 Diagram of Machine
Room-Less Lift System
(source: archtoolbox, n.d.)
Figure 3.3 Diagram of
Hydraulic Lift System (source:
archtoolbox, n.d.)

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3.2 Introduction
Centro Mall is a neighbourhood mall that function as both shopping mall and office tower,
with highest level up to 32nd floor. The elevator system are under Sigma, which is a
respected provider of elevators and escalators with an unmatched heritage offering a
range of elevators, escalators, and moving walks. As shown in figure 6.6, 8 service lifts
and 1 fire lift out of the 10 lifts are placed in the centre of the mall. To maximize the
efficiency of mechanical transportation, the lifts are separated into 3 zonings:-
i) Low zone: Basement 1 and Basement 2 to Ground Floor
ii) Mid Zone: Ground floor to 11th floor
iii) High Zone: Ground floor directly to 2nd Floor, 2nd floor to 32nd floor
In Centro Mall, every lift has clear specification on the maximum load to be carried. Each
passenger lift can fit about 15 persons, and carry load up to 1025kg.
Figure 3.4 Escalator and Travelator Anatomy (Source: High Rise Industrial, 2014.)
Figure 3.6 First Floor Plan.Figure 3.5 Sigma.
UBBL Section 124 – Lift
For all non- residential buildings exceeding 4 storey above or below the main
access level at least one lift shall be provided.
Service Lift
Fireman’s Lift
Passenger Lift
i
I
n
C
e
n
t
r
o
M
a
l
l
,
ii
iii

31
3.2.1. Types of Lift
3.2.1.1 Passenger Lift
8 out of the 10 lifts are passenger lift, located in the centre of the shopping mall. These 8
lifts are installed in a group of 3, having 3 lifts for high zone, 4 lifts for mid-zone, and 2
lifts for low zone (connected to the car park in lower ground).
3.2.1.2 Service Lift
There is only 1 service lift in Centro Mall, which located at the right wing. This single
service lift is used by the authorities to carry and move goods, monitored by a security
guard.
3.2.1.3 Fire Lift (Lift Bomba)
A fire lift is equipped with dual power supply and commandeered by Fire Service in
emergency condition.
Figure 3.7 Passenger lift and fireman’s lift.
Passenger Lift Fireman’s lift Service Lift
Figure 3.8 Service lift at basement.
UBBL SECTION 243 – Fire Lifts
(1) In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 metres above the fire appliance
access level fire lifts shall be provided.

32
3.3 Finding and Analysis
3.3.1 Vertical Transportation (lift)
3.3.1.1 Lift Lobby Component
UBBL SECTION 153 (1) – Smoke
detectors for lift lobbies.
All lift lobbies shall be provided
with smoke detectors.
Smoke Detector
Smoke Detector
Smoke detector are located in lift
lobbies to detect any incidence of
smoke or fire and initiate fire
fighters' service recall, connected
to the building fire alarm system.
Sign Board
Signage showing direction to lift
lobby, staircase, toilet etc.
Lift Lobby
UBBL SECTION 152 (1) – Openings
in lift shafts.
Every opening in a lift shaft or lift
entrance shall open into a
protected lobby unless other
suitable means if protection to the
opening to the satisfaction of the
local authority is provided. These
requirement shall not apple to
open type industrial and other
special buildings as may be
approved by the D.G.F.S.
Figure 3.10 Lift lobby for mid zone.
Figure 3.11 Smoke Detector.
Figure 3.9 Sign Board.

33
3.3.1.2 External Lift Component
Braille number on button
Landing Lantern
Landing Lantern
Landing Lantern lights up when
the lift car arrives. Furthermore. It
shows the direction of motion of
lift car. Green light indicate lift
going up while red light indicate
lift going down.
Call Button
Call button pushed based of
desired direction and the light
turns on correspondingly. All
buttons are designed such that the
visually impaired can identify
them by touch.
Figure 3.13 Call Button with Braille Button.
Figure 3.12 Landing Lantern.
Figure 3.14 Emergency Escape Plan.
Emergency Escape Plan
Attach above the call button to
show the fire escape route. Also, it
provide information of fire lift,
fireman intercom, fire escape
staircase, fire hose-reel, and more.

34
3.3.1.3 Internal lift Component
Figure 3.16 Diagrammatic control operating panel. (Source: ElectricalKnowHow, 2014)
Figure 3.15 Control Operating Panel.
Direction indicator
Floor Button
Emergency button
Control Operating Panel
In accordance with Clause 27 of
MS 1184:2002, controls should be
clearly indicated and easily
operated. Floor selection buttons,
emergency buttons or telephone
and door control buttons in a lift
cars and lobbies should be around
1400mm above finished floor
level. In case of emergency, alarm
device will be activated and allow
voice communication with the
emergency service. User can press
the emergency button to alert the
people outside in case of lift
malfunction.

35
UBBL SECTION 151 – Ventilation to loft shafts.
Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be
provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shaft.
Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to
the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.
Figure 3.17 Emergency Railing.
Figure 3.19 Ventilation system in the lift.
Figure 3.18 Indicator.
Emergency Railing
The handrail in the lift car should
not be less than 600mm long and
1000mm above the finished floor
level. In case of emergency,
handrail are used for support
Indicator System
Besides the position of lift car, the
indicator gives an optical signal to
indicate that the car is ‘FULL’ when
the weight reaches 80% of the
maximum weight a lift can carry.
However, lift operate normally. If
the lift is overloaded, it will remain
at the floor with doors open. As soon
as the load is removed, normal
operation continues.
Ventilation slit and Lighting
In any situation when the car
stops and passenger are trapped
inside, proper ventilation is
required to draw fresh air into the
enclosure.

36
3.3.1.4 Machine Room
The machine room is located at the floor above hoist way, secured against non-authorized
access. The environment condition for instance temperature and humidity are observed
constantly. Adequate lighting, ventilation by exhaust fan as well as cooling system are
well equipped to prolong the machine life span. In addition, beam structure is further
reinforced to provide stronger support for the varying live load in the elevator car.
Power Supply
Supply power to run the motor
system, supplies electricity to
engine and control cabinet.
DC Motor
Direct current motors use cardon
brushes to regulate the
operational speed of motor.
Advantages: ease of speed control
using DC generator with variable
output or static converters.
Emergency Light
To light up the machine room in
case of electric power cut off.
Figure 3.20 Power supply system.
Figure 3.21 Direct Current Motors.
Figure 3.22 Emergency light.

37
Cooling system
The room is equipped with 2 unit
of cooler to prevent overheating
and maximises the life span of
motor machines.
Figure 3.25 Air Conditioning unit.
Ventilation system
The fresh air inlet and outlet
exhaust provide ventilation for
machine room to maintain a
temperature between 32oF to
104oF.
Figure 3.23 Ventilation system in machine room.
Figure 3.24 Beam structure in machine room.
Beam
The room is further reinforced
with I-beam to provide stronger
support.
Exhaust
Inlet

38
This design utilizes a mechanical speed reduction gear set to reduce the rpm of the drive
motor (input speed) to suit the required speed of the drive sheave and elevator (output
speed). (Source: Electricknowhow, 2014)
During normal operation, brake picked against adjustable tensioned springs; when the
electrical power is removed, the springs ensure an immediate drop against its drum in
order for the lift car to a safe stop. In case when the elevator’s safety circuit is activated,
the brake stop and hold the car and its counterweight.
Motor unit
The room has a total of 4 motor
unit, each placed on the further
reinforce I-beam so that the load
could be evenly and effectively
distributed. The elevator engine is
connected to a sheave and receive
signal from controller that
specifies speed and direction of
the lift car.
Figure 3.26 Geared Motor Machine.
Figure 3.28 Brake. ( Electricalknowhow, 2016)
Figure 3.27 Digrammatic geared machine.
( Electricalknowhow, 2016)

39
Controller Cabinet
The primary function of computer
based technology controller
cabinet is to receive and process
signals from the whole system. It
is able to send signals in response
to the ones it receives in order to
operate all of the other
components in the system. This
exchange of signals is how the
elevator controller is able to keep
the elevators running smoothly.
(Electricknowhow, 2014)
Figure 3.29 PLC Controller Cabinet.
Router
It receive message from the
control panel and send it to the
management server, later display
the status of lift in the control
room.
(Explained in figure 6.31 attached
below)Figure 3.30 Router.
Figure 3.31 Diagram explains how message is conveyed in
the system. ( Electricalknowhow, 2014)

40
3.3.1.5 Communication Interface
In the control room, dedicated phone line for elevators are provided. Through the display
system in control room, the people in charge can know the status of every lift. Intercom
connects the control room, machine room and lift together. This allow the people trapped
in the lift to seek help and alert the people outside in any emergency situation.
UBBL SECTION 239 - -Voice Communication System
There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice
communications system, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public
address system between the central control station and the following area:
(a) Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircase;
Figure 3.33 Intercom.
Figure 3.32 Simple elevator control system input and output. (electricknowhow, 2014)

41
3.3.1.6 Emergency
In case of electricity being cut-off, genset will act as a backup power supply to generate
power for lift car to stop at nearest landing.
During a fire out brake, the buzzle ring will notify the user and it will immediately home
to fire recall floor. Generally, fire service splits into 2 phase.
Phase 1: Activated smoke detectors direct elevators to the fire recall floor, proceed to the
designated landing without stopping. No car or hall calls are to be accepted, meaning the
lift is removed from normal service.
Phase 2: Firefighters take control of the elevator using Firefighter’s service switch key,
continue to use the elevator to rescue people
UBBL SECTION 154 – Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure.
(1) On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor,
commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with
doors open.
(2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation:
Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this
mode operation need not apply.
UBBL SECTION 155 – Fire mode of operation
(2) If mains power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor,
commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the
emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park
with doors open.
(3) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman’s
switch.
(4) Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but not
landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.
(5) In the event of mains power failure, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated
floor and operate under emergency power as described under paragraphs (2) to (4).
Sponged Canvas
The interior perimeter is wrapped
with sponged canvas, minimising
the impact on people in case of
emergency.
Figure 3.34 Sponged canvas in fire lift.

42
3.3.2 Inclined Transportation (Escalator)
In Centro Mall, single bank with interrupted traffic escalator are found in the ground floor,
1st floor, and 2nd floor, mainly to serve the shoppers.
According to Mr Edy from operation department, the escalator will be switched off at
night to minimise the energy consumed by mechanical transportation. In the 1st floor and
2nd floor, the escalator are activated by infrared sensor when pedestrian are detected.
This is due to the spatial arrangement that attract lesser human traffic in that particular
area.
EscalatorEscalator
Figure 3.35 Ground Floor Plan of Centro Mall.
Figure 3.36 Escalator at ground floor. Figure 3.37 Infrared sensor activated escalator at 1st floor.

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3.3.2.1 Safety component
Escalator step and brush guard
The brush guard is to make the
user’s ride safer. Passengers who
stand too close to the skirt will feel
the brush guard and move away
instinctively. It allows passenger
to be aware of their standing spot,
therefore reduce the probability of
side-step entrapments or
pinching.
Direction indicator
The arrow give an idea of the
motion direction of the
escalator.
Handrail
Inlet Guard, a guard made of soft
rubber, which fits over the outside
of the Moving Handrail where it
enters the Balustrade to keep
fingers, hands or foreign objects
away from the Moving Handrail
opening.
Figure 3.38 Escalator step and brush guard.
Figure 3.39 Dirention indicator.
Figure 3.40 Handrail.
Brush guard
Escalator step
Direction Indicator

44
3.4 Conclusion
As a conclusion, Centro mall do abide by the Uniform Building By Law to ensure the user
safety. In term of sustainability, Centro Mall also perform well with the evidence that they
have sensor activated escalator and zoning for elevator, making the mechanical transport
system to be more efficient. However, based on observation, the lifts for the high zone
which connect the ground floor to the highest level, 32nd floor could also be seen in the
basement. Yet, the call button do not function. This is misleading and it wasted the spaces
in the basement area. Thus, it give a lesson to the designer to plan wisely in order to utilise
all the spaces within a building.
Emergency Stop Switch
A button to stop the escalator in
any emergency situation.
Figure 3.41 Emergency stop switch.
Figure 3.42 Anatomy of escalator ( Robson Forensic, n.d.)
Emergency stop switch

45
Active Fire Protection
Active fire system is the process of protecting the building from fire by using the system.
Usage of both mechanically activated and manually engaged by the users. Mechanical
active systems are only activated when fire is already present within the building as the
smoke and heat triggers the mechanism. The active fire protection system is further
divided into different category; sprinklers system, fire alarm systems, smoke and heat
extraction system and fire suppression system.
According to NulFire (2014), the aim of active system is to extinguish fire by perceiving
fire earlier, alerting emergency services at an early stage.
4.2 Introduction
Active fire protection is compulsory for any building; our case study building Centro Mall
is not exempted. There are several types of system that are used in Centro Mall to prevent
during the event of a fire outbreak.
There are several types of systems that can be found in the building and will discussed
further in this chapter with the various components that are used.
1. Fire Extinguisher
2. Fire Alarm System
3. Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System
4. Sprinkler System
5. Wet Riser System
6. Hose Reel System
The active fire protection system at Centro Mall is summarized in the following diagram.
Figure 4.2a Schematic Drawing of AFP System

46
4.3 Active Fire Protection System
4.3.1 Fire Alarm System
4.3.1.1 Overview
Fire detection systems are essential components in a building as they are designed to
warn and alert of a fire outbreak, hence allowing the appropriate firefighting actions to
take place.
Fire alarm bell and manual call points can be found at the corridors and also the car park
areas. Smoke detector are also provided around the building including fire escape routes
as well as lift lobby.
4.3.1.2 Components
4.3.1.2.1 Smoke Detector
Figure 4.3.1a Smoke detector
Smoke detector is located on the ceiling of every floor at alternated positions; numerous
smoke detectors are placed within the building that covers the whole floor area for a
complete radius detection of any incidence of smoke and as an indicator of fire.
Figure 4.3.1b Location of Smoke Detector of Ground Floor
UBBL – SECTION 225(1) Detecting and Extinguishing fire
Every building shall be provided with means of detecting
and extinguisher fire and alarms together with illuminated
exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified
in the tenth schedule to these by-laws.
Smoke Detector

47
Figure 4.3.1c Optical Smoke Detector
(Source: Apollo XP95 Optical Smoke Detector, 2016)
Centro Mall uses optical smoke detectors as optical smoke detector is generally more
sensitive than ionisation technology at detecting large particles of smoke, which tend to
be produced in greater amounts by slow smouldering fires, which may smoulder for
hours before bursting into flames. Sources of these fires may include cigarettes burning
in bedding or furniture.
4.3.1.2.2 Alarm Bell & Call Point
Figure 4.3.1d Alarm bell and call point
Both alarm bell and call point can be found plentiful in the Centro Mall along the
corridors, emergency staircase and exit doors, they are easily spotted with bright red
colour. The alarm bell is designed to ring to alert people in case of fire outbreak. It rings
at 103db (A), which is loud enough and can be heard in any situation. The alarm will
continue to ring until it is reset at the main control panel.
UBBL – SECTION 237 Fire Alarm
Alarm bell must be provide a minimum sound of
65db (A) or +5db (A) above any background
noises, which is likely to persist for more than 30
seconds
Alarm bell
Break Glass

48
Figure 4.3.1e Location of Alarm Bells and Glass Boxes
Figure 4.3.1f Detail of the alarm bell
(Source: Demco fire detection and protection systems, 2016)
4.3.1.2.3 Fire Control Room
Figure 4.3.1g Fire Control Roof of Centro Mall
The fire control room plays as the role of monitoring and controls components of fire alarm
system, which will indicate any presence of potential fire risks of every part of the building. If
there is anything that is broken or an alarm is triggered, the nearest guard on duty will be
The bell is mounted with its striker pointing downwards.
The bell is designed professionally to meet the needs of
fighting and the detection systems with central control
equipment, the simplicity of the design incorporates
fewer working parts, thus encouraging easy installation
and high level of efficiencycapable in operating under the
most adverse condition.
(Deco Industries Sdn Bhd, n.d).
UBBL – SECTION 237(2) Fire Alarm
All premises and building with gross floor area
excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290
square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height
shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system
with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given
immediately in the affected section of the premises
while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in
adjoining section

49
alerted to check the situation and report back. The signal will be deactivated if the guard
reported back as a false alarm.
Figure 4.3.1h Location Of Fire Control Room
The indication panel in figure 7.3g and fire detectors figure 7.3h will show the level that has fire
outbreak and the monitor will show the exact location of the source thus the printer will print the
report immediately.
Figure 4.3.1i
Monitor and panel
to control the
system
Figure 4.3.1j
Indication
Panel
Figure 4.3.1k Printer that
prints the report of fire
outbreak automatically
UBBL – SECTION 155(1): Fire Mode of Operation
The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may
be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually

50
4.3.1.2.4 Voice Communication
The fireman intercom system provides a reliable two-way emergency voice communication
system between the Master Console handset at the fire control room and the remote handset
stations that situated at the escape routes of the building.
4.3.1.2.5 Fire Switch
The fireman switch is a specialized switch disconnector or isolator. It is located in each level and
also outside wall of the building. The firemen will turn off the power supply to electrical
equipment in case of fire to prevent the overheated equipment from exploding. The switch can
also be used to run under voltage release in the main incoming breaker.
4.3.1.3 System Operation
Figure 4.3.1l Master Console at Fire Control
Room
Figure 4.3.1m Fireman Intercom at Escape Routes
Figure 7.3.1n Fire Switch
UBBL – SECTION 239 Voice Communication
There shall be two spate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communication
systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system
between a central control station and the following area:
(a) Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases
(b) In every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area
(c) In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be
combined with the public system
Master
Console
Fireman
Intercom
Fireman
Switch

51
These systems consist of a central control panel to which smoke alarms, bell or horn are
connected, they are activated when the system triggers an alarm or when the glass box is
broken along with the manual switch is pulled. An indication on the main fire panel will show
and light up at the source of the alarm hence the BOMBA will be informed and alerted. The
person in charge will verify if there’s fire, BOMBA will be coming to the building if they have not
been updated about the situation after 30 minutes.
Figure 4.3.1o Schematic Drawing of Fire Alarm System
(Source: Source: (Jon, 2016)

52
4.3.2 Sprinkler System
4.3.2.1 Overview
The fire sprinkler system is extensively used worldwide for its conveniences and efficiency. The
sprinkler systems are a series of an integrated network of water pipes, which connecting water
supplied by a reliable water supply to sprinkler nozzle that installed at specific area in the
building. The network of piping has a valve that controls the sprinklers piping and includes a
device for actuating an alarm when the system is in operation.
4.3.2.2 Components
4.3.2.2.1 Sprinkler
Figure 4.3.2a Sprinkler Figure 4.3.2b Sprinkler Parts
During the incipient fire stage, heat output is relatively low and unable to cause sprinkler
operation. As the fire intensity increases, the sprinkler’s sensing elements become exposed to
elevated temperatures and they begin to deform. The liquid is designed to expand and break the
tube at a certain temperature. The most common are designed to break at 155°F (68.3°C)
Figure 4.3.2c Location Of Sprinkler on Ground Floor
UBBL – SECTION 25(2) Certificate of Completion and Compliance
All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide
immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated
(Source: Intro to Automatic Fire
Sprinklers, Part 1, 2016)
Indoor
Sprinkler

53
4.3.2.2.2 Butterfly Valve
Figure 4.3.2c Butterfly Valve
Butterfly valve is a quarter-turn rotation motion valve that is use to regulate and start flow of
water of the sprinklers.
Figure 7.3.2d Butterfly Valve
(Source: nival Butterfly Valves, 2016)
Wafer-style butterfly valve is used at Centro Mall. The wafer style butterfly valve is designed to
maintain a seal against bi-directional pressure differential to prevent any backflow in systems
and it is designed for unidirectional flow. It accomplishes this with a tightly fitting seal and a flat
valve face on the upstream and downstream sides of the valve.
UBBL – SECTION 25(2)
Certificate of Completion and
Compliance
Sprinkler valves shall be
located in a safe and enclosed
position on the exterior wall
and shall be readily accessible
to the Fire Authority
A. Body - Main frame work of the valve
B. Liner – Provides the required tightness to
the valve
C. Shaft - Rod that drives the disc by rotatiom
D. Disc - Allows or blocks fluid to pass
E. Packing - Provides the atmospheric
integrity to the valve
F. Notch Plate - Locking the actuator in
intermediate positions if needed
G. Actuation – Slower action and large valve
sizes for remote and continuous operation
H. Name Plate- Providing the user the design
and working parameters of the valve

54
4.3.2.2.3 Pumps
Figure 4.3.2e Sprinkler Pump sets Figure 4.3.2f Sprinkler System control panel
Figure 4.3.2g Duty Pump for sprinkler Figure 4.3.2h Standby Pump
Figure 4.3.2h Jockey Pump
There are three main pumps, which is the Jockey pump, Duty Pump and Standby Pump. Pumps
are required in order to provide enough supply of water to the sprinkler riser at all times. Pump’s
suctions are permanently filled with water when the water tank is filled and all the pumps are
connected in parallel.
UBBL – SECTION 247 Water Storage
Main water storage tanks within the
building, other than for the hose reel
system, shall be located at the
ground, first or second basement
levels, with the fire brigade pumping
inlet connection accessible to the fire
appliances
Duty Pump
Standby
Pump
Jockey Pump

55
Figure 4.3.2i The Sprinkler System distribution from the water storage tank and is pumped by 3 pumps up to the
sprinkler valve
(Source: Designed and Promoted Maharashtra Industries Directory, 2016)
Jockey Pump - A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system to maintain
pressure in the sprinkler pipes to avoid non-emengency starting of the main fire pump. This is to
ensure that if a fire-sprinkler is activated, there will be a pressure drop, which will be sensed by
the fire pumps automatic controller, which will cause the fire pump to start.
Duty Pump – The duty will start to function when the pressure drops to 70psi and provide enough
pressure of water so that the system can be activated in order. The duty pump runs with an
electrical motor pump to channel water to the sprinkler system
Standby Pump: The standby pumps runs on diesel. When the duty pump fails to operate at the
pressure of 50psi, the standby pump will be automatically activated.
Figure 4.3.2j Valces that control the water flow at various zone as shown in the schematic drawing
Sprinkler
Valve

56
4.3.2.2.4 Water Tank
Figure 4.3.2k Water Tank Figure 4.3.2l Water level indication
The location for the water tank of Centro Mall for sprinkler system, hose reel system and wet riser
system is located in the fire pump room as well as the rooftop together with the cooling tower.
The source of water of the tank comes from the main pipe of SYSBAS. The water level indication
is required to put it this way to ensure sufficient water in case of an emergency.
The sprinkler system is an automatically activated system. In sprinkler system, the sprinkler
points when it detects the heat above 68.3°C, the glass bulb breaks and ruptures the seal between
the sprinkler head orifice and network pipe thus discharge of water occurs through the sprinkler
nozzle. This detection will send a signal to the fire alarm panel and visual as well as auditable
signal from the fire affected area to the fire brigade.
When the pressure in the pipe drops to a pre-determined setting in the pressure switch, the
sprinkler pump sets will operate. It is functioning with three main elements called Jockey, Duty
and Standby pumps. The later must be switched off manually in the pump room. In case of any
fault, it will be indicated in the pump room control panel.
Once the fire has been put off, the isolator valve has to be closed, sprinkler head must be replaced
and the main fire pump in the pump room must be manually stopped. After the isolator valve is
reopen, the jockey pump will automatically cut in and boost the pressure until the required
system standing pressure is reached.
UBBL – SECTION 247 Water Storage
1. Water storage capacity and water flow rate for the firefighting system and
installation shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the tenth
schedule to these by-laws
2. Storage tank fir automatic sprinkle installation where full capacity if provided
without the need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in
their locations
Water Tank
Water Level Indication

57
4.3.3 Hose Reel System
4.3.3.1 Overview
Centro mall is protected by a series of hose reel system running throughout the building with the
pump set which is located in the fire pump room at basement 1. The system consists of pumps,
pipes, water suppy and hose reel. The system is manually operated and activated by opening a
valve enabling the water to flow into the hose that is typically 30 meters away. The system
pressure loss will activate the pump ensuring adequate water flow and pressure to provide a
water jet of typically a minimum of 10 meter from the nozzle.
Pump sets in Centrol Mall:
Pump Set Cut-In Pressure (Psi) Cut-Out Pressure (Psi)
Jockey Pump 160 210
Duty Pump 140 200
Standby Pump 110 200
In Centro Mall, hose reel system is located strategically, ensuring proper coverage of water to
combat a fire. It is always stored behind a closed door with hose reel icon labelled on the door.
4.3.3.2 Components
4.3.3.2.1 Hose Reel Drum
Figure 4.3.3a Hose Reel Drum
The hose reel is complete with 30m long 25mm diameter bore non-kink braided rubber hose
conforming to BS3167. Maximum bursting pressure of the hose is 600 psi while the working
pressure is around 160psi
UBBL – SECTION 244(c) Standard Required
Hose reel shall be located at every 45 meters (depends on the building form) Besides, fire hose
reel should be located at the strategic places in buildings, especially nearer to firefighting access
lobbies in order to provide a reasonably accessible and controlled supply of water for fire
extinguishing
Hose Reel
Drum
Nozzle

58
4.3.3.2.2 Hose Reel Drum Pumps
Figure 4.3.3b Pump Set for Hose Reel Figure 4.3.3c Pumps for Hose Reel
Hose reel collecting water from the water tank directing to the Jockey Pump, Standby Pump and
Duty Pump. The hose reel operates automatically when there is an incline of pressure or flow of
water is detected. The duty pump operates when the pressure drops to 140psi. When the duty
pump fail, the standby pump will start to operate automatically.
Figure 4.3.3c Schematic Drawing of Hose Reel System
(Source: Jon, 2016)
Hose Reel
Pump

59
Hose reel system is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire and comprises
hose reel pumps, fire water tank, hose reels, pipe work and valves. The hose reel system generally
serves as an initial fire fighting aid. When the hose reel is brought into use the pressure in the
pipe immediately downstream of the pump check valves will drops below the field adjusted
pressure setting of the pressure switch thereby triggering the pump to come into operation
automatically to feed a steady supply of water to discharge through the hose. Fire fighting hose
reel is the part which can be easily accessible.
The hose reel system is easily to operate by one person and required minimal operator
instruction
1. Proceed to the nearest hose reel during fire outbreak
2. Open the nozzle that is located at the hose reel compartment
3. Swing the hose reel and extend it to the fire area
4. Turn the adjustable nozzle to the fire
5. Ensure the hose reel pump is turned on
After the fire has been extinguished:
1. Shut down the nozzle by turning the adjustable nozzle
2. Swing the hose reel back to the original place
3. Put the drum back in place
4. Shut down the system by turning off the valve

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4.3.4 Wet Riser System
4.3.4.1 Overview
Wet risers are intended for use by the Fire Service to provide a readily available means of
delivering considerable quantities of water to extinguish or prevent the spread of fire in large
buildings. The system consist of a network of pipes connecting water supplies to the landing of
the valves. When there is a fire outbreak, hoses that are connected to this valve are used to direct
water to the fire.
All wet riser pipes remain charged with water at systems pressure. The opening of a hydrant
landing valve or hose reel on any floor reduces the pressure in the pipeline and starts the hydrant
pump. Pump sets of suitable capacity are provided for this purpose. Because of the static pressure
differential caused by the change in floor height, a multi stage pump is employed so that different
tapping can be taken from output of the pump. Each of these tapping can be used to serve more
than one floor.
Wet riser is usually equipped in buildings where there are floors higher than 50m above access
level. Wet riser tank and wet riser pump are both located at the fire pump room at basement 1.
4.3.4.2 Components
4.3.4.2.1 Wet Riser
Figure 4.3.4b Wet Riser
Wet risers are usually located in a small room sometimes with fire extinguisher and hose reel.
This is easier access for firemen to get the riser to put out fire.
UBBL – SECTION 231 Installation and Testing of Wet
Rising System
1. Wet rising system shall be provided in every
building in which top most floor is more than
30.5 meters above the fire appliances access
level
2. A hose connection shall be provided in each
firefighting access lobby
Wet Riser
Valve

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4.3.4.2.2 Wet Riser Pump Sets
Figure 4.3.4c Wet Riser Pump Set
Pump Set Cut-In Pressure (Psi) Cut-Out Pressure (Psi)
Jockey Pump 160 210
Duty Pump 140 200
Standby Pump 110 200
4.3.4.2.3 Wet Riser Pumps
Figure 4.3.4d Wet Riser Pumps at Fire Pump Room Figure 4.3.4e Wet Riser Control Panel
The wet riser pumps are used to pump water to the wet risers. The pump control panel is to
control the operation of each wet riser pump.

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Figure 4.3.4f Location of Wet Riser Pumps
Pressure regulating landing valve for the wet riser system is installed and are set between 4.5 bar
to 5.0 bar. Hoses completed with required nozzles and coupling for connection to the landing
valves are also installed in a hose cradles.
Futhurmore, there is also a series of pipe connecting source of water from the water tank and
pumps to the landing valces. All pipes are galvanized.
Figure 4.3.4g Wet Riser System
(Source: Jon, 2016)

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4.3.5 Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System
4.3.5.1 Overview
CO2 Fire extinguishers of Centro Mall are located at control room and high voltage rooms. Carbon
dioxide is chosen as not only it is fast efficient, adaptable to wide range of hazards without damage.
4.3.5.2 Components
4.3.5.2.1 CO2 Cylinders
Figure 4.3.5a Co2 Cylinder
CO2 at atmospheric pressure is a colourless, odourless and electrically non-conductive inert gas.
It has high expansion ratio, which facilities rapid discharge and allows three-dimensional quick
penetrations in the entire hazard area. It has high efficiency to extinguish fire by reducing the
oxygen content of the protected area below the point where it can support combustion.
UBBL – Section 236: Special Hazards
Places constituting special hazards or risks due to the
nature of storage, trade, occupancy, or size shall be
required to be protected by fixed installations,
protective devices and systems and special
extinguishers as may be required by Fire Authority

64
A series of high-pressured cylinders containing extinguishing agent connected to discharge
nozzles. When there is a fire outbreak in the protected space, the cylinders will release the
extinguishing agent and discharge into atmosphere through interconnecting pipes and through
nozzle within 10 seconds.
This system is an automatic and manually operated with design based on 30 seconds delay. The
first alarm will ring and trip off the exhaust fan when the first detector detects the smoke. Hence
CO2 gas will be discharged after the second detector is activated.
Figure 4.3.5b CO2 Fire Suppression System
(Source: High Pressure Co2 System, n.d.)

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4.3.6 Fire Extinguisher
4.3.6.1 Overview
There are few different types of extinguisher. In Centro Mall they only own the ‘Dry Powder’ as
well as the CO2 fire extinguisher, it is provided at escape corridor, car park and electrical room.
Figure 4.3.6a Types of Fire Extinguisher
(Source: Fire and Security, n.d.)
4.3.6.2 Components
4.3.6.2.1 ABC Powder Fire Extinguisher
Figure 4.3.6a ABC Powder Figure 4.3.6b Fire Extinguisher Parts
Fire Extinguisher (Source: Anon, 2015)
Contain dry chemical, mono-ammonium phosphate that is able to put out fire fast and
efficiently. It is a yellow powder that is able to put all three classes of fire. Class A for trash,
wood and paper. Class B for gasses and liquids, class C for energized electrical source.
UBBL – Section 227 Portable Extinguisher
Portable fire extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of practice
and shall be sited in prominent position on exit routes to be visible from all direction and
similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation

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4.3.6.2.2 CO2 Fire Extinguisher
Figure 4.3.6c CO2 Fire Extinguisher Figure 4.3.6d Parts of CO2 Fire Extinguisher
The CO2 Extinguisher contain carbon dioxide in liquid form, it can be used on Class B & electrical
fires regardless high or low voltage. When the extinguisher is let off, the liquid is released into the
air neutralising the oxygen that the fire is feeding on, disabling the fires ability to spread. This is
an effective way to put out fires and also prevent fire from reoccurring because of the lack of
oxygen and the ice cold temperature of the CO2 when released from the extinguisher
Figure 4.3.6e Location of ABC Power in Ground Floor
When there is a fire outbreak, steps below should be taken:
1. Remove the fire extinguisher
2. Bring the extinguisher to the fire
3. Pull out safety pin
4. Aim the nozzle towards the fire and squeeze the lever
After the extinguisher is used, check and send back to the manufactured before using it again.
(Source: CO2 Fire Extinguishers, n.d.) (Source: Different Types of Fire Extinguishers Used
on Ships, 2012)

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4.3.7 Fire Hydrant System
4.3.7.1 Overview
Fire Hydrant is a connection point by which firemen can tap into a fire supply during a fire
event. There is overall five fire hydrant can be found in Centro Mall. Two is located in the
ground floor while other three is located in Basement 2.
4.3.7.2 Component
4.3.7.2.1 Fire Hydrant
Figure 4.3.7a Yellow Fire Hydrant
All five fire hydrants in Centro Mall are yellow hydrants that have a flow rate between 500 and
999 gallons per minutes.
UBBL – SECTION 225
(2) Every building shall be serve by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5
meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access
(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire
appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as many be required by Fire Authority

68
Fire hydrant installation consists of pipework connected directly to the water supply mains to
provide water to each and every hydrant outlet and is intended to provide water for the fireman
to fight a fire. The water is discharge into the fire engine from which it is then pumped and
sprayed over a fire. Where there have inadequate water supply, thus hydrant pumps are provided
to pressurize the fire mains.
Figure 4.3.7b Fire Hydrant System
(Source: Jon, 2016 )
Conclusion
Upon a thorough investigation and analysis of each individual active fire protection provided in
Centro Mall, it is safe to say that the mall has an effective and efficient active fire protection. They
have obeyed and met all the strict details condition stated in the UBBL that is related to active fire
protection system. Centro Mall also follows updates by the BOMBA for additional state of the art
protection from time to time. In a nutshell, the overall system in Centro Mall is very systematic,
in fact, considering the analysis that I have conducted, there is no need for us to suggest a better
recommendation for Centro as it is already built with safe first. Last, I would say Centro Mall has
an excellent example of fire protection case studies for student to gain knowledge or rather
understand more about AFP.

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Passive Fire Protection
Passive fire protection is one of the two fire protection systems in a building design, with
the other being active fire protection. Passive fire protection begins at the designing and
the concept stages of a building construction. With user safety being high at risk, it is one
of the most effective ways to curb the spread of fire and also provide the most convenient
and immediate exits in the event of fire. Despite having a reliable active fire protection
system, passive fire protection is ‘built into the building’, undeniably crucial in a critical
situation to protect building occupants in an event of fire, mitigates the risk of structural
disintegration and reduce spalling, according to Alfred Haack (Haack, 2013). Hence, the
application of passive fire protection has a profound impact on both building occupants
and also the degree of damage of the building.
4.4 Introduction to Passive Fire Protection
Centro Mall, the case study for this report has a variety of passive fire protection
measures designed to curb and prevent the spread of fire in the event of a fire outbreak.
Smoke extraction will be discussed under the topic of ventilation. Figure 4.4a below
summarizes the passive fire protection measures found in Centro Mall.
Figure 4.4a: Summary of passive fire protection in Centro Mall.

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4.5 Passive Fire Protection System
4.5.1Means of Escape
Means of escape is a safe evacuation route to transport a building occupant from a
distressed situation to safe zones (outside the building). Such protected areas or safe
zones should be constructed using non-combustible or extremely durable materials. In
large complexes with high user occupancy such as Centro Mall, our case study, building
occupants cannot directly escape from the building due to the large areas and many floors.
Occupants are usually directed to a protected corridor/staircase, which will lead them to
the final exit point and eventually out of the building.
Figure 4.5.1a: Means of escape.
4.5.1.1 Fire Evacuation Route
Figure 4.5.1a: Fire escape plan on every floor, usually located near the lift unit.
UBBL SECTION 165: EXITS TO BE ACCESSIBLE AT ALL
TIMES
(1) Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two
separate exits shall be provided from each story together
with such additional exits as may be necessary.

71
Figure 4.5.1b: Escape route highlighted in red to the nearest escape staircase.
Figure 4.5.1c: Evacuation process.
In an event of fire, the scalding flames and suffocating smoke can pose as critical threats
to the wellbeing and safety of building occupants. Hence, the fire escape and evacuation
route should be designed well as it is extremely important to provide a fast and efficient
means of escape in a distress situation. In Centro Mall, there are eight escape staircases
in a floor, providing ample means of escape should fire occur.
Besides a well-designed fire evacuation route, ample signage indicating the escape route
should be placed within the building as reference to building occupants at any place and
floor they are located at. The fire evacuation route plan is usually stated at every floor
usually nearby lift unit. The plan should convey clear, concise directions leading to the
nearest exit points.

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4.5.1.2 Escape Travel Distance
Figure 4.5.1d.: Exit points are distributed evenly (> 5 metres) throughout each floor of Centro Mall to prevent
congestion.
Escape travel distance is also a significant part of the fire evacuation route which means
the shortest escape route possible from one end of the floor to the temporary safe zones
like the nearest exit or emergency staircase. With thoughtful consideration, Centro Mall
provides good travel distance design to prevent human traffic congestion should an event
of fire occur.
Centro Mall consists of sufficient escape exits which is great for evacuating the crowd in
a quick manner should a fire occur. However, despite having many exits, the exits should
be placed at least 5 metres apart from each other to prevent crowd congestion during the
evacuation process. With reference to UBBL Section 174(1), Centro Mall complies with
this by-law as the storey exits are definitely placed more than 5 metres apart from each
other.
UBBL SECTION 165
(3) In the case of individual rooms which are subject to occupancy of not more than six persons, the travel distance
shall be measured from the doors of each rooms: provided that the travel distance from any point in the room to
room door does not exceed 15 metres.
UBBL SECTION 165
(4) The maximum travel distance to exits and dead end limits shall be specified in the Seventh Schedule of these by-
laws.
UBBL SECTION 174
(1) Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than 5 metres apart measured
between the nearest openings.

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4.5.1.3 Assembly Point
Figure 4.5.1e: Assembly area outside the
building.
Figure 4.5.1f: Final emergency exit leading to the assembly
point.
Figure 4.5.1g: Ground floor plan indicating the location of assembly point.
The assembly point is the final destination of the fire escape route. Upon escaping from
the building interior to the building exterior via escape staircase and emergency exits,
building occupants must seek refuge in an open area free from hazards of a fire
outbreak. This area must also be large enough to accommodate the crowd, and serves as
a convenient location to conduct headcounts and miscellaneous rescue process.
In Centro Mall, the assembly point is located at the open areas next to the building. Most
final fire escape exit points lead to the assembly area.

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4.5.2 Fire Escape Staircase
Figure 4.5.2a: Fire escape staircase
Figure 4.5.2b: Fire escape staircase layout in a typical building floor of Centro Mall.
UBBL SECTION 168:
(4) The required width of a staircase shall be
maintained throughout its lengths including at
landings
UBBL SECTION 168:
(5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so
positioned that their swing shall at no point
encroached on the required width of the staircase or
landing.
UBBL SECTION 168:
(1) Except as provided for By-Law 194, every upper floor shall have means of egres via at least two separate
staircases.
(2) The required width of the staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails maybe permitted to
encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millilitres.

75
Fire escape staircases are located on every floor, usually stacked above one another to
form a continuous vertical stairwell to provide a direct access to safe zones. From Figure
4.5.2b, there are eight escape staircase identified on each floor, providing ample exits for
building occupants. These fire escape staircases should meet strict UBBL requirements in
terms of dimensions and adequate fire protection systems. Figure 4.5.2c and 4.5.2d below
portrays the different types of staircase landings found in Centro Mall.
Figure 4.5.2c: Landing A - Bigger escape
staircase landing on the ground floor and
first floor.
Figure 4.5.2d: Landing B - Common escape staircase landing found
throughout the mall.
There are two distinct types of escape staircase landings found in Centro Mall which differ
in dimensions. The dimensions are identified and the differences are recorded in the
Figure 4.5.2e below. The landings found on the ground and first floors are evidently larger,
albeit a having the same width.
Landing A (Figure 4.5.2c) Details Landing B (Figure 4.5.2d)
Single flight straight stairs Typology Half-turn stairs
Ground floor, first floor (exits connected to the fire
rescue access lane)
Location Second floor onwards
Figure 4.5.2e: Dimension differences between escape staircase landings found in Centro Mall.
The escape staircase is consistently maintained at a width of 1200 mm, double the width
of the landing. However, the staircase riser height is observed and measured to be
inconsistent. As seen in Figure 4.5.2f, certain steps are designed taller than standard
measured heights. According to UBBL, the maximum riser height should only be 180 mm
and minimum thread length should be 255 mm. These steps have already exceeded the
maximum riser dimensions.
Personally, this is perceived as a safety threat to the users of an escape staircase. This
might cause unsuspecting users to trip and fall, especially in the event of fire which is

76
often chaotic and requires quick movement. The management of Centro Mall should
amend and take notice of this step discrepancy.
Figure 4.5.2f: Inconsistent staircase riser. Figure 4.5.2g: Limited headroom found in one of
the escape staircases (human for scale).
Another interesting finding about fire escape staircases in Centro Mall is the limited
headroom space provided in two of the escape stairwells. As one walks down the
staircase, the limited headroom is noticed and might pose as an obstructing hazard to
users.
Besides fulfilling appropriate dimensions, emergency staircase should constitute a few
other mandatory passive fire protection elements which includes fire-rated doors and
emergency exit signage, which will be further elaborated below.
200 mm

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4.5.3 Fire-rated Door
Figure 4.5.3a: Fire-rated door.
Fire-rated doors are extremely crucial elements of a fire escape staircase as they are a
sturdy and durable means of separation between building occupants and raging flames
in the event of fire. The fire-rated doors are usually made out of gypsum and vermiculite
board, and they are very durable, sustaining up to an hour’s worth of fire damage before
breaking down, providing ample time for escape.
Figure 4.5.3b: Double-leaf fire-rated door. Figure 4.5.3c: Single-leaf fire-rated door.
Dimensions: 1600 mm x 2100 mm Dimensions: 900 mm x 2100 mm
UBBL SECTION 162
(2) Openings in compartment walls and
separating walls shall be protected by a fire
door having a FRP in accordance with the
requirements for that wall specified in the
Ninth Schedule to these by-laws.

78
In Centro Mall, there are two types of fire-rated doors identified: single-leaf doors and
double-leaf doors. Both are used as a barrier to fire escape staircase and other
M&E/facility rooms. Both single-leaf and double-leaf doors serve similar functions albeit
the differences in dimensions. Fire-rated doors are identified by a few compulsory
components as annotated accordingly in Figure 4.5.3d:
Figure 4.5.3d: Annotated diagram of fire-rated door and its components.
(Source: RaynerDoors, n.d.)
Figure 4.5.3e: Magnetic door closer
automatically closes the fire-rated door.
Figure 4.5.3f: Dilapidated door knob might cause the user to be
trapped within the escape stairwell.
Every fire-rated door in Centro Mall is fitted with a magnetic door closer, compliant to
UBBL Section 173(2). The magnetic door closer ensures that the fire-rated door is always
close after every use. In the event of fire, this self-closing property of the fire-rated door
helps to compartmentalize and isolate the spread of fire into the escape stairwell.
UBBL SECTION 173: EXIT DOORS
(1) All exit doors should be openable
from the inside without the use of a
key or any special knowledge or
effort.
UBBL SECTION 173: EXIT DOORS
(2) Exit doors shall close
automatically when released and all
door devices including magnetic door
holders, shall release the doors upon
power failure or activation of the fire
alarm.

79
According to UBBL Section 173(1), fire escape exit doors should always remain openable
and easily navigable by everyone without any special knowledge or a use of keys, so that
a quick means of escape can be achieved without any complexity. However, certain fire-
rated door requirements are not achieved as we found that some doorknobs are not
properly maintained, causing the fire-rated door to be inaccessible from inside out. The
management of the mall should repair the doors immediately, as this might cause
building occupants to be trapped within the stairwell and unable to escape to the outside
of the building.
4.5.4 Emergency Signage
Figure 4.5.4a: Illuminated exit sign. Figure 4.5.4b: Fire-rated
door with clear labelling.
Figure 4.5.4c: Fire escape staircase symbol indicating
location of escape staircase.
Figure 4.5.4d: Ample placement of exit signs.
Every emergency staircase should be labelled clearly with signage to indicate function
and direction that the staircase is indeed to be used during the event of fire to prevent
confusion. Compliant with UBBL Section 172(4), illuminated signage is applied in Centro
Mall, usually located on the top of the door to provide ample illumination in consideration
of a fire outbreak whereby visibility is significantly reduced by darkness and smoke.
UBBL SECTION 172
(2) A sign reading ‘KELUAR’ with an
arrow indicating the direction shall be
placed in every location where the
direction of travel to reach the nearest
exit is not immediately apparent.
UBBL SECTION 172
(4) All exit signs must be labelled shall
be illuminated continuously during
periods of occupancy.

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Besides directional signages, labels should be placed on fire-rated doors to indicate the
point of exit and avoid confusion. In Centro Mall, adequate amount of signages are placed
within each floor to indicate exit point directions. Fire-rated doors on the ground floors
are labelled clearly as seen in Figure 4.5.4b to indicate the final exit point for stairwell
users.
4.5.5 Fire Rescue Access
Figure 4.5.5a: Five metre access lane exclusively for fire
rescue unit, complemented with fire hydrant.
Figure 4.5.5b: Location of fire rescue access highlighted on the site plan.
UBBL SECTION 140: Fire Appliances Access.
All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall
abut upon a street or road or open space of not less
than 1 metre width and accessible to fire brigade
appliances.
5 m width

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Fire rescue access should be incorporated into building design to accommodate a safet,
quick route for fire trucks during a fire outbreak. It should be designed to meet fire
equipment and load requirements. With reference to UBBL Section 140, buildings of
more than 7000 cubic metres capacity should be directly adjacent to an open space,
such as a road or a street, which is more than a metre wide to allow access for fire
rescue initiatives. In Centro Mall, the service alley also doubles as a fire rescue access
lane which is ideal as the lane is not accessible and congested by other visiting or cargo
drop-off vehicles.
The 5 metre fire rescue access lane has successfully complied to the dimension
requirements stated in the by-law (adjacent open space to be > 1 metre width). A fire
hydrant is also placed strategically in this location, providing water supply and
facilitating the fire rescue process.
4.5.6 Smoke Curtain
Figure 4.5.6a: Smoke curtain at its
default position.
Figure 4.5.6b: Controls to the
smoke curtain.
Smoke curtains are part of the fire resistant barriers found in Centro Mall used as a
segregational membrane to prevent the spread of flame and fire. This feature is especially
important in shopping centres and places with high occupancy. The smoke curtain made
out of impervious and heat-resistant material, making it ideal to compartmentalize
smoke and hot gases.
UBBL SECTION 161
(1) Any fire stop required by the
provisions of this Part shall be so
formed and positioned as to
prevent or retard the passage of
flame.

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Figure 4.5.6c: Smoke curtain in operational state, released in a
controlled manner after being activated.
(Source: AceDoors, 2015)
Figure 4.5.6d: Smoke curtain above glass
partitioned doors. Hazard line is drawn to
caution users about the curtain release when
it is activated.
Figure 4.5.6e: Diagram of a fire curtain
(Source: Fire Curtains, n.d.)
When it is not in its operational state, the smoke curtain will stay hidden in a shaft called
the top box until it is activated by the fire alarm panel. The smoke curtains are located
adequately on every floor and will be activated should an event of fire outbreak arise,
whereby the curtains will be released using a roller blind technology A fire-resistive
barrier between fire and building occupants will be formed, compartmentalizing the fire
and prevent spreading. It has a fire-resistive integrity for the duration of 1 hour.

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4.5.7 Fire-rated Ceiling and Floors
Figure 4.5.7a: Compartment ceilings and floors.
Fire-rated ceiling and floors are used as a means of passive fire control to
compartmentalize fire and prevent it from spreading to other areas. According to UBBL
Section 138(D), floors above the basement (carpark) unit should be constructed as a
compartment floor and wall.
4.5.8 Separation of Fire-Risk Areas
UBBL SECTION 137:
In any building, which exceeds 30 metres
in height, any floor that is more than 9
metres above the ground floor level, which
separates one storey from another storey,
other than a floor, which is either within a
marionette, or a mezzanine floor shall be
constructed as a compartment floor.
UBBL SECTION 138
(D) The following walls and floors in
buildings shall be constructed as
compartment walls or compartment
floors: Any floor immediately over a
basement storey if such basement storey
has an area exceeding 100 square metres.
UBBL SECTION 139
The following area or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire-
resisting construction of elements of structure of FRP to be determined by local authority based on the degree of
hazard:
(a) Boiler room and associated fuel storage areas;
(b) Laundries;
(c) Repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials;
(d) Storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous;
(e) Liquefied gas petroleum storage areas;
(f) Linen rooms;
(g) Transformer rooms and substations;
(h) Flammable liquid stores.

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Figure 4.5.8a: Fire pump M&E room at the basement
level.
Figure 4.5.8b: Lift motor room at the 20th floor, isolated
from other rooms with heavy machinery.
Certain areas and spaces in a building might have dedicated purposes or contain special
furniture, material or storage. These areas with delicate equipment and materials require
special and properly designed passive fire protection measures by separating them from
other areas of high occupancy, according to UBBL Section 139.
Centro Mall consists of spaces with various functional typologies and proper space
planning efforts should be considered to mitigate the risk of the occurrence and spread
of fire. For example, instead of placing all mechanical and electrical rooms in a cluster,
these rooms are placed dispersedly throughout the three floors of Centro Mall.
4.6 Conclusion
In an event of fire, the safety and wellbeing of building occupants is regarded as the
highest priority. Thus, fire protection measures applied and designed in a building should
comply with BOMBA-approved standards and the UBBL. The passive fire protection
applied by Centro Mall in overall meets the required standards. Commendable efforts
include the evenly-distributed fire escape points throughout each floor, resulting to a
well-planned route with minimal travel distance from any location. However, there are
certain areas of interest which are questionable as there are discrepancies in terms of
dimensions. For example, certain riser heights in the escape staircase are much taller
than the maximum allowed dimensions, and some door knobs on the fire-rated doors are
in a state of disrepair.
Such discrepancies might cause injuries in the chaotic atmosphere of a fire outbreak.
Proper and detailed inspection should be conducted to ensure that all passive fire
protection measures are in a good and functional condition. After all, these fire
prevention measures should be in an ever-ready operable condition as fire accidents are
unforeseeable and unpredictable circumstances.

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Conclusion
We have come to the conclusion that Centro Mall, Klang have presented a plausible
performance as their equipment are considerably new and up to date. The Facilities
Management are cautious about the facilities by having regular maintenance and
patrolling even though most of the system is controlled by the BAS (Building Automation
System). Below are summaries on each building system before concluding.
In Air Conditioning System, the system was carried out effectively in Centro Mall as the
placement of the chiller plant room is located isolated from the commercial area which is
located in the 2nd Floor, reason being the noise produced by the chillers could possess
nuisance to the users in the building. Proper energy saving strategy is implied, the main
functioning chiller will switch to a smaller chiller at night as there are lesser users in
building and heat emitted. This strategy ensures the efficiency and the integrity of the
chillers by reducing its work load.
In Fire Protection System, the systems are properly installed for both active and passive
design. Clear instructions and direction are provided to the public by signs and directions
to ensure a safer evacuation and escape procedure that could be carried out effectively
during any emergencies.
During our tour around the building, we’ve noticed some minor problems with the
Mechanical Transportation System whereby the lifts for the high zone which connect the
ground floor to the highest level, 32nd floor could also be seen in the basement. Yet, the
call button is not functioning. This is misleading and it has wasted the spaces in the
basement area therefore we’ve suggested that the space planning could be improved to
lessen the amount of wasted space there is in the building. Other than that, Centro Mall
has effectively followed the Malaysian Standard by placing facilities at strategic locations
to ensure human comfort and user accessibility.
As for the Mechanical Ventilation System, it is considered moderate and done in a
traditional way. The systems are in an organized way where the ductworks are neatly
hidden inside the ceiling. However, the ductwork at the basement did create lower ceiling
and may disturb users’ movement or air movement in case of emergency. But overall,
Centro Mall practiced good mechanical ventilation and achieved thermal comfort in
human satisfaction level. Suggestions include a more innovative way of ductwork, for
example, in the field of mechanical ventilation, Centro Mall could have used ductless
ventilation to increase its efficiency for a medium scaled building like Centro Mall.

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measures. Journal of Fire Sciences, 34(3), 171-198.
doi:10.1177/0734904116636642

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