The document discusses the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems used at SP Setia Headquarters. It describes the jet fan system used in the basement parking area to ventilate air and extract smoke in a fire. It also discusses the centralized air conditioning system, including the refrigeration cycle, air cooled chillers, cooling towers, and air handling units used to cool and circulate air throughout the building. Variable air volume and underfloor air distribution systems are used for zone control, with floor and ceiling diffusers distributing conditioned air.
Design of air conditioning and ventilation system for a multi storey office b...eSAT Journals
Abstract This project consists of how the proposed centralized air conditioning and mechanical ventilation system is designed and its criterion for a new building in Hyderabad. It consists of seven floors and two basements having an area of 39000sft per floor. The two basement (lower and upper) and major part of ground floor shall be meant for offices with a total area of 273000sft. The main objective is to create a thermally controlled environment within the space of a building envelope such as office space, BMS room, society room, entrance lobby etc. and building mechanical ventilation namely basement ventilation, staircase pressurisation, lift well pressurisation, toilet exhaust etc. Design and planning of the above system shall meet the required below customer objectives, like econoical in cost,energy efficient,simple and flexible with respect to operation and maintenance. The tentative air conditioning load for the system shall be 800TR apprix. Air cooled screw chillers with secondary variable pumping system are proposed to make the system energy efficient. The proposed air conditioning plant shall be located on the sw side on the building terrace. keywords: chillers, variable air volume, air handling unit
Design of air conditioning and ventilation system for a multi storey office b...eSAT Journals
Abstract This project consists of how the proposed centralized air conditioning and mechanical ventilation system is designed and its criterion for a new building in Hyderabad. It consists of seven floors and two basements having an area of 39000sft per floor. The two basement (lower and upper) and major part of ground floor shall be meant for offices with a total area of 273000sft. The main objective is to create a thermally controlled environment within the space of a building envelope such as office space, BMS room, society room, entrance lobby etc. and building mechanical ventilation namely basement ventilation, staircase pressurisation, lift well pressurisation, toilet exhaust etc. Design and planning of the above system shall meet the required below customer objectives, like econoical in cost,energy efficient,simple and flexible with respect to operation and maintenance. The tentative air conditioning load for the system shall be 800TR apprix. Air cooled screw chillers with secondary variable pumping system are proposed to make the system energy efficient. The proposed air conditioning plant shall be located on the sw side on the building terrace. keywords: chillers, variable air volume, air handling unit
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
I will describe those things in this PPT
Introduction
Principles of air-conditioning,
Type of-of air-conditioning,
Cooling cycle / refrigeration cycle,
The coolant,
thanks
In the Summer Air Conditioning system, the air is cooled, which is commonly joined by Dehumidification. In Summer, the outside condition is hot. Therefore, there will be a nonstop transfer of sensible heat as well as moisture from outside to the building. It is the sort of cooling, where the air is cooled and by and large dehumidified. The air provided to the adapted space is cooled and dehumidified. Sensible and latent heat loss from outside is an essential aspect of it.
Building services engineering, technical building services, architectural engineering, building engineering, or facilities and services planning engineering refers to the implementation of the engineering for the internal environment and environmental impact of a building.
I will describe those things in this PPT
Introduction
Principles of air-conditioning,
Type of-of air-conditioning,
Cooling cycle / refrigeration cycle,
The coolant,
thanks
In the Summer Air Conditioning system, the air is cooled, which is commonly joined by Dehumidification. In Summer, the outside condition is hot. Therefore, there will be a nonstop transfer of sensible heat as well as moisture from outside to the building. It is the sort of cooling, where the air is cooled and by and large dehumidified. The air provided to the adapted space is cooled and dehumidified. Sensible and latent heat loss from outside is an essential aspect of it.
A Compact Remote Switching With Efficient Monitoring For AC PlantsIJRST Journal
Remote monitoring has been implemented in many areas. This paper
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monitoring using PIC Microcontroller. Remote monitoring and intelligent
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through manually and the control switches and level monitoring unit were
placed at separate places. Due to this, we cannot monitor all units at a time. In
our proposed system, remote switching and monitoring is done in the control
room itself. Majority of industries use distributed control system for high
reliability, improve response time, improved operator interface to plant,
improved accessibility of plant data.
Air conditioners, also known as ACs or air con, are a common sight in many households, businesses, and public spaces around the world. They are used to cool down the air and regulate the temperature and humidity levels in a room or building, making it more comfortable for people to work, sleep, or relax. But how do air conditioners actually work?
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Introduction
Mechanical ventilation helps to provide fresh air in a building by circulating the fresh air
through ducts and fans rather than relying on airflow through the building’s small holes or cracks
in walls, roofs or windows. Without mechanical ventilation, moisture, odors and other pollutants
can build up inside a building which can reduce the productivity of occupants. This can be
prevented by installing fans directly in walls or windows, or in air ducts to supply into or remove
air from the building.
Air conditioning provides cooling, ventilation and humidity control for all parts of the
building. The use of air conditioning system in a building can provide human thermal comfort,
improved air quality, silent operation, reduce humidity and provide controllable comfort. To
maintain indoor air conditions, air conditioned buildings normally have sealed windows since
open windows counteract the system.
https://www.energystar.gov/ia/new_homes/features/MechVent_062906.pdf
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation_of_buildings
http://www.airconditioningwellingborough.co.uk/Air-Conditioning-Explained.asp
http://www.advantage-asl.co.uk/news/the-benefits-of-air-conditioning-in-the-workplace
2. 2.0 Mechanical Ventilation: Jet Fan System
Jet fans system is found in the basement or enclosed car parking space of SP Setia
Headquarters where it provides either normal ventilation and also even help extract smoke in the
event of a fire, or a combination of both. The jet fan system includes 3 ventilations elements, the
carbon monoxide detection sensors, a control panel and CFD (computational fluid dynamics)
analysis. These 3 elements are critical for a ventilation system to operate effectively in the car
park.
Jet fans found at the top of the basement car parks in SP Setia HQ
Jet fan system consists of a set of axial impulse fans, which operates similarly to a ducted
system. When it is installed on the ceiling, this system ventilates the air from the top areas to the
bottom areas where it creates a continuous flow of air. The jet fans are able to prevent airs being
trap in certain areas as well as comprehensively purify the air at both the top and bottom layers
of the basement car park.
Basic component of a jet axial system
3. The jet system is able to easily control areas of the ventilation system in order to reduce
the effects of smokes but only to the area affect by the fire event. This system is also able to
control the overpressure of the firefighting zones and the under pressure of the site of fire , which
stops the smoke from spreading by drastically reducing the temperature of the fire affected
zones.
In the event where the fire starts Jet fan system starts running
The fire smoke is exhausted
http://maico.ae/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Dynair_Jet_Fab_Carpark_Ventilation_System.pdf
4. 2.1 Centralized Air Conditioning System
SP Setia Headquarter uses a centralized air-conditioning system in the building. This system
consists of two separated parts. It includes the outdoor and indoor unit. The typical outdoor unit
contains electrical components, a condenser coil, compressor and a fan whereas the indoor unit
contains the evaporator coil, refrigerant and a thermostat that acts as a temperature control system.
Generated by electricity power, the refrigerant flows through a closed system of
refrigeration lines between the indoor unit and the outside unit. The warm air within a building is
absorbed into ductwork by a motorized fan. After the air is being cooled, it is being transported
through connecting ducts to vents throughout the whole building, cooling down the interior
temperature. The refrigeration cycle repeats itself.
http://www.goodmanmfg.com/resources/heating-cooling-101/how-central-ac-systems-work
http://www.centralcityair.com/how-it-works.html
5. 2.1.1 Refrigeration System Flowchart
In the centralized air-conditioner, the refrigeration cycle is a process where heat is removed
from an unwanted area and transferred to another area. The air conditioner will not produce heat
by itself. For heat to be able to transfer, a temperature and pressure difference must exist at
different places.
The refrigeration system operates by extracting heat from a lower pressure region
(evaporator) into a higher temperature and pressure area (condenser). For example, if the air
surrounding the evaporator is of 35 degree Celsius, cold refrigerant of 25 degree Celsius flows
through the evaporator will cause the cold refrigerant to absorb the heat from the hotter space. By
absorbing the heat from the warm space, it helps cool down the space. The heat is then being
transferred to the condenser through compressor.
http://www.centralcityair.com/how-it-works.html
6. 2.1.2 Packaged Air Cooled Chiller
One of the chillers used in SP Setia Headquarter are packaged air-cooled chillers. A
packaged air cooled chiller usually consists of a tank, pumps and microprocessor controls besides
the basic components such as compressor, evaporator, condenser and expansion valve. Since air
cooled chillers are of closed-loop systems, they make a better process cooling option compared to
water cooled chillers. Closed loop systems allow the chiller to have instantaneous cooling ability
and also helps to save water significantly by recirculating the coolant.
The designed air cooled chillers used are easy to operate. The ‘plug and play’ design closed
loop systems are used because this design helps to reduce maintenance cost for the building and
overall, lowers down the lifetime cost of the unit. Regular maintenance of the air-cooled chillers
includes cleaning of condenser, ensure proper air flow around the unit and making sure the PH
level of water is maintained at 7.
The cycle of an air-cooled chiller starts in the evaporator, where a liquid refrigerant is
allowed to flow over the evaporator tube bundle and evaporate, letting the heat absorbed from the
chilled water circulating through the bundle. The compressor then draws out the refrigerant vapor
from the evaporator. The refrigerant vapor is pumped into the condenser by the compressor to raise
its temperature and pressure. Then, the refrigerant condenses on the condenser tubes, releasing its
heat to the cooling air. The high pressure liquid refrigerant from the condenser will pass through
the expansion device that reduces the refrigerant pressure and temperature as it enters the
evaporator. Lastly, the refrigerant is allowed to flow through the chilled water coils to absorb more
heat and completing the cycle.
7. This is the microprocessor control within the chillers. Having a microprocessor control
allows the system to be more precise. It offers more accuracy and durability compared to other
types of control system.
http://www.coolingtechnology.com/about_process_cooling/water-cooled-chiller/
These are the condenser and
evaporator. The refrigerant enters the
condenser in a superheated state and
changes from vapor to liquid as most of
the heat is being released into an
external space.
Cold water tank storage in SP Setia Headquarter
8. Chiller pump
To maintain a chiller system in its best condition, the compressor oil is replaced annually
and the air filter must be cleaned thoroughly every month to make sure clean air is produced
when it goes through the filter. The refrigeration system has to be shut down daily by the end of
the day to avoid overheating.
http://www.iklimnet.com/expert_hvac/cooling_tower.html
9. 2.1.3 Cooling Tower
A total of 5 cooling towers are found on the rooftop of SP Setia Headquarter. Cooling towers
known as evaporative coolers, used in centralized air-conditioning to cool down warm water from
a chiller condenser. They are installed on the rooftop to allow optimum ventilation. It uses
evaporation of water to release heat from the system. The heat from within the building is
transferred to chilled water, which is then transferred into the refrigerant then to the cooling water.
The heat within the cooling water is removed by allowing it to make contact with moving air.
Water is usually dispersed and allowed to drizzle from a certain height by gravity
10. The inside of a cooling tower consists of components such as a fan, fan motor and guard,
sprinkler, pipe, suction tank, outlet etc. Each of the components have their specific function that
work together to ensure the cooling tower is functioning properly. The diagram bellow shows the
inner parts of a cooling tower.
Basic principle of the cooling tower system work
11. 2.1.4 Air Handling Unit
Inside AHU room of SP Setia Headquarter
There are a total of 32 Air Handling Unit rooms in the building. Each floor has 3 AHU
except Level 7 that has 4. Air handling unit purpose is mainly to re-condition and circulate air as
part of a heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system. Air handling unit is used to re-
condition outside air that is taken in and then release the fresh air into the building. Since all the
exhaust air is removed, it makes it an acceptable indoor air quality. The fresh air being released
is either heated by heating coil or cooled by cooling coil, depending on the desired temperature
for the re-conditioned air for the building.
12. The air handling unit is a large metal box that contains separate ventilators for supply and
exhaust, heating and cooling coils, heating and cooling recovery systems, sound attenuators,
mixing chambers, air filter racks and dampers. Air handling units have ductwork that is linked to
them to allow distribution of conditioned air through the building and return to the air handling
unit. To conserve energy, increase capacity and at the same time reduce costs, a heat or cooling
recovery exchange is installed in the air handling unit. Air handling units are usually designed
for outdoor purposes, especially on roofs of a building. Hence, it is also known as a rooftop unit
(RTU).
The air handling unit consists of components such as:
1. Supply Duct
2. Fan Compartment
3. Vibration Isolators
4. Heating and/or Cooling Coil
5. Filter Compartment
6. Return air duct
http://uk.grundfos.com/service-support/encyclopedia-search/air-handling-unitahu.html
13. 2.2 Control
2.2.1 Multi-Zone Variable Air Volume (VAV)
SP Setia Headquarter uses multi-zone variable air volume (VAV) in the server and
control room of the building only. This system is used because it consume less power and since
underfloor air distribution system is more suitable to be use in a much larger area. Besides that,
their server and control room requires a 24-hour use of air conditioning system compared to
other parts of the building.
14. 2.2.2 Underfloor air distribution
SP Setia Headquarter uses underfloor air distribution (UFAD) as a strategy to provide
ventilation in their building as part of the HVAC system. This system is used on every floor
except for the control server room zones. Underfloor air distribution system provides conditioned
air from the air handling unit (AHU) through floor diffusers by using the underfloor plenum
beneath a raised floor. The conditioned air then forms a reservoir of fresh cool air by spreading
across the floor. Contaminated air or heat sources is lifted to the high level to be discharged from
the space. Due to air supplied in much closer proximity to the occupants, the supply air
temperature is much higher compared to the conventional overhead system. A task/ambient
conditioning (TAC) system is used which enables the users to control the thermal comfort
conditions in their local environment.
Swirl Floor diffuser
An illustration of how conditioned air is distributed and returned in SP Setia HQ
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution_UFAD
https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/techoverview.htm
15. 2.2.3 Diffuser
SP Setia Headquarter uses only 2 types of diffusers which are the floor swirl diffuser and
the ceiling diffuser. The ceiling diffuser is only installed at first floor lobby area while the floor
diffuser is installed on every other floor of the building. On the first floor lobby, the floor
diffuser act as the supply diffuser which helps to distribute conditioned air directly to the
breathing zone. The ceiling diffuser act as the return air diffusers which functions to extract
warm air from the area back to the air handling unit (AHU). On the other floors, the floor
diffusers act as both the supply and return air diffuser.
Floor Swirl Diffusers Ceiling Diffusers