Building Services Project 1

ARC 2423: BUILDING SERVICES
Project 1: Case Study and Documentation of Building
Service Systems
0315746 Narean Punitharajah
0309343 Yap Chun Yew
0315210 Celine Tee
0316206 Felicia Novera
0303372 Haziq Azri
0312777 Izzat Amir Nasaruddin
1001GH77034 Cheah Eugene

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
5
6
7
1 Cold water Supply System
1.1 Literature Review
1.2 Cold Water Supply System
1.2.1 Direct Cold Water Supply System
1.2.2 Indirect Cold Water Supply System
1.3 Water Meters
1.4 Gate Valve & Stop Valve
1.5 Pipework
1.5.1 Polythene pipe
1.5.2 Piping CWS
1.6 Pump
1.7 Water Storage Tank
1.8 Rain Harvesting System
1.9 Conclusion
8
2 Electrical Supply System
2.2 High Voltage Room (TNB Substation)
2.3 Consumer Switch Room
2.4 Main Switch room
2.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Cylinder Tank
2.4.2 Circuit Breaker
2.4.3 Rubber Mats
2.5 Sub Switch Boards
2.6 Distribution Boards
2.7 Genset Room
2.8 Cable Tray System
2.9 Bus Duct
2.10 Electrical Riser Room
2.11 Underfloor Trunking System
2.12 Electrical Meter Base
2.13 Conclusion
19
3. Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System
3.1.1 Air-Conditioning
3.1.2Mechanical Ventilation
3.2 Air Conditioning System
3.3 Air Handling Unit
46

3.4 Chiller Plant System
3.5 Cooling Tower
3.6 Fan Coil Unit
3.7 ACMV Features
3.7.1 Emergency Air Supply
3.7.2 Ducting Network System
3.8 UBBL By Law Regulations
3.9 Conclusion
4. Mechanical Transportation Systems
4.2 Mechanical Vertical Vertical Transportation
4.2.1 Introduction and Function of a Lift
4.2.2 Operation of a Lift System
4.3 System Components
4.3.1 Lift System
4.3.2 Machine Room
4.3.3 Operating Panel
4.4 Design Components
4.4.1 Lift Car Interior
4.4.2 Entrances
4.4.3 Hall Accessories
4.5 Basement Lift System
4.5.1 Machine-Room-Less System Introduction
4.5.2 Machine-Room-Less System Components
4.5.3 Design Consideration
4.6 Fire Lift System
4.7 Conclusion
58
5. Sewerage & Sanitary System
5.1.1 Sanitary Components and Systems
5.2 Piping
5.3 Trap
5.4 Venting
5.5 Manhole
5.6 Conclusion
87
6. Fire Protection System
6.1.1 Active Fire Protection
6.1.2 Passive Fire Protection
6.2 Active Fire Protection System
6.2.1 Fire Detection System
100

6.2.1.1 Detectors
6.2.2 Fire Notification System
6.2.2.1 Fire Alarm System
6.2.2.2 Fire Control Room
6.2.2.3 Fire Man Intercom
6.2.3 Fire Suppression System
6.2.3.1 Manual
6.2.3.2 Automatic
6.2.3.3 Fire Pump Room
6.2.3.4 Water Tank
6.2.3.5 Fire Hydrant
6.3 Passive Fire Protection
6.3.1 Fire Evacuation System and Escape Route
6.3.1.1 Emergency Exit Language
6.3.1.2 Fire Escape Door
6.3.1.3 Fire Escape Staircase
6.3.1.4 Fire Resistance Material
6.4 Conclusion
References 113

Abstract
The Pinnacle Sunway is located in Bandar Sunway, built by Sunway Group as
a commercial office building. As it was only completed recently, the service
utilities are modern and utilize the latest technology in building services.
Services include the cold water supply system, the electrical supply system,
the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning system, the mechanical
vertical transportation system, the sewerage and sanitary system and the fire
protection system. The control room is situated on the Ground floor, or the
Mezzanine floor, though the building services locations vary from basement to
penthouse and even the rooftop.

Acknowledgement
We would like to thank the Pinnacle Sunway in Bandar Sunway , as well as
Sunway Group, for allowing us to examine and photograph the premises, as
well as providing the plans, sections, and elevations of the whole building as
well as the service appliances and service areas.
Mr. Abdul Rahman Latiff was an incredible help as he was our host and guide,
walking us through all the service areas and explaining how each part
contributed to the smoothness of the building’s function.
We would also like to express our gratitude to our tutor, Mr. Rizal, for his aid
and guidance in completing this project.

Introduction
The Pinnacle Sunway offers a
unique corporate environment
where it is situated within an
internationally-acclaimed,
award-winning integrated
resort city. This seamless
connectivity allows tenants to
enjoy a total working, shopping,
leisure and residential
environment that provides
added value, well beyond the
offices. Boasting the latest
Green building features & MSC
status commercial buildings
built within the Klang Valley.
The Pinnacle office tower
strategically located in the
enclave within Sunway
Pyramid, Sunway Hotel and
Menara Sunway and The
Pinnacle offers a net lettable
area of over 580,000sf. The
building is strategically located
with high accessibility via 4
major highways: Federal
Highway, Lebuhraya
Damansara Puchong (LDP),
KESAS highway and North
Pantai Expressway (NPE).Some
of the features available are
wireless broadband
connection,voice over IP
(VoIP),Intelligent Building
Management Systems (Building
Automation System),24/7 tech support,double glazing glass for heat
reduction,T5 fittings for all fluorescent luminaries,motion sensors for all
common areas,rainwater harvesting for landscape irrigation,CO sensors at
the return duct to modulate the fresh air vent to maintain CO2 level to be less
than 1000ppm motion sensors to optimize energy consumption,low Volatile
Organic Content (VOC) paint for all internal walls, carpets or flooring,
adhesive and sealant,within 500m from the nearest bus stop and car park
provision for 'hydrid cars'.(Pinnacle Sunway,2015)
Concept art of the Pinnacle Sunway.
Site Area: 7,284m2
Substructure GFA: 41,455m2
Superstructure GFA: 65,425m2
Typical Floor Plate: 2,600m2
NFA: 53,612m2

1 Cold Water Supply System
An adequate supply of water is a basic requirement for most buildings for
reasons of personal hygiene or for activities such as cooking and
manufacturing processes. In most areas a piped supply of water is available
from a Public Water Board or Public Utility Company mains supply system. The
water authority by a system of screening, sedimentation, filtration, chlorination,
aeration and fluoridation makes the water fit for human consumption before
allowing it to enter the mains. The water company's mains are laid
underground at a depth where they will be unaffected by frost or traffic
movement. The lay-out of the system is generally a circuit with trunk mains
feeding a grid of subsidiary mains for distribution to specific areas or districts.
The materials used for main pipes are cast iron and asbestos cement which
can be tapped whilst under pressure; a plug cock is inserted into the crown of
the mains pipe to provide the means of connecting the communication pipe
to supply an individual building.
The procedure for the design of a water distribution system for a building is
straightforward. It is assumed that an adequate reliable supply of clean
potable water is available. The design procedure is then as follows:
a) Determine the pressure of the source. Decide whether to use the source
directly, reduce the pressure or increase it.
b) Determine whether the structure will be treated as a single unit or whether
it is necessary to zone it.
c) Decide whether to use an up feed or down feed system.
d) Determine the pressure and flow requirements of all fixtures and all
continuous water uses.
e) Determine maximum instantaneous water demand. This is a combination
of fixture use and other water uses in the building.
f) Determine the service size on the service size on the basis of maximum
water requirements.
g) Determine minimum pipe sizes on the basis of required flow rates and
pressure for the water use device farthest from the service.
h) Determine location of shock arresters and any other special devices
required.

1.2.1 Direct Cold Water Supply System
In this system the whole of the cold water to the sanitary fittings is supplied
directly from the service pipe. The direct system is used mainly in northern
districts where large, high level reservoirs provide a good mains supply and
pressure. Another advantage of the direct system is that drinking water is
available from several outlet points. The main disadvantage is the lack of
reserve should the mains supply be cut off for repairs, also there can lowering
of the supply during peak demand periods. When sanitary fittings are
connected directly to a mains supply there is always a risk of contamination
of the mains water by back siphonage. This can occur if there is a negative
pressure on the mains and any of the outlets are submerged below the water
level, such as a hand spray connected to the taps.
1.2 Direct Cold Water Supply System

In the indirect cold water system, water comes into building via rising main. It
is then branched off to feed at least one tap (in the image above, this is the
kitchen and outside tap and the boiler next to the sink) and then continues to
a storage tank in the loft. From here it is distributed to the other taps in the
building. Overflow pipes are marked O. The position of stopcocks…etc. is
marked on the diagram below which also shows the hot water path.

1.3 Water Meters
Water meters are supplied at the discretion of the local water authorities and
most new buildings are required to have them. There are two common
approaches to flow measurement, displacement and velocity. Common
displacement designs include oscillating piston and mutating disc meters.
Velocity -based designs include single and multi-jet meters and turbine meters.
1.3.1 The use of water meter in Sunway Pinnacle
1.3.2 Positive displacement meters are used to take direct measurements of
liquid flow.

1.4 Gate Valve & Stop Valve
The gate valve also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a
round or rectangular gate out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a
gate valve is the sealing surfaces between the gate and seats are planar, so
gate valves are often used when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum
restriction is desired. The gate faces can form a wedge shape pr they can
form a wedge shape or they can be parallel. Gate valves are primarily used
to permit or prevent the flow of liquids, but typical gate valves shouldn't be
used for regulating flow, unless they are specially designed for that purpose.
On opening the gate valve, the flow path is enlarged in a highly nonlinear
manner with respect to percent of opening. This means that flow rate does
not change evenly with stem travel. Also, a partially open gate disk tends to
vibrate from the fluid flow. Most of the flow change occurs near shutoff with a
relatively high fluid velocity causing disk and seat wear and eventual leakage
if used to regulate flow. Gate valves are characterized as having either a
rising or a non-rising stem. Rising stems provide a visual indication of valve
position because the stem is attached to the gate such that the gate and
stem rise and lower together as the valve is operated.
1.4.1 Gate Valve
1.4.2 Stop valve

1.4.3 The valve in Sunway Pinnacle

1.5 Pipework
Any of the materials which are suitable for the service pipe are equally
suitable for distribution pipes and the choice is very often based on individual
preference, initial costs and possible maintenance costs.
Joints in copper pipes can be made by one of three methods:
a) Manipulative compression joint: the end of the pipe is manipulated to fit
into the coupling fitting by means of a special tool. No jointing material is
required and the joint offers great resistance to being withdrawn. It is usually
by a law requirement that this type of joint is used on service pipes below
ground.
b) Non-manipulative compression joint: no manipulation is required to the cut
end of the pipe, the holding power of the joint relies on the grip of a copper
cone wedge within the joint fitting.
c) Capillary joint: the application of heat makes the soft solder contained in a
groove in the fitting flow around the end of the pipe which has been cleaned
and coated with a suitable flux to form a neat and rigid joint.
1.5.1 Polythene pipe
Polythene pipe is very light in weight, easy to joint, non-toxic and is available
in long lengths, which gives a saving on the number of joints required. Jointing
of polythene pipes are generally of the compression type using a metal or
plastic liner to the end of the tube. To prevent undue sagging polythene
pipes should be adequately fixed to the wall with saddle clips, recommended
spacings are fourteen times the outside diameter for horizontal runs and
twenty- four times outside diameter for vertical runs.
1.5.2 Piping
CWS - Condensed water supply: To help the mechanical equipments lose
heat
CRW - Condensed water return: To be recycle to lose heat gained
CHWS - Chilled water supply: To cool the refrigerant
CHWR - Chilled water return: Return to Cooling Tower

1.5.2 Type of the pipe in Sunway Pinnacle

Analysis
According to MS 1515 code 8.5:
All piping installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be
adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation
with vapor barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some
conditions.
1.6 Pump
A pump is a device that moves fluids by mechanical action. Pumps can be
classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move
the fluid: direct lift, displacement and gravity pumps.
1.7 Water Storage Tank
There are few interesting water storage tank which located at the top floor of
Pinnacle Sunway. The name of the water tank is called "Hot Dipped
Galvanized Steel Tank". Basically the system is simple and yet cost effective
and requires a very short time for installation. The steel panels are bolted
together for water storage typically for fire protection systems, domestic
water and air conditioning systems in building. These water storage tanks are
normally supplied complete with covers, internal and external ladders, and
water level indicators and are mostly hot dip galvanized for corrosion
protection. The pressed steel water storage tanks are bolted together from
the outside with seal strip and bitumen compound for water tightness.
1.7 Shows water storage tank in Sunway
Pinnacle

Analysis
Under UBBL 1984 Section 247: Water Storage
1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting system and
installation shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the
tenth schedule to these by - laws.
2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for the hose reel
system, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire
brigade pumping inlet connection accessible to fire appliances.
3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkle installation where full capacity is
provided without the need for replenishment shall be exempted from the
restrictions in their location.
1.8 Rain Harvesting System
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for
reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off. Its uses include water for
garden, water for lives tock, water for irrigation, water for domestic use with
proper treatment, and indoor heating for houses etc. In many places the
water collected is just redirected to a deep pit with percolation. The
harvested water can be used as drinking water as well as for storage and
other purpose like irrigation. Rainwater harvesting provides an independent
water supply during regional water restrictions and in developed countries is
often used to supplement the main supply. It provides water when there is a
drought, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying areas, and reduces demand
on wells, which may enable ground water levels to be sustained. It also helps
in the availability of potable water as rainwater is substantially free of salinity
and other salts. In Sunway Pinnacle, the water is uses for watering the plants
at landscape.
1.8.1 Rain Harvesting storage
tank

1.8.1 shows how the rain is collected
1.9 Conclusion
To conclude that, we have identified and understood relevant information
related to water supply system and sewerage system. We have understood
how each components functions and its connectivity, as well as space
implications. Therefore, we can conclude that the fundamental purpose of
water supply system is to make sure every floor from the ground floor to the
top floor that there is an adequate supply of clean water.

2 Electrical Supply Systems
Humans have an intimate relationship with electricity, to the point that it's
virtually impossible to separate your life from it. Sure, you can flee from the
world of crisscrossing power lines and live your life completely off the grid, but
even at the loneliest corners of the world, electricity exists. If it's not lighting up
the storm clouds overhead or crackling in a static spark at your fingertips,
then it's moving through the human nervous system, animating the brain's will
in every flourish, breath and unthinking heartbeat.
Before we had hydroelectric dams or solar power cells, we had to burn fossil
fuel like coal to generate power. Nowadays we use more modern ways such
as hydroelectric damns. By taking advantage of gravity and the water cycle,
we have tapped into one of nature's engines to create a useful form of
energy. In fact, humans have been capturing the energy of moving water for
thousands of years. Today, harnessing the power of moving water to
generate electricity, known as hydroelectric power, is the largest sources of
emissions-free, renewable electricity in Malaysia. Hydropower plants capture
the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A turbine converts the
kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator
converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.
(Hydroelectricity, 2015)
Figure 2.1.1: How a hydroelectric Dam looks like.(Hydroeletricy,2015)

Figure 2.1.2: Bakun Dam(Bakun Dam,Wikipedia)
Malaysia’s national grid operates as such: customers are connected with
power from hydroelectric and thermal plants through a network system made
up of transmission lines, substations and distribution lines. The performance of
electricity suppliers thus depends not only on the operations within power
plants, but also on substations and the efficiency of transmission
cables.(Penang Monthly,2014)

Figure 2.1.3: The basic electrical transmission system in Malaysia.(TNB,2014)
According to the Energy Commission of Malaysia, the maximum demand for
electricity should not (at any given time) exceed the total generation
capacity installed. Maximum demand is the capacity of electricity usage
within a particular grid system and gauges the amount of electricity used by
customers. It is calculated as double the highest amount of electricity used (in
kWh) within any consecutive period of 30 minutes in a month but may not
necessarily reflect the final amount of consumption within the system. Installed
generation capacity on the other hand is the amount of electricity that a
generator can produce at any given time.(Penang Monthly,2014)

2.2 High Voltage Room (TNB Substation)
The high voltage room is room holding the Tenaga National Berhad electrical
substation. A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and
distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the
reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the
generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several
substations at different voltage levels. The substation includes transformers to
change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission
voltages. The TNB substation in Pinnacle Sunway has a stepdown transformer
to reduce the voltage received to provide power to be distributed to the
whole building.(Electrical Rules and Calculations for Air-Conditioning Systems
– Part Five,2015)
Figure 2.2.1: Shows TNB room in Pinnacle Sunway has been repainted and a
green wall system has been implemented.

Figure 2.2.2: Shows the location of TNB room that located at the Basement
Level 1 in Pinnacle Sunway in a planar view.

2.3 Consumer Switch Room
A consumer switch room or an electrical room is a room or space in a building
dedicated to electrical equipment. The size of the electrical room is usually
proportional to the size of the building. Large buildings may have a main
electrical room and subsidiary electrical rooms. Electrical equipment may be
for power distribution equipment, or for communications equipment. The
consumer room is located directly next to the TNB substation room. This is
mainly to reduce drop in voltage during transmission as the further current
travels, the weaker the current becomes due to high resistance in the wires
itself. There is a step down transformer located in the room to reduce the
voltage from 11KV to 415 V which is more suitable for usage. A step down
transformer has less turns on the secondary coil that the primary coils. The
induced voltage across the secondary coil is less the applied voltage across
the primary coil or in other words the voltage is “stepped-down”.
Figure 2.2.3: Shows the location of consumer switch room at the Basement
Level 1 in Pinnacle Sunway.

2.3.1 Transformer room (Step-down Transformer)
The transformer room is an unattended room used to house electric
transformers and their auxiliary equipment. A step down transformer is housed
in the transformer room. A step down transformer has more turns of wire on
the primary coil and less turns of wire on the secondary coil. This makes a
smaller induced voltage in the secondary coil. A step down transformer is
called a step down transformer because the output voltage is smaller than
the input voltage. If the secondary coil has half as many turns of wire then the
output voltage will be half the input voltage. Even by decreasing the voltage,
it will not decrease the power as the voltage goes down, the current goes
up.( Step-up and step-down transformers,2015)
Figure 2.3.1: Diagram explaining a step down transformer.(How stuff
works,2012)
2.4 Main Switch Board Room
An electric switchboard is a device that directs electricity from one or more
sources of supply to several smaller regions of usage. It is an assembly of one
or more panels, each of which contains switches that allow electricity to be
redirected.
The U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC) defines a switchboard as "a large
single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the
face, back, or both, switches, over-current and other protective devices,

buses, and usually instruments". The role of a switchboard is to allow the
division of the current supplied to the switchboard into smaller currents for
further distribution and to provide switching, current protection and (possibly)
metering for those various currents. In general, switchboards may distribute
power to transformers, panel boards, control equipment, and, ultimately, to
individual system loads. Inside a switchboard there will be one or more bus
bars. These are flat strips of copper or aluminum, to which the switchgear is
connected. Bus bars carry large currents through the switchboard, and are
supported by insulators. Bare bus bars are common, but many types are now
manufactured with an insulating cover on the bars, leaving only connection
points exposed.(Electric switchboard,2015)
The operator is protected from electrocution by safety switches and fuses.
There may also be controls for the supply of electricity to the switchboard,
coming from a generator or bank of electrical generators, especially
frequency control of AC power and load sharing controls, plus gauges
showing frequency and perhaps a synchroscope. The amount of power
going into a switchboard must always equal to the power going out to the
loads.

Figure 2.4.1: Main Switch Room located at Basement Level 1 in Pinnacle
Sunway.

Figure 2.4.2: Shows the location of the Main Switch Room in Basement Level 1.

2.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Cylindrical Tank
As a safety precaution carbon dioxide an inert gas has been used to prevent
ignition of potentially flammable mixtures and extinguish fire involving
flammable liquids or gases. Although the carbon dioxide can help extinguish
fire by displacing oxygen, it is even more effective as a heat sink, absorbing
combustion energy. Carbon dioxide, naturally a gas, is stored in cylinder as a
liquid, as under great pressure the gas will turn to liquid form. In does not
conduct electricity and will not damage any sensitive electronic equipment.
In Pinnacle Sunway, such system is used in the transformer room and main
switch board room instead of water- based sprinkler system as an electrical
fire cannot be put out by water.
Figure 2.4.3: CO2 cylindrical tank located in the Main Switch Board room

2.4.2 Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.
Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow.
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit
breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal
operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that
protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed
to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. A fuse and a circuit
breaker have the same function. Unlike the circuit breaker the fuse is a
onetime use device for current (power) protection. You must replace it once
it blows. A circuit breaker, however it is reusable. It can be reset and there is
no need to replace it. Circuit breakers are used for high voltage currents as
they break the circuit’s faster than fuses, if the circuits is not broken fast
enough an electric arc mat form, passing on high voltage current throughout
the circuit and damaging appliances connected to it. Fuses are normally
used in lower voltage electrical equipment such as Distribution Boards. There
is a MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker) panel is locating in the Main Switch
Room Pinnacle Sunway. This panel can rate current up to 1000 A and it trip
current may be adjustable. (Brain, M., Harris, W., & Lamb, R.,2015)

Figure 2.4.2.1: shows the MCCB in the Main Switch Room at Pinnacle Sunway.
Figure 2.4.2.2: shows Molded Case circuit breaker diagram.(How stuff
works,2015)

2.4.3 Rubber Mats
Based on Electricity Supply Act 1990 and Electricity Regulation 1994, rubber
mats are placed on the floor beside Main Switch Boards as a safety
precaution for the maintenance crew or MSB users so to prevent human
bodies to become a conductor for earthling during a high voltage current
leak thus minimizing chances of fatal electric shocks.
Figure 2.4.3.1 shows the rubber mats are being used in Main Switch Board
Room in Pinnacle Sunway.

2.5 Sub Switch Boards
A sub switch board’s function is part of the protection and prevention act to
cut off the electric supply in the event of a power surge that may cause a trip.
It makes sure to only affect the current level where the trip is by auto cutting
off the electric supply. The sub switch boards are located on every three level
to regulate the electricity that is being supplied by the main switch board to
that level.(
Electric switchboard,2014)
Figure 2.5.1 Sub Switch Board

2.6 Distribution Boards
A distribution board is a component of an electricity supply system which
divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a
protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit, in a common enclosure.
Normally, a main switch, and in recent boards, one or more residual-current
devices (RCD) or residual current breakers with overcurrent protection (RCBO),
are also incorporated. A distribution board is a smaller panel board that has a
similar function to a switch board, but for a distribution board, it is a sub
division of electricity from the switch boards that supply for only a specific
level in Pinnacle Sunway. If one of the office units in that particular floor needs
repair in any electrical related matter, the other level of offices unit in that
particular floor will not be affect. Within the distribution boards are switches
which again sub divide the unit into smaller division where electricity is
supplied, each switch is fitted usually with a fuse, so if any power surge, the
electrical appliances will not be damaged. (Electric switchboard,2014)
Figure 2.6.1: shows Distribution Board

Figure 2.6.2 show the location of the Distribution Board and Sub switch board
for typical floor.
2.7 Genset Room
A Genset room is a generator that helps to generate electricity if the building
has any power failure. Genset room is located at Basement 3 at Pinnacle
Sunway. The work of this generator is to provide electricity during blackout or
power failure. (Electrical Rules and Calculations for Air-Conditioning Systems –
Part Five,2014)

Figure 2.7.1: shows Diesel Generator.
Figure 2.7.2: Location of the Gen set room at Pinnacle Sunway Basement
Level 3.

Placing a generator also important, it should be placed and be protected
against harmful materials carried from air such as dust, thread, smoke. The
ground also should be stable and flat. No authorized person must not enter
the generator room and need a proper way to carry and install the generator
at the room. Cooling and ventilation Motor and alternator release heat and
cause increasing of ambient temperature. Increasing of temperature affects
negatively working of the generator. For this reason, enough ventilation
should be provided so as to keep cool motor and alternator. Air must enter
the generator room by alternator; exist from the room by means of flexible
bellows canvas made of tent canvas passing over the motor and through
radiator. If a canvas is not used for ejecting hot air out of the room, fan
reduces the efficiency of cooling via expanding hot air in the generator room.
(Diesel Generator,2014)
Figure 2.7.3: Ventilation
louvers to release hot air

2.8 Cable Tray System
In the electrical wiring of buildings, a cable tray system is used to support
insulated electric cables used for power distribution and communication.
Cable trays are used as an alternative to open wiring or electrical conduit
systems, and are commonly used for cable management in commercial and
industrial construction. They are especially useful in situations where changes
to a wiring system are anticipated, since new cables can be installed by
laying them in the tray, instead of pulling them through a pipe. In Pinnacle
Sunway, there are fire resistant cables, to hold and prevent the wiring from
melting over time. Mineral Insulated Copper Clad (MICC) cables are special
wiring which connects the generator to the Main Switch Board Room for fire
emergency. (Cable Trays, Ladder Type Cable Trays, Perforated Type Cable
Trays, Junction Boxes, India,2015).
Figure 2.8.1: Cable Tray System

2.9 Bus Duct
Conductor bars are assembled with insulators in grounded enclosures. This
assembly is known as bus duct, can be used for connections to large
switchgear or for bringing the main power feed into a building. A form of bus
ducts known plug-in bus is used to distribute power down the length of a
building; it is constructed to allow tap-off switches or motor controllers to be
installed at definite places along the bus. The advantage of using bus duct is
it saves more space and requires less space than normal cable.(
Bus Duct -
Low Voltages Manufacturers Suppliers Oil & Gas , Oil And Gas Products,2015)
Figure 2.9.1: shows Bus duct in Pinnacle Sunway.

2.10 Electric Riser Room
The main are from Riser Rooms or Extended Distribution Boards are present.
The electricity is distributed laterally through a series of cable tray system
torisers around the building. (Electrical Rules and Calculations for Air-
Conditioning Systems – Part Five,2015)
Figure 2.10.1:
shows Electric
Riser in Pinnacle
Sunway.

2.11 Underfloor Trunking System
The underfloor trucking system is provided at every typical floor in Pinnacle
Sunway. The system comes with the underfloor termination box. On each
termination box complete with:
a) 4 nos. of 13A power socket outlets c/w wiring.
b) 4 nos. provision ports for Cat 6 Jack (for Network data & telephone cable
termination) (Electrical Rules and Calculations for Air-Conditioning Systems –
Part Five,2015)
Figure 2.11.1: The placement of Underfloor Termination Box in typical floor.

Figure 2.11.2: Underfloor Termination Box.

2.12 Electrical Meter Base
An electrical meter base, also known simply as an electrical meter, measures
how much energy an office business building uses so the electric company
knows how much to charge. But the most common type of electrical meter is
the electromechanical induction meter.(
Electrical Rules and Calculations for
Air-Conditioning Systems – Part Five,2015)
Figure 2.12.2: Shows the different placement of meter in typical floor.

Figure 2.12.1: shows the electrical meter base in Pinnacle Sunway.

2.13 Conclusion
According to Universal Building by Law (UBBL) , Pinnacle Sunway obeyed all
the laws set in the electricity supply system. All components are built in
accordance’s to the By Law and a placed correctly so that they can carry
out their specific rolls. Based on the operation system from Pinnacle Sunway it
can be concluded that the flow of electricity is as such where it is received at
the TNB room where it is stepped down moves to the consumer switch room
and then goes through the step down transformer before being distributed
through the switch boards to individual floors. There distribution boards direct
the power equally all over the floor to power points.

3. Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditioning System
Ventilation is highly recommended and necessary in buildings to circulate or
replace the air within a space or a room in order to increase the indoor air
quality (IAQ), thus helping to moderate internal temperatures and
replenishing oxygen, to reduce the moisture, odours, smoke, carbon
monoxide and other contaminants accumulating in which those particles
can build up during occupied periods, creating air movement which
improves the comfort of occupants.
3.1.1 Air-Conditioning
Air conditioning is a process of adjusting the properties of air with the purpose
to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
1. Refrigeration Cycle
Source:
http://www.slideshare.net/NooruleInieOsman/air-conditioning-system
Fig 3.1.1 Diagram of the Refrigeration Cycle

2. Heat Pump
Source:
http://98.233.241.142/ac.html
Fig 3.1.2 Diagram of the Heat Pump:
Evaporation occurs outdoor and condensation occurs indoor;
Causing it to emit heat
3.1.2 Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical or forced ventilation normally occurs through an air handling
unit (AHU) or direct injection to a space by a fan. A circulation that happens
through a fan (e.g. a ceiling fan) creates internal air movement but not
replacing the air inside.
1. Mechanical Extract Ventilation System
A system that provides dedicated extraction from areas where
moistures are generated.
Fresh outdoor air enters either through leakage
routes of building envelope or through ventilation
openings in building envelope.
Fig 3.1.3 Mechanical Extract Ventilation
Source:
http://www.ivia.ie/ventilation-‐systems-‐residential7.jp

2. Mechanical Supply Ventilation System
A system that continuously deliver/ supply filtered air to a dwelling
Fig 3.1.4 Mechanical Supply Ventilation
Source: http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/whole-house-ventilatio
3. Combined Mechanical Extract & Supply Ventilation System
A balanced ventilation system
Fig 3.1.5 Combined Mechanical Ventilation System
Source: http://www.ivia.ie/ventilation-systems-residential8.p m

3.2 Air Conditioning System
Centralized Air-Conditioning System at Sunway Pinnacle
The most common types of air conditioner are room air conditioner and
centralized air conditioning system. While room air conditioner only cools one
room or a small space, centralized air conditioning system cools air through a
system of supply and return ducts that carry cool air from the air conditioner
to the building.
Centralized Air-Conditioner basically consists of 3 major parts:
1. Air System – Air Handling Unit, Air Duct System, Terminals
2. Water System – Chilled Water System, Hot Water System, Condensed
Water System
3. Central Plant – Refrigeration (chiller) plant, Boiler plant
Source:
http://www.betterbricks.com/graphics/assets/images/Building_Ops/BOpEqSysWaterDistributionSystem_1W.png

Fig 3.2.1 Air-Conditioning System

Fig 3.2.2 Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System in
Sunway Pinnacle

3.3 Air Handling Unit
According to ANSI/AHRI Standard 430-2009, Air Handling Unit (AHU) is a
factory-made encased assembly consisting of a fan or fans and other
necessary equipment to perform one or more of the functions circulating and
cleaning, heating and cooling, humidifying and dehumidifying, and mixing of
air.
Air handlers are connected to a duct work ventilation system that distributes
the conditioned air through the building and returns it to the AHU. The air
supply that passes through AHU is filtered and is either heated or cooled
depends on the specific duty and the weather conditions
Smaller air handling units, which mostly are for local use, are called terminal
units. These terminal units are called blower coils or fan coil units and include
an air filter, coil and a blower.
Makeup Air Unit (MAU) is a larger type of air handling unit that conditions
outside air and no recirculated air, while the air handling units that are
designed for outdoor usage are known as Packaged Unit (PU) or Rooftop Unit
(RTU).
Different from most buildings, the cooling procedure in Sunway Pinnacle is
done by chilled water process.
Fig 3.3.1 Air Handling Units (as shown
in picture) from level 3 to level 20

3.4 Chiller Plant System
A water chiller is defined as a mechanism to ease the heat exchange from
water to a refrigerant in a closed loop system. Chilled water system, in terms
of air conditioning, is mostly used to cools down the air within a building and
its equipment, especially where there are many rooms that must be
controlled separately, for example a hotel. A chiller system lowers to
temperature of water to 40° and 45° Fahrenheit before the water is pumped
to a location that needs to be cooled down.
Fig 3.4.1 Chilled water pipe system from level 4 to level 15
(As shown in the diagram)

3.5 Cooling Tower
A cooling tower rejected heat and extracts waste heat to the atmosphere.
Cooling towers are commonly applied to provide cooled water for air
conditioning system, manufacturing system and electric power generation.
An open circuit cooling tower is described as an enclosed structure to
distribute the warm water supplied to it over a packing or “fill”. The fill consists
of multiple and vertical wet surfaces upon a thin layer of water spread.
A closed circuit cooling tower does not involve any contact with the air and
the water or glycol mixture fluid. The air travels upward through the fill and
opposite to the downward motion of the water.
There are 4 units of cooling tower available in Sunway Pinnacle. Two units re
on duty while the other two stands as backup
List of cooling tower used in Sunway Pinnacle:
1. TCS 1200-2EG 2 CELL
2. TCS 1250-1EG 2 CELL
Fig 3.5.1 Cooling Tower in Sunway
Pinnacle

Fig 3.5.2 2 types of cooling tower in
Sunway Pinnacle
Fig 3.5.3 A unit of cooling tower in
Sunway Pinnacle

3.6 Fan Coil Unit
Fan Coil Unit (FCU) consists of a heating or cooling coil and fan. It can be
found in most residential, commercial or industrial buildings. It typically is not
area where the installment happens or multiple spaces and is controlled by
either manual switch or by a thermostat.
The fan coil unit is more efficient to install compared to ducting system or
heating system with air handling unit due to its simplicity.
Fig 3.6.1 Fan Coil Room in Sunway Pinnacle
3.7 ACMV Features
3.7.1 Emergency Air Supply
In case of any power failure or fire accident within the building, a standby
generator will take over and Building Control System (BCS) will activate the
fresh air fan that is located at the roof to supply fresh air through the fresh air
shaft to every level in the building including the staircase pathway.
Fig 3.7.1 Diagram of Air Supply Flow as shown
in plan

3.7.2 Ducting Network System
Ducting system supplies the conditioned air throughout the conditioned
spaces in a building.
Fig 3.7.2 Ducting System in Sunway Fig 3.7.3 Air Duct Cover in Sunway
Pinnacle Pinnacle
Fig 3.7.4 Air Duct Piping in Sunway Pinnacle

3.8 UBBL By Law Regulations
According to Uniform Building By Laws 1984
Section 41: Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning
1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is
intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation,
natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion
of the local authority.
2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be
considered if in addition to the permanent air conditioning system
there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-
conditioned enclosure, such that within half-an-hour of the air-
conditioning system failing, not less that the stipulated volume of fresh
air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during
the period when the air conditioning system is not functioning.
3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to
buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air conditioned.
4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories,
water closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in
accordance with the requirements of the Third schedule to these By-
laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and
natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water closets,
bathrooms or corridors.
3.9 Conclusion
The ventilation systems in Sunway Pinnacle are mostly up to date. Cooling
towers actively take turn and bring air into the whole building to keep it cool,
thus the others stand by to conserve the energy as well as to prevent the air
conditioning system from being overheated. The emergency air supplies are
enough to support the building’s ventilation as well in case of power
breakdown. The ventilation of Sunway Pinnacle has contributed enough
implementation of better ventilation system for the thermal comfort of people
inside the building.

4 Mechanical Transportation Systems
Mechanized vertical transportation systems have become a critical
component in high-rise buildings. Any and all buildings that exceed one
storey in height are required to provide staircases. Also, according to the
Uniform Building By-Laws, Section 124, “for all non-residential buildings
exceeding four storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift
shall be provided.” As Sunway Pinnacle is a commercial, non-residential
building exceeding four storeys in height, lifts are required as a means of
movement between floor levels in the building.
The lift is a modern mechanical piece of technology that provides the service
of lifting or lowering people and or items either upwards or downwards to the
desired floor level. It serves to save people the energy and hassle of walking
up and down the several staircases that could otherwise be extremely
exhausting and time consuming. By installing lift systems, the means of mobility
and accessibility are greatly expanded, and can allow for a more efficient
and comfortable workspace.
The ideal performance of a lift includes its speed, the comfort of the interior,
the smoothness of the movement of the lift, quick open and closing of the
doors, and minimum waiting time at each floor.
Lift waiting areas, inclusive of the lobby requires the design of an architect to
optimize the waiting experience of the passengers, both to embark on a lift
ride, having just disembarked. The space must be large enough to contain a
reasonable number of people in consideration of the expected occupancy
of the building as a whole. Lift location must be optimal for access.
The number of lifts, as well as the ideal speed and efficiency of each lift is
entirely dependent on the number of occupants expected to be in the
building at any one time. For commercial buildings, weekdays are likely to
invite the most number of people due to general working office hours.
However, maintenance costs, initial building costs and so on must also be
taken into consideration.
Maintenance of a lift system must be diligent and thorough, and the
components must be kept in good condition, to ensure the safety and
comfort of the passengers utilizing the lift system. Lift systems must be built and
implemented into the building in accordance with the Uniform Building By-
Laws (UBBL) to ensure safety and standardization of the mechanics of the lift
system within the country.

4.2 Mechanical Vertical Transportation
4.2.1 Introduction and Function of a Lift
The Pinnacle Sunway is a high-rise office building of 25 floors. As a result, this
building has two groups of lifts, and one fire lift for emergencies. The two
groups of lifts are categorized into the “high zone” and the “low zone”. The
low zone lifts cater for the ground floor up until the 13th floor, while the high
zone lifts bring passengers from the ground floor up to the 13th to the 25th floor,
skipping the low zone entirely. The fire lift opens its doors to all the floors,
excluding the basement floors.
The lift serves to ease the transportation of passengers and goods across
different floor levels. Access between floors is more efficient with the
technology of lift systems.
According to the Uniform Building By-Laws, all lifts must have a fire alarm, in
case of an emergency. There are usually hidden, for aesthetic purposes, but
are nevertheless present in the elevator.
Figure 4.2.1 shows the Mezzanine floor, or the Ground floor’s floor plan. The lifts
are located in the middle of the office building for easy access. The low-zone
and high-zone lifts are located next to each other, but have their own
separate lift lobbies, to avoid crowding and control human traffic in the area.
The fire lift is slightly harder to access, and is made for emergencies. Both the
green and yellow highlighted areas each take up approximately 8600mm by
9700mm, inclusive of the lift lobby space. Located outside the building is the
basement car park lifts, which cannot go higher than the ground floor.
The entire elevator system takes up approximately 8600mm by 9700mm per
system. This means that on the ground floor, it takes up double the space, plus
the space for the fire lift.
Access to the lifts from the mezzanine floor, or the Ground floor, is restricted
and only allowed if the person requiring access has an access card.

Figure 4.2.1: Excerpt from the Ground floor plan. The area highlighted in green
shows the low-zone lifts, while the area highlighted in yellow shows the high-
zone lifts, and the red area shows the fire lifts. The two lifts highlighted in blue
are the basement lifts. (The Pinnacle Sunway, 2015)

Figure 4.2.2: Plan of the lift system on the ground floor. This plan is only
applicable to the low-zone and high-zone lift system. (The Pinnacle Sunway,
2015)

Figure 4.2.3: Floor plan of the Penthouse, Level 25. The area highlighted in
yellow is the high-zone lifts. Since the low-zone lifts do not come up to this
level, the space that would otherwise be occupied by the low-zone lifts is
now opened up for more usable floor space. (The Pinnacle Sunway, 2015)

Figure 4.2.4: Sectional view of the lift
system for the low-zone lifts. (The
Pinnacle Sunway, 2015)

Figure 4.2.5: Sectional view of the lift
system for the low-zone lifts as well as the
machine room at the top of the system.
(The Pinnacle Sunway, 2015)

Figure 4.2.5: Floor plan of the first basement level. Shown in blue are the two
basement car park elevator systems. (The Pinnacle Sunway, 2015)
4.2.2 Operation of Lift System
The Pinnacle Sunway utilizes the “Gear-less Traction Elevator” lift systems.
Every lift is connected with a computerized system, which can be monitored
form the general control room on the Ground floor.
From the control room’s computer, staff can monitor at which floor every
single lift is located. Fire alarms and fire detectors are in every lift car, and
when it goes off, the control room is immediately notified. In addition, if any of
the lift cars experience a problem with the lift regarding its movement, the
control room computer can see it immediately. With any issues with the lift car,
staff in the control room can see which lift are experiencing issues, and at
which floor the elevator is located. A speaker system is also in place, for those

inside the lift to communicate with the control room, in case of an
emergency.
Shown in Figure 4.2.6 and also Figure 4.2.7, is the lift’s safety box in the control
room. In the case of an emergency, when the lift experiences itself shutting
down or stopping, it can only be restarted back up manually by inserting a
key into the keyhole that corresponds with the faulty lift. This is to ensure the
safety of the passengers on board the lift car, so that the elevator is not
restarted until it has been repaired and is ready to go.
Figure 4.2.6: Fire protection system in the control room. (The Pinnacle Sunway,
2015)

Figure 4.2.7: Manual lift start-up and phone communication in the control
room. (Tee, 2015)
Figure 4.2.8: Phone communication system for the lift cars and the control
room. Every lift car is represented so the staff can quickly recognize which lift
car is calling. (Tee, 2015)

Figure 4.2.9: Photograph of the computer screen inside the control room. (Tee,
2015)
Figure 4.2.10: Excerpt from the computer
screen showing the location of all the lifts in
the low-zone and high-zone, as well as the fire
lift. (Tee, 2015)
Figure 4.2.11: Excerpt
from the computer
screen showing the
status of the lifts. (Tee,
2015)

4.3 System Components
4.3.1 Lift System
The lift system is located inside the hoist way, and the main components are
the lift car, motor, and the counterweight, which balances the weight of the
lift car. The lift is an electric lift system, which means that it uses a hoisting
sheave machine with a motor to move the lift car up and down.
Figure 4.3.1: Diagram showing the components of the lift system. Inside the
hoist way, there are the hoisting ropes, door operator, shaft doors, car buffer,
car safety device, counterweight and the cab car rollers. (The Pinnacle
Sunway, 2015)

In the hoist way, one of the most important parts of the lift system is the lift car.
It is where passengers stay while the machine works to deliver them to a
different floor level. Also on the lift car is the door system, which opens and
close with the shaft doors to allow passengers to leave or to get on board the
lift. The hoisting ropes connect the lift car to the counterweights, so as one
drops lower, the other rises higher. The cab roller guides make the vertical
movement of the lift car smoother and more comfortable for the passengers,
and also makes sure the horizontal movement is limited, and that the lift car
does not keep bumping into the sides of the hoist way. (Series GPM-III)

At the bottom of the hoist way, are some countermeasures to prevent
accidents regarding the lift system from occurring. The car buffer is a
reassurance that if the car falls, it will have a softened fall. (Series GPM-III)
The counterweight provides a sense of positive attachment to prevent the
weights from falling. It is an incredibly important part of the lift system. (Series
GPM-III)
Figure 4.3.2: Plan view of the lift car cage. (The Pinnacle Sunway, 2015)

Figure 4.3.3: Plans and sections of the lift car, along with the dimensions. (The
Figure 4.3.4: The front view of the lift doors in the lift lobby. The diagram also
shows the measurements for the doors and the hall accessories. (The Pinnacle
Sunway, 2015)

4.3.2 Machine Room
The machine room is located above the hoist way of the lift system. In the
Pinnacle Sunway, the low-zone lifts’ machine room is located on the 15th floor,
while the high-zone lift system’s machine room is located above the 25th floor,
the penthouse level. The machine room is approximately 10070mm by
8200mm.
The machine rooms are all air-conditioned, to ensure that the machines do
not overheat and risk the safety of the passengers and the rest of the building.
Figure 4.3.5: Plan showing the space of the machine room for the high-zone
(in pink) and the machine room for the fire lift (in orange). (The Pinnacle
Sunway, 2015)

Figure 4.3.6: Photograph of the machine and motor for the lift system. (Tee,
2015)
Figure 4.3.7: Inside the yellow cage is the lift’s governor. (Tee, 2015)

Shown in Figure 4.3.2 is the machine and motor for the lift system in the
machine room for the low-zone lifts. The two external black drums are the
brakes. These are actuated by a spring force and held open electrically. A
power failure in the building will cause the brake to engage and prevent the
elevator from falling and injuring the passengers. It also holds the lift car at the
floor it is stopping on. The motor itself is responsible for the actual lifting and
lowering of the lift car, and is therefore absolutely crucial to the process.
The lift’s governor is the last line of defense. It checks upon the movement
and smoothness of the lift system.
The control system is all located in the machine room, as well as the control
system for the hall accessories, which checks ID of those entering the lift
system, to make sure security is strong.
4.3.3 Operating Panel
Entering the lift lobby itself requires an ID to allow access. However, even
opening the doors to the lift requires an access card. The access card is
slotted into the operating panel, and then the user will use the touch screen
to select the desired floor level.
Figure 4.3.8: Photograph of the
operating panel in the lift
lobby. (Tee, 2015)
Figure 4.3.9: Diagram of the
operating panel in the lift lobby with
the measurements. (The Pinnacle
Sunway, 2015)

The operating system from Mitsubishi is very advanced and allows the
selection of optimum car allocation through rule-set simulations, destination
oriented prediction system, allocation control, and energy saving operation.
This allows the lift to become more efficient in getting people to their desired
floor levels in the shortest time.
(Al-2200C Artificial Intelligence System)
Figure 4.3.10: Diagram showing the operating panel inside the lift car. (The

Figure 4.3.11: Diagram showing part of the operating panel inside the lift car,
that shows the direction in which the lift is going. (The Pinnacle Sunway, 2015)
4.4 Design Consideration
4.4.1 Lift Car interior
The lift interior is sleek and modern. Subtle light fixtures illuminate the lift. It is
not too bright or too dark.
By having a gear-less traction system for the whole lift system, the lift’s
movement is very comfortable and smooth. The travel time is short and there
is little noise.
4.4.2 Entrances
In the building’s lobby leads to the entrance to the high-zone and low-zone
lift lobbies.

Figure 4.4.1: Photograph of the entrance to the lift lobbies. (Ong, 2014)
Figure 4.4.2: Entrance to the low-zone lift lobby. (Tee, 2015)
Each lift lobby has six lift entrances or exits. Natural light from the curtain wall
across the lobby lights up the lobby and the lift lobbies. The walls and floors
are tiled, and the lift doors and doorframes are made of aluminum.

Figure 4.4.3: Entrances of the lifts in the low-zone lifts. (Tee, 2015)
4.4.3 Hall Accessories
The hall accessories have a very professional aesthetic, and the touch-screen
operating panel exudes a sense of forward technology.

that shows the direction in which the lift is going. (Mitsubishi, 2015)
that shows the direction in which the lift is going. (Mitsubishi, 2015)

4.5 Basement Lift System
The basement is comprised of the parking spaces for the all of Sunway
Pinnacle. As a security measure, the lifts from the parking lots can only reach
the Ground Floor, where the lobby is. However, as a result, the number of
floors the basement lift must cater to is much less, and so the building utilizes a
Machine-Room-Less lift system.
4.5.1 Machine-Room-Less system introduction
The Machine-Room-Less lift system used in The Pinnacle Sunway was designed
and bought from Mitsubishi Electric. It is named the Diamond Trac. Diamond
Trac is a gearless traction machine with the new permanent magnet motor.
There are double brakes, which greatly reduce the level of torque ripple and
ensure a smoother and quieter ride for the passengers. (Diamond Trac)
As the name suggests, this lift system does not require a room for its machines,
but rather the machine is installed within the hoist way, above the lift itself. This
is possible because the machine is miniaturized due to the fewer levels it
serves. Since a machine room is no longer required, it allows the space to be
used for other activities. (Diamond Trac)

Figure 4.5.1: Diagram showing the lift system from the top perspective view.
(Mitsubishi, 2015)
4.5.2 Machine-room-less system components
The hoist way is the most important part of this lift and must be planned
carefully, especially due to the extra space above required to
accommodate the miniaturized machine. However, space between the car
and the hoist way walls must also be considered carefully, as the openings in
the hoist way must follow that of the lift car as it approaches all the floor levels.
(Diamond Trac)

Figure 4.5.2: Diagram showing the hoist way plan and the hoist way section.
(Mitsubishi, 2015)

Figure 4.5.3: Diagram showing a comparison of the location of the machine
room and the system controls. (Mitsubishi, 2015)
Similar to the lifts for the low zone and high zone of The Pinnacle, Sunway, the
lift car serves to contain passengers and safely transfer them to a different
floor. This lift can hold up to 1500 kg in passenger weight.
The doors of the lift open from the center, and they open on two opposite
sides of the lift (front and rear), as the door openings accessing the lobby floor
and the basement floors differ.

Figure 4.5.4: Diagram showing the plan and measurements of the lift doors in
the Diamond Trace elevator. (Mitsubishi, 2015)
4.5.2 Design Consideration
As a machine room is no longer required, there is more space that can be
otherwise utilized by the architect to create more usable space. This lift is
actually located outside the main doorway to the lobby, and is susceptible to
the outdoor air quality.
With doorways that open both in the front and in the rear end, when the lift
opens on the ground floor, only the front door opens. However for the other
basement floors, only the rear doors open for passengers to enter or exit the
lift car.
The hallway and car signal accessories are also very different. Instead of using
the stylish and modern accessories as the other lifts inside the building, the
accessories for the car and hallway signaling is much more simple and
conventional looking. However this may be deemed are more appropriate
due to the outdoor location of lift, which shows it is more durable and serves
only the basement floors for the parking of cars.
By separating the basement lifts from the lifts inside the building, there is a
greater sense of security. It also forces all staff and office workers that work in
the building to walk through the glass door entrance to the lobby together.

Figure 4.5.5: The interior
operating panel located
inside the lift car for the
basement car park elevator.
(Mitsubishi, 2015)

Figure 4.5.5: Operating panel in
the lift lobby hall. (Mitsubishi, 2015)

Figure 4.5.6: Diagram of the
interior operating panel located
inside the lift car for the basement
car park elevator. (Mitsubishi,
2015)

4.6 Fire Lift System
The fire lift system has the same system as the low-zone and high zone lifts.
However as its main concern is its ability to function during an emergency, the
materials used are slightly different and also it can access every floor, from
the low-zone to the high-zone.
4.7 Conclusion
The Pinnacle Sunway uses innovative lift technology from Mitsubishi.
Mechanical vertical transportation is an important role in all high-rise buildings,
especially an office building like the Pinnacle Sunway. The safety of the
passengers is the main priority, as well as accommodating for the
convenience of passengers.
Proper arrangement of the lifts and their locations are crucial, and placing
the lifts in the middle of the building is common for its efficiency and
convenience. It also funnels the traffic to the middle of the building, as
opposed to one located at the edge of the building, which would disrupt the
human circulation of the building.
Regular monitoring and maintenance ensures the safety of the components
of the lifts and the comfort of the passengers.
According to the UBBL 1984, Section 153, all lift lobbies must provide smoke
detectors. Also, lifts not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door
reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless it is
incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any
interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time. The
UBBL also states that lift lobbies should be large enough to allow the traffic to
move in the two directions. In the UBBL, it states that a lift shall be provided for
non-residential buildings that exceed four storeys above or below the main
entrance. It is also essential in buildings less than four storeys if access for elder
persons or the disabled is required. Minimum walking distance to the lift shall
not exceed 45m. Lifts should be sited in the central area of a building to
minimize the horizontal travel distance.
The Pinnacle Sunway has built in accordance with the Uniform Building By-
Laws.

5 Sewerage and Sanitary System
Sanitary fittings or appliances can be classified under two headings:
1) Soil fitments: those which are used to remove soil water and human
excretion such as water closets and urinals.
2) Waste water fitments: those which are used to remove the waste water
from washing and the preparation of food including appliances such
as wash basins, baths, showers and sinks.
(Chudley, 1988)
5.1.1 Sanitary Components and Systems
All sanitary appliances are mostly made from impervious materials, not sound
polluting, and easier to maintain. It is also created in a convenient shape
fixed at suitable height as in Figure 5.1.1. A number of materials are available
for most domestic sanitary fittings including:
1) Vitreous China: a white clay body which is vitried and permanently
fused with a vitreous glazed surface when fired at a very high
temperature generally to the recommendations of BS 3402. Appliances
made from this material are non-corrosive, hygienic and easily cleans
with a mild detergent or soap solution
2) Glazed fireclay: consists of a porous ceramic body glazed in a similar
manner to vitreous china; they are exceptionally strong and resistant to
impact damage but will allow water penetration of the body if the
protective glazing is damaged. Like vitreous china, these appliances
are non-corrosive, hygienic and easily cleaned.
3) Vitreous enamel: this is a form of glass which can be melted and used
to available, the choice usually being one of personal preference.
BS1188 gives recommendations for ceramic wash basics and pedestals
and specifies two basic sizes. 6356 x 457 and 559 x 406. These basins are
one-piece fitment having an integral overflow, separate waste outlet
and generally pillar taps Figure 4.1.1. Wash basins can be supported on
wall – mounted cantilever brackets, leg supports or pedestals. The
pedestals are made from identical material to the wash basin and are
recessed at the back to receive the supply pipes most manufacturers
recommend that small wall mounted safety brackets are also used to
the taps and the waste pipe from the bowl. Although pedestals are
designed to fully support the wash basin, most recommend that small
wall mounted safety brackets are also used.
(Chudley, 1988)

Figure 5.1.1: dimension of lavatory basin

Figure 5.1.2: Shows WC pans and cisterns.
Source: Chudley, R. 1987

5.2 Piping
Approved Document H sets out in detail the recommendations for soil pipes,
waste pipes and ventilating pipes. These regulations govern such things as
minimum diameters of soil pipes, material requirements, provision of
adequate waste seals by means of an integral trap and non-integral trap, the
positioning of soil pipes on the inside of a building, overflow pipe work and
ventilating pipes. The only pipe work which is permissible on the outside of the
external wall is any waste pipe from a waste appliance situated at ground
floor level providing such a pipe discharges into a suitable trap with a grating
and the discharge is above the level of the water but below the level of the
grating. (Wise, 2006)
Three basic pipe work systems are in use for domestic work, accordingly:
1.One-pipe system
2.Two-pipe system
3.Single stack system
Whichever system adopts the functions has the advantage of quick, reliable
and quiet removal of the discharges to the drains and remains constant.
One-pipe system
It consists of a single discharge pipe which conveys both soil and waste water
directly to the drain. To ensure that water seals in the traps are not broken
deep seals of 75mm for waste pipes up to 65mm diameter and 50mm for
pipes over 70mm diameter
are required. To allow for
unrestricted layout of
appliances most branch
pipes will require an anti-
siphon arrangement. The
advantage of this system is
the flexibility of appliance
layout; the main
disadvantage is cost and
generally the one-pipe
system has been
superseded by the more
restricted. (Wise, 2006) This
system has been applied in
Pinnacle Sunway.
Figure 5.2.1: Shows One-pipe system

Figure 5.2.2: Schematic Diagram of Sewerage & Sanitary System of Pinnacle
Sunway

5.3 Trap
The primary function of a trap is to provide a water seal between the
drainage piping that connects to the outside sewer and the fixture. This water
seal prevents entry into the building of odors, sewer gas and vermin from the
sewer, via the fixture. All traps operate on the principle of siphonage. As water
is added to the inlet end, an equal quantity of water leaves the outlet end,
provided the pressures at both ends are approximately equal.
Figure 5.3.1: various type of fixture traps. Water closets (a) have integral traps. Other
fixtures (b) normally use the p (1/2 s) trap. The drum trap (c) is prohibited because it
is not self-cleaning. The full s trap (d) is not permitted because it may self-siphon if
the outlet vertical leg fills with waste. The bell trap (e) is prohibited because it fouls
easily.

Refer to Figure 5.3.1, only the P trap is acceptable by CODE. Traps must
be self scouring, that is, self-cleansing. That means that all the polluted
water that enters the inlet, with all the suspended particles of soap, dirt,
waste and the like, must travel completely through the trap, leaving a
seal of clean water. The drum trap has a tendency to collect material
and will not self-clean. The bell trap and traps with moving parts tend
to foul easily. The S trap will self-siphon as soon as the outlet leg fills with
water. These traps are therefore, prohibited. A standard P trap may not
be installed more than 24 inch below the fixture drain because the
momentum of water falling from a greater height might destroy the
trap seal by simply pushing all the water out of the trap. The length of
the trap arm may not exceed that shown. (Figure 5.3.2). The reason for
this limitation is to prevent self siphoning due to sloping of the trap arm
to a point below the weir level of the trap. The trap would then self-
siphon exactly like a full S trap. The limited trap arm length also ensures
the adequate air movement that is required for proper venting and
pressure equalizing. A fixture trap should be the same pipe size as the
waste pipe to which it is connected. All traps must be accessible for
cleaning and must have a cleanout plug, because sooner or later all
traps need maintenance.
Figure 5.3.2: The maximum distance between the weir of a trap and the inside
wall of the vent pipe to which it connects is specified by code. (Wise, 2006)
The trap arm is sloped towards the waste pipe. It must never be so long that
the flow of water will block the vent pipe. That is, the top of the vent
connection must be above the trap weir. The minimum trap arm length, also
specified by code, is two pipe diameters.

5.4 Venting
The purpose of venting each fixture trap is a widely understandable
knowledge for this stage of the topic. It is required, however, to review
and summarize the purpose and functioning of vent piping. First, it must be
emphasized that, every vent extends through the roof into outside air. This
is true for a vent extension of a soil/waste stack. The stack always extends
into fresh air so that it can supply or exhaust air, as required by the flow of
waste in the drain piping.
Venting performs the following functions:
a) It provides an air vent at each fixture trap. This ensures atmospheric
pressure on the outlet side of the fixture trap. This, in turn, prevents the trap
seal from being blown out or sucked out by pressures generated by
drainage flow.
b) It provides a safe path to exhaust sewer gases and foul odours that
come from the sewer connection via the drainage piping. Building vent
piping acts as a sewer vent in the absence of a building trap and a street
level fresh air vent.
c) It fills the drainage piping with fresh air, thus reducing odours, corrosion
and the formation of slime in the piping. d) It aids in the smooth flow of
drainage that occurs when air moves freely in a drain pipe.
Types of Vent
1) Individual vent - The simplest, most direct, most effective way of venting
a fixture trap is to provide an individual vent
for every trap. This vent arrangement is also
called continuous venting and back venting.
It is called continuous venting because the
vent is a continuation of the drain to which it
connects. It is called a back vent because
the vent pipe extends up behind the fixture,
and it called an individual vent because
there is one for each fixture.
2) branch vent - A branch vent is a vent
connecting one or more individual vents to a
vent stack.
3) Common vent - A common vent is a
single vent that connects to a common
drain for back to back fixtures
Figure 5.4.2: vent pipe of
Pinnacle Sunway sewerage
system

4) Stack vent - A stack vent is an extension of a soil stack to fresh air above
the roof. This extension begins above the highest fixture branch
connection. Stack venting is used principally in single family homes and on
the top floor of multi-storey buildings.

Figure 5.4.2: schematic diagram of Pinnacle Sunway sewerage system

5.5 Manhole
Manhole is a small covered opening in a floor or pavement to allow a
technical person to enter and to inspect the waste water leading into the city
sewer. Its normal position would be near the streets or the outer boundary of
its building.
In Pinnacle Sunway, the manhole is located near the main road of
Persiaran Lagoon just in front of the office entrance.
Manhole closings are protected by a manhole cover, a flat plug
designed to prevent accidental or unauthorized access to the manhole.
Those plugs are traditionally made of metal, but may be constructed
from precast concrete, glass reinforced plastic or other composite material.
Figure 5.5.1 : Locations of the manholes Figure 5.5.2 : Steel grate manhole
Figure 5.5.3 : Composite manhole Figure 5.5.4 : Precast concrete manhole

Manholes are usually outfitted with metal, polypropylene, or fibreglass
steps installed in the inner side of the wall to allow easy descent into the utility
Figure 5.5.5 : Details of the construction of manholes

space. The access openings are usually circular in shape to prevent
accidental fall of the cover into the hole.
Manholes are generally found in urban areas, in streets and
occasionally under sidewalks. In rural and undeveloped areas, services such
as telephone and electricity are usually carried on utility poles or
even pylons rather than underground.
Analysis
1) Under Law Of Malaysia Act 133 Street, Drainage, Building Act 1974,
Section 56(1)
- Rainwater pipes not to be used as soil pipe state that: “no pipes used in the
carrying of rainwater from any roof shall be used for the purpose of carrying
off soil and drainage from any privy or water closet or sullage water.”
2) Under Law of Malaysia Act 133 Street, Drainage, Building Act 1974,
Section 57
- No water pipe, stack pipes or down spout used for conveying surface water
from any premises shall be used or permitted to serve or to act as ventilating
shaft to any drain or sewer.
5.6 Conclusion
As a conclusion, the wastewater we produce is the factor behind the
importance of a good sewerage system. The key role of the sewerage system
is the properly direct human waste and odors away from the building and
maintains the cleanliness of it.
Through careful analysis and recording, we have further studied the
building’s sanitary and sewerage system and understand its function and vital
system of the whole building. The sewerage system is also well hidden to
provide hygienic environment to the overall building. And finally, we had
concluded that the sewerage and sanitary services in the Pinnacle Sunway
building is conform to the Building Laws of Malaysia.

6 Fire Protection Services
Active fire protection system are defined by IBC 202 as “approved devices ,
equipment and systems or combinations of systems used to detect a fire ,
activate an alarm, extinguish or control a fire, control or manage smoke and
products of a fire , or any combination thereof”. They are meant to work in
conjunction with the building’s passive systems or fire-resistive construction to
provide necessary protection for occupants of any building type. Systems
such as fire-sprinklers, smoke-control systems, and smoke and heat vents
respond to hazards with defined actions designed to suppress fires or provide
for occupant safety and egress. Other systems such as fire alarms, fire
extinguishers, and standpipe systems provide notification for egress or
evacuation or auxiliary fire-fighting capabilities for the fire-service. An active
fire-protection system in buildings regardless of typology is required for
buildings above certain sizes and occupants load. IBC section 903 establishes
these rules according to use groups and fire areas. Alternative fire
extinguishing systems may be used when necessary, in accordance with IBC
904. Both active and passive fire protection systems are a crucial part in
building construction and should not be compromised in any way for the sake
of cost, convenience or design.
6.2 Active Fire Protection Service
6.2.1 Fire Detection System (Detectors)
Detectors are used to sense heat, fire or smoke (particles of combustion). The
Detectors are connected to a central alarm system and is a key component
in activating them.
Sunway Pinnacle is primarily equipped with smoke detectors which are
placed in various places such throughout the building in accordance to the
building codes. The total area of a room determines the number of smoke
detectors used.

Figure 6.2.1 Smoke Detector
6.2.2 Fire Notification System
Fire Notification system is one of the systems categorized under active fire
protection system. Fire Notification system consist of a number of components
that alert occupants of a fire through visual and audio devices connected
tone or more activation device.
6.2.2.1 Fire Alarm System
The main fire notification system used in Sunway Pinnacle is the fire alarm
system which includes the fire alarm bells or alarm sounders which works
together with the emergency lights when activated. The alarm bell and
emergency lights can be activated automatically by the smoke detectors as
well as manually using the manual call point. It can also be activated via the
control room.
The emergency light provides visual support in cases which the alarm bell is
ineffective in alerting people such as individuals with hearing impairment.
A manual call point is enables occupants to sound the alarm by breaking
the frangible glass. All Call points mounted 1.4m from the floor and are
placed accordingly for ease of access and maximum visibility. They can
be primarily found near exits to open air. They are also placed on the
entrances of staircases on each floor. The control panel is able to detect
which floor an alarm is sounded.

Figure 6.2.2 Schematic diagram of the fire alarm system in Sunway Pinnacle
Figure 6.2.3 a fire alarm bell or alarm sounder.

Figure 6.2.4 a manual call point.
Figure 6.2.5 an emergency light together with a smoke detector and a fire
sprinkler.

6.2.2.2 Fire Control Room
The Fire Control Room is used to ensure and manage the fire safety of the
building. In accordance to the UBBL, the room is separated from the main
building and is on the ground floor close to the main lobby, lifts and staircases.
Its location ensures that it is not affected by the occupant traffic and noise
coming from the main building for a smooth uninterrupted operation.
The fire control room is also conveniently combined with the security room
which enables the security guards to monitor both the security and fire-safety
of the building efficiently. The control room is equipped with a direct
communication system to the nearest firefighting station (digital alarm
communicator) which allows an immediate and direct communication with
the Jambatan Bomba. Communication to all parts of the building is also
possible from the fire control room.

Figure 6.2.6 Digital Alarm Communicator on a control panel
6.6.2.3 Fire Man Intercom
Fire intercom system provides a mean of communication between the
Master Console, and the remote Handset Stations. The system consists of a
remote handset station and Master control panel installed at the Fire
Control Room. The Intercom handset stations are located at staircases of
each floor in Sunway Pinnacle. An incoming call will trigger a call alert
lamp to flash along with an audible signal on the master control panel.
6.2.3 Fire Suppression System
Fire suppression system provides a mean of extinguishing fire within a building.
Fire Suppression system can be classified as manual or automatic.
6.2.3.1 Manual Fire Suppression system
Manual Fire Suppression system consists of devices which can be used by a
person to extinguish fire. Sunway Pinnacle is equipped with fire extinguishers
which can be found on all floors. A fire extinguisher can be used to extinguish
or control small fires. It is not suitable for large scale emergencies which
requires the skill of a fire department. The fire extinguishers discharges a fire
extinguishing agent contained within a pressurized container.

Figure 6.2.7 portable fire extinguisher
The fire hose reel in Sunway Pinnacle is located in a recess along corridors.
It is kept behind doors and is situated close to a fire extinguisher and a
manual call point. The fire hose reel is a 45m long reinforced rubber hose.
The length of the hose enables it to be used on all areas within a floor.

Figure 6.2.8 Fire Hose Reel
Sunway Pinnacle is also equipped with wet risers as its topmost floor is
higher than 30.5 meters above the fire appliance access level. In Sunway
Pinnacle, the wet risers are located at the lift lobbies and at the fire
staircase exits. Wet risers can be used by the fire department to extinguish
fire and can cover a large area. Large amount of water is discharged at a
high pressure from a canvas hose. Wet risers are always pressurized with
water from the water tank in the fire pump room via the wet riser pipes.
Jockey pump, duty pump and standby pump in the pump room channel
the water from the water tank to the hoses.

Figure 6.2.9 Wet Riser Stand Pipes
External fire hydrant system consists of hydrants connected to a same pipeline.
The other end of the pipeline is attached to the pumps and water supply tank
of the firefighting room. The pipeline network is located underground. In case
of an emergency in which more water is needed, the fire hydrant is used. The
fireman connects their equipment to the outlets of the hydrant, forcing water
into the system. When a hydrant valve is opened, the system experiences a
drop in water pressure. The drop in water pressure is detected by a pressure
switch which is turn starts the booster pumps, drawing water from the water
supply to increase the water pressure of the system. The fire hydrant is located
within 600 feet of the building.

Figure 6.2.10 External Fire Hydrant
6.2.3.2 Automatic Fire Suppression System
The main automatic fire suppression system used in Sunway Pinnacle is the fire
sprinkler system. The fire sprinkler system consists of sprinkler head which
discharges water from the water supply tank through the water distribution
piping when triggered. The distance between two sprinkler head is 4 m wide
and 3 m high.
Fire and excess heat, will cause the affected sprinkler head glass bulb to
break and water will spray from the sprinkler head. Pressure in the pipeline will
drop and once the pressure drop below the preset value, the pressure switch
will activate and the pump set will automatically run to supply more water.
This will then be followed by the sounding of the fire alarm.

Figure 6.2.3 The sprinkler head (piping hidden)
6.3 Passive Fire Protection System
In addition to the active fire protection system, Sunway Pinnacle also utilizes
passive fire protection systems. Passive fire protection system included the
compartmentalization of the buildings and the use of fire-resistant materials .
6.3.1 Fire Evacuation System and Escape Route
Fire Evacuation system functions as an alternative route which lead
occupants outside of the building to safety away from the fire. The escape
route of the 13th floor of Sunway Pinnacle leads the occupants to the
assembly point, at which they can either use the fire lift or the escape
staircase which further leads them to the ground floor where they are to
proceed to a fire protected area outside and away from the building.
The exit doors are located on the outermost area, to prevent it from
immediate damage in case of a fire. The fire doors are located in the lift
lobby and in front of the entrance to the fire staircase. The doors are standard
fireproof doors which has a 1 inch layer of fire-resistant material. The exit doors
uses a hydraulic spring is 1 hour fire rated.

Figure 6.3.1 Fire Exit Door With the ‘Keluar’ (exit) sign
Fire escape staircase allows the occupants of the building to escape the
building to a safe area or assembly point. The width of staircase is consistent
all the way to the exit. It has total of 30 steps from one level to another. The
width of the staircase (1350mm) allows the stairs to be used by two person at
the same time. The height of riser 175mm and the tread is 290mm with 1m
high railings. The staircase is constructed out of nonflammable materials in
accordance to the law.
Fire Lifts are located at the lift lobby and are cladded with marble tiles. The
marble tiles are fire resistant and helps in slowing down the spread of fire.

Figure 6.3.2
6.4 Conclusion
Based on the Universal Building by law, it can be concluded that Sunway
Pinnacle satisfy the fire protection requirements. Both Active and passive
systems are used conforming to the written law. Each components works in
conjunction with each other to ensure the safety of its occupants which is a
crucial aspect in any functioning building of any type. The proper
implementation of the fire-protection system from detection to notification to
the suppression of fire in accordance to the law is important as it may
potentially save the life of many especially in large scale buildings such as the
Sunway Pinnacle where the expected large number of occupancy also
increases the chance of an emergency occurring. Sunway Pinnacle can be
used as an example of a building which is carefully designed and remains
within the law as a result.

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6 Fire Protection Systems
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Rockport

Group Photo in the Control room of Pinnacle Sunway

Building Services Project 1

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