The document provides information about various aspects of the built environment including: - Intelligent/smart buildings use advanced automatic control systems to provide comfortable and efficient environments. - Passive temperature control in the built environment relies on design/insulation to control interior temperatures without energy usage. - Noise control and soundproofing address acoustic separations between spaces using partitions, insulation, and reducing vibrations. - Security systems, landscaping, and heritage structure preservation are important considerations for the built environment.

1. Mr. Akash
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
DCE Darbhanga
Module- 5
Civil Engineering-
Societal & Global
Impact
Course Code- 101252

2. Syllabus
Built environment – Facilities management, Climate control; Energy efficient built environments
and LEED ratings, Recycling, Temperature/ Sound control in built environment, Security
systems; Intelligent/ Smart Buildings; Aesthetics of built environment, Role of Urban Arts
Commissions; Conservation, Repairs & Rehabilitation of Structures & Heritage structures;
Innovations and methodologies for ensuring Sustainability

3. Built Environment
 In the engineering and social sciences, the term built environment, or built world, refers to
the human-made environment that provides the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from
buildings to cities and beyond.
 It has been defined as "the human-made space in which people live, work and recreate on a day-to-day
basis.“
 The built environment encompasses places and spaces created or modified by people to serve their
needs of accommodation, organization and representation.
 The sciences of the built environment cover architecture, urbanism, building technology, civil
engineering, landscaping and the management of built stock mutations and operations.

4. Energy efficient built environments
 Energy efficiency in the built environment can make significant contributions to a sustainable energy
economy. In order to achieve this, greater public awareness of the importance of energy efficiency is
required.
 In the short term, new efficient domestic appliances, building technologies, legislation quantifying
building plant performance, and improved building regulations to include installed plant will be
required. Continuing these improvements in the longer term is likely to see the adoption of small-scale
renewable technologies embedded in the building fabric.
 Internet-based energy services could deliver low-cost building energy management and control to the
mass market enabling plant to be operated and maintained at optimum performance levels and energy
savings quantified.
 There are many technology options for improved energy performance of the building fabric and energy
systems and it is not yet clear which will prove to be the most economic. Therefore, flexibility is needed
in legislation and energy-efficiency initiatives.

5. LEED rating
 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a green building certification program
used worldwide. Developed by the non-profit U.S. Green Building Council( USGBC) it includes a set
of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings, homes,
and neighborhoods that aims to help building owners and operators be environmentally responsible and
use resources efficiently.
 The LEED system is more associated with the construction of green buildings. This is not for a
particular type of green building, but any type for building that is constructed to have green and
sustainable performance can apply for a LEED certification.

6. LEED 2009 encompasses ten rating systems for the design, construction and operation of buildings, homes and
neighborhoods. Five overarching categories correspond to the specialties available under the LEED professional
program. That suite currently consists of:
Green Building Design & Construction
 LEED for New Construction
 LEED for Core & Shell
 LEED for Schools
 LEED for Retail: New Construction and Major Renovations
 LEED for Healthcare
Green Interior Design & Construction
 LEED for Commercial Interiors
 LEED for Retail: Commercial Interiors
Green Building Operations & Maintenance
 LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance
Green Neighborhood Development
 LEED for Neighborhood Development
Green Home Design and Construction
 LEED for Homes (The LEED for Homes rating system is different from LEED v3, with different point
categories and thresholds that reward efficient residential design.

7. Temperature control in
built environment
 Active temperature control uses energy consuming methods such as heating by burning fossil fuels and
cooling with air conditioning to control the temperatures in the building.
 Passive temperature control uses the environment and the properties of the building to control
temperature within the building.
 Passive temperature control requires thought and an understanding of the science involved, but uses little
energy. While to fully utilize passive temperature control extra effort at the construction stage may be
needed, some can be achieved just by minor changes to the running of a house and more by making
relatively minor changes to a home.
There are several fundamental features of passive temperature control:
 Insulation: Insulation limits the amount of heat that unintentionally enters or leaves the building by
conduction.
 Thermal mass: Thermal mass provides some stability to the temperature in the building.
 Controllable ventilation: If ventilation can be controlled then it may be possible to use the cool of the
night to reduce the temperature in the building, or the warmth of the day to increase the temperature,
whenever outside temperatures are suitable. Undesirable ventilation from gaps needs to be minimized.
 Control of the entry of sunlight: Stopping sunlight from getting into the building in summer, but
allowed to enter in winter (supposing that the sun is shining), can give added control of temperatures
without using energy.
 Using radiation: Radiation moves heat from one place to another. Control of when and where
radioactive heat transfer takes place can be used to our advantage.

8. Sound control in built environment
 Noise control addresses the acoustic separations between spaces, which primarily includes partitions,
floors, and ceilings.
 Room acoustics deals with the way sound interacts with the room, specifically, the way it is reflected or
absorbed by surfaces within the room
 A reverberant room provides many reflections for sound such that the sound stays in the room long after
it was produced. A “dead” room provides very few reflections as surfaces will instead absorb the sound
so the sound disappears shortly after it is produced.
 Mechanical noise control includes vibration control of equipment, and reduction of airborne noise as it
passes through ducts and other pathways.
 Noise propagation from the mechanical equipment through various pathways, such as airborne pathways
through ducts or structure-borne pathways through building components, and provide design of
mechanical noise control options, such as silencer selection or equipment isolation, to meet the
background noise level requirements in different types of spaces such as auditoriums, classrooms,
private offices, open offices, hotel guest rooms, and residential living areas, among many others.
 Large fans used as part of the air conditioning system in a building are source of a significant amount of
unwanted noise. The quietest type of the fan that will satisfy the operating requirement.

9. Security systems
in Built Environment
 The protection of the built environment has been given increasing attention over recent years, with
physical interventions being integrated into the built environment itself and an impetus on the role of
those who are responsible for its design, construction and operation.
 Making Safety & Security a fundamental “design feature” within the built environment can, in many
cases, remove many of the common threats and risks found within small to major developments and even
the largest cities.
 When considering new or existing developments, individual buildings or structures, there is the ability to
apply a common baseline of Safety & Security standards that Developers, Owners and Operators can
follow and apply.
 Common standards for Safety & Security can also be validated by third parties (typically government
bodies, or those appointed by government), which helps regulate performance.
 System considerations include security, and taking the risk of natural hazards as an example, a vast array
of natural hazards pose a risk to the built environment and each require an in-depth understanding of their
nature and mitigation in order to reduce their likelihood and lessen their impacts effectively and
proportionately. The reduction in vulnerability of the built environment to such risks is, therefore, of
significant importance.

10. Intelligent/ Smart Buildings
Intelligent Buildings
 Intelligent Building can be defined as a building that provides a productive and cost-effective
environment through optimization of four basic elements including structures, systems, services, and
management as well as the interrelationships between them.
 Intelligent Building in a way that creates an environment that maximizes the effectiveness of the
building's occupants, while at the same time enabling efficient management of resources with minimum
lifetime costs of hardware and facilities.
 The building should have advanced automatic control systems to monitor various facilities, including
air-conditioning, temperature, lighting, security, fire, etc. to provide a comfortable working
environment for the tenants.
 buildings will no longer be considered only as consumers but as producers of energy with the ability of
energy recycling.
 These buildings is to reduce energy consumption as well as increase the comfort and welfare of its
residents.

11. Smart Buildings
 A smart building involves the installation and use of advanced and integrated building
technology systems. These systems include building automation, life
safety, telecommunications, user systems, and facility management systems.
 Smart buildings recognize and reflect the technological advancements and convergence of
building systems, the common elements of the systems and the additional functionality that
integrated systems provide.
 Smart buildings provide actionable information about a building or space within a building to
allow the building owner or occupant to manage the building or space.
 Smart buildings provide the most cost effective approach to the design and the deployment of
building technology systems. The traditional way to design and construct a building is to
design, install, and operate each system separately.
 Smart buildings are also a critical component regarding energy usage and sustainability of
buildings and the smart electrical grid. The building automation systems, such as HVAC
control, lighting control, power management, and metering play a major role in determining
the operational energy efficiency of a building.

12. Aesthetics of built environment
 The dictionary meaning of 'aesthetics' is the study of the beauty or something pertaining to beauty.
 Built environment includes all man-made environment. Any type of physical development shapes the
environment we live in. Roads, streets, drains, footpaths, pavements, service lines, parks and
playgrounds, buildings, hoardings, posters, sign boards, traffic light plantation, landscaping, dams and
reservoirs, canals and artificial lakes, bridges, garbage dumps, parking lots, etc., all shape the built
environment and affect the aesthetics of a city or a town.
 This means that any agency or organization or department which is undertaking development works of
physical nature is directly or indirectly responsible for beautification of our surroundings, our
neighbourhood, our colonies, our cities and towns.
 When we talk of aesthetic aims in creating or modifying the built environment we are primarily looking
for environments which are at least comfortable, pleasant and delightful. Environmental aesthetics is
concerned with relations between the people and the things. They are dependent on the interaction
between people and the environment. This interaction, to some extent, is dependent on the perceptual
process of an individual.
 Many a times non-visual factors influence our perception of beauty. Physical comfort is the first
prerequisite for appreciating any object. Only when basic bodily comforts are taken care of, the issues
related to aesthetics come to foreground

13. Various elements play role in shaping aesthetics of a city. These can be listed as under :
 Structure of road networks.
 Placement and positioning of buildings and open spaces on the network of roads.
 Proportion of buildings with reference to themselves and also surroundings.
 Road surfaces, pavements, footpaths, kerbs, street furniture, etc.
 Service lines such as electricity, telephone, water, sewerage, drains, cable television networks, etc.
 Water front developments, water bodies.
 Bill boards, hoardings, banners, posters, signboards, traffic guide signs, etc.
 Kiosks, pavement vendors, mobile vendors, bus stop shelters, parking sheds, police booths.
 Roadside plantation, landscaping of open areas, parks and play grounds, tree guards, fencing, boundary
walls, etc.
 Historical monuments and other buildings of importance from the point of view of tourism, religion,
public utility, community gatherings or of any other interest.
 Finishes and textures of buildings.
 Colour schemes at the town level and also at habitat level.

14. Repairs & Rehabilitation of Structures
REPAIR:
 To bring back the position of the structure to its previous condition so it gives performance same as
previously.
 It doesn’t cover the strength aspect of the structures.
 Some examples of repair
I. Decoration of structure, Painting, White Washing
II. Checking the wiring of building
III. Repairing of plaster of any wall if required
IV. Repairing of damaged flooring
V. Repair of door and window
VI. Checking or repairing of pipe line connections, gas line connections and plumbing serveries.
VII. Relaying disturbed roof tiles

15. Repair of concrete structures is carried out in the following stages:
 Removal of damaged concrete
 Pre treatment of surfaces and reinforcement
 Application of repair material
 Restoring the integrity of individual sections and strengthening of structure as a whole
A repair procedure may be selected to accomplish on or more of the following objectives:
 To increase strength or restore load carrying capacity
 To restore or increase stiffens
 To improve functional performance
 To provide water tightness
 To improve durability
 To prevent access of corrosive material to reinforcement
Types and classification of repair Types of repair:
 Cosmetic treatments on surfaces
 Partial replacement of surface and subsurface material
 Additional of reinforcements and bonding materials to strengthen the element
 Total replacement of the structural element

16. The repair of cracks can be achieved with the following techniques:
 Resin injection
 Routing and Sealing
 Stitching
 External stressing
 Bonding
 Blanketing
 Overlays
 Dry pack
 Vacuum impregnation
 Polymer impregnation

17. REHABILITATION:
 Rehabilitation of a building means returning a building or a structure to a useful state by means of repair,
modification, or alteration.
 It is related to the strength aspect of structures. To Bring back the position and condition of the structure
by considering the strength aspect.
 Some of the examples of Rehabilitation
i. To fill the wide cracks using some suitable material
ii. Injecting epoxy like material in to cracks in walls, columns, beams, etc.
iii. Removal of damaged portion of masonry and reconstructing it using rich mortar mix.
iv. Addition of reinforcing mesh on both sides of the wall.
 The success of repair activity depends on the identification of the root cause of the deterioration of the
concrete structures. The repairs can be done for the improvement of strength and durability, thus
extending the life of the structure, is not difficult to achieve.
 It is the processes of restoring the structure to service level, once it had and now lost, strengthening
consists in endowing the structure with a service level, higher than that initially planned by modifying
the structure not necessarily damaged area.

18. The following steps are generally used in the rehabilitation of distressed concrete structure:
 Support the structural members properly as required.
 Remove all cracked, spalled and loose concrete.
 Clean the exposed concrete surfaces and steel reinforcement
 Provide additional reinforcing bars, if the loss in reinforcement is more than 10%
 Apply protective coatings over the exposed/repaired surface.
Applications:
 Shotcrete/Gunite
 Resin injection
 Dry pack and Epoxy-bonded dry pack
 Slab jacking Technique
 Sprayed concrete

19. Heritage structures
 “Heritage Structures” means a structure possessing architectural, aesthetic, historic or cultural values
which is declared as heritage by a Competent Authority in whose jurisdiction such building is situated.
 Heritage Structures help define culture; and culture binds people together and solidifies unity. Thus
historic buildings are not only symbols of a culture, but to some extent, therein lies nation’s unity. Thus
tearing down the historic buildings, which amounts to breaking down one’s nation’s unique culture
actually is not as simple as tearing down an old building.
 It is an important part of transmission of culture over generations.
“A nation’s culture resides in the hearts and in the
soul of its people.” - Mahatma Gandhi

20. https://www.holidify.com/pages/world-heritage-sites-in-india-1629.html
Here is a list of 38 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India:
Cultural World Heritage Sites in India
1. Taj Mahal, Agra
2. Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh
3. Hampi, Karnataka
4. Ajanta & Ellora Caves, Maharashtra
5. Bodh Gaya, Bihar
6. Sun Temple, Konark, Odisha
7. Red Fort Complex, Delhi
8. Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh
9. Chola Temples, Tamil Nadu
10. Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu
11. Humayun’s Tomb, New Delhi
12. Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, Rajasthan
13. Agra Fort, Uttar Pradesh
14. Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh
15. Rani Ki Vav, Patan, Gujarat
16. Group of Monuments at Pattadakal, Karnataka
17. Elephanta Caves, Maharashtra
18. Nalanda Mahavihara (Nalanda University), Bihar
19. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus), Maharashtra

21. 20. Mountain Railways of India
21. Qutub Minar and its Monuments, New Delhi
22. Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, Gujarat
23. Hill Forts of Rajasthan
24. Churches and Convents of Goa
25. Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh
26. The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai
27. The Pink City - Jaipur
28. The Historic City of Ahmedabad
29. Capitol Complex, Chandigarh
Natural World Heritage Sites in India
30. Kaziranga Wild Life Sanctuary, Assam
31. Sundarbans National Park, West Bengal
32. Great Himalayan National Park, Himachal Pradesh
33. Manas Wild Life Sanctuary, Assam
34. Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan
35. Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks, Uttarakhand
36. Western Ghats
37. Kanchenjunga National Park, Sikkim
Cultural and Natural Mixed World Heritage Site in India
38. Khangchendzonga National Park

22. Innovations and methodologies for
ensuring Sustainability
 The world has to change if it's to survive. Here are some of the most interesting sustainable innovations
and initiatives that could save the planet.
 We've reached a critical point with regards to climate change, and many innovators and businesses are
stepping up to the plate to build a green future.
 Here are just some of the incredible breakthroughs and initiatives that could change the world as we
know it, and pave the way for a more sustainable way of living.
1. The Smog Free Project: Jewellery Made From Air Pollution
2. Zéphyr Solar: Bringing Electricity to Disaster Zones
3. The Green Building Initiative: Building Homes and Reducing Emissions
4. B-Droid: Buzzing Toward a Brighter Future
5. Groasis Waterboxx: Bringing Life to the Desert

23. 6. Supermarket Herb Gardens: Less Waste, Better Taste
7. Air Carbon: A Sustainable Plastic For the Future
8. Desso Airmaster: Carpet That Cleans the Air
9. ENGIE Insight: Resources for a Sustainable World
10. Demetra: Reducing Food Waste Organically
11. The Seabin: Cleaning the Oceans Safely
12. S.Café: Fabric Recycled from Coffee Grounds
13. Sundrop Farms: Energy Efficient Agriculture
14. The Veganbottle: An All-Natural Alternative to Plastic Bottles
15. PowWow Energy: Save Water and Money With This Innovative App
16. Eka 1 and Eka 2 Seeds: A Proposed Solution to Deforestation
17. CloudFisher: Converting Fog Into Drinking Water
18. Fairphone: The World's First Ethical Smartphone
19. Waitrose Delivery Vans: Vans Fuelled by Food Waste
20. Bakey's: A Delicious Way to Replace Plastic Cutlery
21. Outerwall EcoATM: Get Cash For Your Old Electronics

24. Thanks