Building Science II Project 2 (Integration) Final Report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE
BLD 61303: BUILDING SCIENCE II
STUDIO INTEGRATION PROJECT :
DAYLIGHTING, ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING & PSALI ANALYSIS
COMMUNITY LIBRARY
@
MEDAN PASAR
NIK AHMAD MUNAWWAR NIK DIN
0325167
TUTORED BY AZIM SULAIMAN

1. Introduction
1.1 Objective
1.2 Introduction to Medan Pasar Community Library
1.3 Lighting strategies in the community library design
1.4 Site response strategies in the community library design
1.5 Daylighting strategies in the library design
2. Lighting analysis and execution
2.1 List of Formulas
2.2 Community Library Drawings
2.3 Special Collections Office
2.3.1 Daylight factor calculation
2.3.2 Artificial lighting calculation
2.3.3 PSALI
2.4 Food Truck Lane
2.4.3 PSALI
3. Conclusion
4. References

1. Introduction
1.1 Objective
The objectives of this project are:
1. To design spaces that integrate both natural and artificial lighting
2. To understand the mechanisms of artificial lighting in a public building
3. To formulate daylighting strategies (PSALI)
4. To solve design problems in relation to sustainability issues
1.2 Introduction to Medan Pasar Community Library
The community library at Medan
Pasar was designed with the sole
intention of inciting interactions
between the various communities
present on site. The site is known to
be demographically diverse, with
communities ranging from white-
collar locals and foreign workers. The
big idea behind the library is then to
capture this diversity to create a
unique identity to rejuvenate Medan
Pasar.
In light of this, the library has been
designed to be open, with minimal
enclosed rooms and spaces mostly
divided by a difference in floor height.
This design strategy not only creates a
welcoming ambiance, but also allows
for uninterrupted ventilation and
fenestration throughout the building.

1.3 Lighting strategies in the community library design
The library is designed to be a landmark and a crowd magnet for Medan Pasar. Hence,
it is purposely designed to break from the traditional colonial façade of its neighbours.
To achieve this, passers-by are greeted with an interactive kinetic façade that ripples
when the wind blows that also acts as an external shading device for the building. The
façade is made up of individual aluminium plates that are lightweight and durable. The
following are three lighting strategies employed in the community library:
1. The use of a double-skinned
aluminium kinetic façade as
an external shading device.
An external shading device is
more effective at preventing
excessive daylight and heat
into a building as it limits
fenestration before it
penetrates into the spatial
cavity of the building, while
still allowing enough light to
facilitate the activities going
on within. The reflective
nature of the individual
aluminium plates increases
the effectiveness even
further, and fenestration is controlled by the even spacing between the plates.
2. To provide diffused light into the building, a triple volume void that is directly
connected to a sawtooth roof on the top floor is created. This continuous void from
ground to top not only acts as a central attraction point, but also ensures that all floors
receive adequate amount of daylight all the way to the ground floor which functions
as a public realm. The sawtooth roof is angled towards the West and receives the most
sunlight at 1500hrs.
3. Finally, the South wall of the building is angled slightly off to create a space between
the library and the neighbouring building. As with the case with most urban infills,
there would be two sides of the building that are completely shut off from allowing
external light by the neighbouring buildings. To avoid that, the Southern wall of the
library is angled towards the East with glazed windows to allow maximum fenestration
due the limited amount of daylight it already receives.

1.4 Site response strategies in the community library design
Even though Medan Pasar has relatively lowrise buildings, the surrounding corporate
towers in the area such as Menara Maybank can create shade over the community
library. The shadow casted by Menara Dayabumi is able to shade almost the entire
building at specific times of up to 3 hours a day. The nearby UOB building, even though
only moderately tall, shades the front façade from 2PM onwards, providing a decent
and comfortable experience for the library throughout the day.
It is important to note though that there are still spots where shading is lacking, hence
the implementation of the façade shading system in the building.
Do also note that the shading situation changes all year round depending on the sun
position throughout the year.
9:30AM 1:30PM 4:30PM

1.5 Daylighting strategies in the library design
The diagrams below illustrate how the library responds to external daylight:
1. The front and rear
kinetic façade,
made up of
individual
aluminium plates
act as a shading
device to block
extreme sun rays.
2. The continuous
triple volume
lightwell allows
adequate
daylighting all the
way down to the
ground floor. The
sawtooth roof
angle is designed
to maximise
fenestration into
the building.
3. The Southern wall
of the building is
detached from the
adjacent building
unlike most urban
infill designs. This
is done to allow
more daylight
penetration into
the spaces,
especially the
higher floors.

2. Lighting analysis and execution
2.1 List of Formulas
These formulas will be used throughout the report to analyse the daylighting and
artificial lighting conditions in the chosen spaces.
Daylight Factor
W = the area of the windows (m2
)
A = the total area of the internal surfaces (m2
)
T = the glass transmittance corrected for dirt
0 = the visible sky angle from the centre of the window
R = the average reflectance of an area
Room Index, (RI)
RI = the room index
L = the length of the space (m)
W = the width of the space (m)
Hm
= the mounted height of fitting above the working plane (m)
Lumen Method
N = the number of lamps required or illuminance level
E = the required lux (Ix)
A = the area at working plane height (m2)
F = the initial luminous flux for each lamp (Im)
UF = the utilization factor, allowance for light distribution of the luminaires and
room surfaces
MF = the maintenance factor, allowance for reduced light output due to
deterioration and dirt

2.2 Community Library Drawings
Ground floor plan showing the Food Truck Lane space
Second floor plan showing the Special Collections space
The two spaces that are analyzed here are the Special Collections office and the Food
Truck Lane, which are located on the 2nd
floor and the Ground floor of the community
library respectively. The two spaces are analysed for daylighting and are also
calculated for artificial lighting proposals.
, 91m2
, 17m2

2.3 Space 1: Special Collections Office
The Special Collections Office is located the 2nd floor of the library, and is a standard
room with three window openings towards the back lane of the building. The room is
positioned at the back of the building as it holds a number of precious collections that
need to be secure and protected. Hence, the only fenestration in the space comes
through the window openings behind the room that is also shaded by the external
back façade which is identical to the façade system at the front of the building.
The office is shaded most of the day due to the low ceiling and the lack of nearby
fenestration opening towards the centre of the library. Hence, there is a need to
implement artificial lighting most of the time, which will be based on PSALI
implementation. The interior artificial lighting must be in accordance to MS1525.

The light contour shows a range of illuminance throughout the room, from dark blue
representing the darker areas to yellow representing the brightest part of the space.
The three window openings can be seen where there are the three yellow spots. The
dark blue spot at the back of the room is due to furniture blocking some of the light
into the room. In essence, the special collections office is a relatively dark room in the
library due to the limited fenestration openings that allow natural daylight in.
Area of Openings (W) 1.68m2
x 3 = 5.04m2
Total Area of Internal Surfaces
(A)
2(17m2
) + 2(11.52m2
) + 2(12.384m2
) = 81.8m2
Glass Transmittance
(corrected for dirt) (T)
0.6
Visible Sky Angle from Centre
of Window (ϴ)
80
Average Reflectance (R) 0.5
Average Daylight Factor
Calculation
Avg. DF
= (W/A) x (Tϴ/(1-R))
= (5.04/81.8) x (0.6(80)/(1-0.5))
= 5.92%
With a daylight factor of 5.915%, it falls under MS1525’s regulations as being “good”.
Artificial lighting is still required especially to brighten up the front part of the room
with the entrance.

Lighting Fixture Properties
Artificial lighting is needed in the special collections
office as it is shaded most of the day and it is where
sorting of the books is done.
One important consideration for the choice of artificial
lighting is the environment impact and overall energy
consumption. Hence, an LED-based luminaire of the
following type has been chosen to be most adequate for
the space:
Fixture name: SVIRVEL (with LEDARE lightbulb)
Manufacturer: IKEA
Lighting distribution: Direct
Fixture material: Anodized Aluminium
Luminous Flux (LED): 1500 lm
LED life approx.: 25,000 hours.
Light color: Warm White (2700 Kelvin)
Power: 13.0 W
Room Index Calculation
Room Dimension (L x W) 4 x 4.25
Total Floor Area (m2
) 17
Height of Ceiling (m) 2.88
Luminous Flux (F/m) 1500 lm
Height of Luminaires (m) 2.5
Height of Working Plane (m) 0.8
Mounting Height (Hm
) 2.5 – 0.8 = 1.7m
MS1525 Recommended Room
Illumination Level (lux)
300
Room Index (K) Calculation RI
= (L x W) / (L + W)(Hm
)
= (17) / (8.25)(1.7)
= 1.21

Room
Index
Reflectance (%) for ceiling, walls and working plane (floor)
C 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0
W 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0
F 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0
0.6 0.37 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.3 0.3 0.27 0.3 0.27 0.26
0.8 0.44 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.37 0.37 0.34 0.36 0.33 0.32
1.0 0.51 0.47 0.5 0.48 0.46 0.42 0.42 0.39 0.41 0.39 0.37
1.25 0.56 0.52 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.47 0.47 0.44 0.46 0.43 0.42
1.5 0.6 0.55 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.5 0.47 0.49 0.47 0.46
2.0 0.67 0.59 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.54 0.52 0.51
2.5 0.71 0.62 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.54
3.0 0.73 0.64 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.6 0.59 0.6 0.58 0.57
4.0 0.77 0.66 0.74 0.7 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.59
5.0 0.79 0.68 0.76 0.71 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.61
Lumen Method Calculation
Lux Required , MS1525
recommended illumination (E)
300
Floor Area (A) 17
Luminous Flux (F) 1500 lm
Utilization Factor (UF) 0.55 (based on Room Index table)
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8
Lumen Method Calculation (N) N
= (E x A) / (F x MF x UF)
= (300 x 17) / (1500 x 0.8 x 0.55)
= 7.72 ~ 8 luminaires
Lighting Layout (S) S
= 1.5 x Hm
= 1.5 x 1.7
= 2.55m
The luminaires must be spaced apart by not more than 2.55m from each other.

Reflected Ceiling Plan with Lighting Layout
Artificial Lighting Contour

2.3.3 PSALI
The lighting arrangement and wiring is designed based on PSALI concept which allows
for the balance use of daylighting and artificial lighting in a space. During the day, only
one row of luminaires is switched on since the room is also lit by natural daylight.
However, during the night, the single row of lights can be switched off and replaced
by the other three rows, thereby saving on energy costs.
PSALI: only one row of light switched on during the day.
PSALI: three rows of light switched on during the night.
WindowWindow

2.4 Space 2: Food Truck Lane
The food truck lane is located on the Ground floor of the library, and is an open area
with ample daylight coming in from the South Eastern side of the building. The space
is part of the public realm of the library, meant to attract passers-by into the library
by having food trucks daily. The open configuration of the space and the triple volume
void connected to the sawtooth sun roof provides ample fenestration into the space.
Although the space receives a lot of natural lighting, artificial lighting is still required
at some areas where daylight is blocked by a higher floor.

The light contour shows mostly bright illuminance throughout the space, with very
little dark blue representing the darker areas. The open spatial configuration and its
lack of a bounding wall allows maximum daylight penetration into the space, as
evidenced by the regions highlighted in yellow in the above lighting analysis
simulation.
Area of Openings (W) 23.52m2
Total Area of Internal Surfaces
(A)
2(91m2
) + 26.24m2
= 208.24m2
Glass Transmittance
(corrected for dirt) (T)
0.6
Visible Sky Angle from Centre
of Window (ϴ)
80
Average Reflectance (R) 0.5
Average Daylight Factor
Calculation
Avg. DF
= (W/A) x (Tϴ/(1-R))
= (23.52/208.24) x (0.6(80)/(1-0.5))
= 10.84%
With a daylight factor of 10.84%, it falls under MS1525’s regulations as having
“thermal and glare issues”. Artificial lighting is still required since this space will be
open at night.

Lighting Fixture Properties
Artificial lighting is needed at the food truck lane as the
space is also used at night.
One important consideration for the choice of artificial
lighting is the environment impact and overall energy
consumption. Hence, an LED-based luminaire of the
following type has been chosen to be most adequate for
the space:
Fixture name: SVIRVEL (with LEDARE lightbulb)
Manufacturer: IKEA
Lighting distribution: Direct
Fixture material: Anodized Aluminium
Luminous Flux (LED): 1500 lm
LED life approx.: 25,000 hours.
Light color: Warm White (2700 Kelvin)
Power: 13.0 W
Room Index Calculation
Room Dimension (L x W) 8.1 x 7.5
Total Floor Area (m2
) 60.75
Height of Ceiling (m) 3.05
Luminous Flux (F/m) 1500 lm
Height of Luminaires (m) 2.8
Height of Working Plane (m) 0.5
Mounting Height (Hm
) 2.8 – 0.5 = 2.3m
MS1525 Recommended Room
Illumination Level (lux)
300
Room Index (K) Calculation RI
= (L x W) / (L + W)(Hm
)
= (60.75) / (15.6)(2.3)
= 1.69

Lumen Method Calculation
Lux Required , MS1525
recommended illumination (E)
300
Floor Area (A) 60.75
Luminous Flux (F) 1500 lm
Utilization Factor (UF) 0.59 (based on Room Index table)
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8
Lumen Method Calculation (N) N
= (E x A) / (F x MF x UF)
= (300 x 60.75) / (1500 x 0.8 x 0.59)
= 25.74 ~ 26 luminaires
Lighting Layout (S) S
= 1.5 x Hm
= 1.5 x 2.3
= 3.45m
The luminaires must be spaced apart by not more than 3.44m from each other.
Room
Index
Reflectance (%) for ceiling, walls and working plane (floor)
C 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0
W 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0
F 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0
0.6 0.37 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.3 0.3 0.27 0.3 0.27 0.26
0.8 0.44 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.37 0.37 0.34 0.36 0.33 0.32
1.0 0.51 0.47 0.5 0.48 0.46 0.42 0.42 0.39 0.41 0.39 0.37
1.25 0.56 0.52 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.47 0.47 0.44 0.46 0.43 0.42
1.5 0.6 0.55 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.5 0.47 0.49 0.47 0.46
2.0 0.67 0.59 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.54 0.52 0.51
2.5 0.71 0.62 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.54
3.0 0.73 0.64 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.6 0.59 0.6 0.58 0.57
4.0 0.77 0.66 0.74 0.7 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.59
5.0 0.79 0.68 0.76 0.71 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.61

2.4.3 PSALI
Similar to the Special Collections room, the lighting arrangement and wiring at the
Food Truck Lane is designed based on PSALI concept which allows for the balance use
of daylighting and artificial lighting in a space. During a gloomy day, only one row of
luminaires is switched on since the room is also lit by natural daylight. However, during
the night, the single row of lights can be switched off and replaced by the other three
rows, thereby saving on energy costs.
PSALI: Lighting configuration during the day.
PSALI: Lighting configuration at night.

3. Conclusion
Daylighting analysis is an integral part of the design of a building. It ensures that the users are
comfortable at all times, especially in a public library where proper lighting is extremely
important.
The PSALI strategy implementation in fusing natural daylight and artificial lighting yields both
design and economic benefit to the overall building. It allows the flexibility of adjusting
artificial lighting according to the external daylight situation.
Overall, the analysis conducted on the two spaces have been academically beneficial in terms
of lighting considerations in the design process of a building.

4. References
Ander, G. (2003). Daylighting performance and design. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons
Department of Standards Malaysia (2007). CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND
USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (FIRST REVISION). N.p,
Department of Standards Malaysia, Retrieved from www.msonline.gov.my
ROOM ILLUMINATION LEVEL (2016). Retrieved 12 July 2017 from
http://www.pioneerlighting.com/new.pdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf

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