Building science report (1)

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [BLD61303] PROJECT 1:
Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design of
__________________________________________________
L a n t e r n H o t e l
GROUP MEMBERS:
CHEAH TECK WEI 0315215
NICOLE HOOI YI TIEN 0313611
RICKY WONG YII 0313785
TAN KAI CHONG 0314223
TSANG HAO REN 0315753
VICKY LEE WEI KEE 0313317
TUTOR :
Mr. Edwin Chan

2 BLD 61303 BUILDING SCIENCE 2 LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE LANTERN HOTEL
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T
1.0 INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Aim and Objective
1.2 Site Study
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Selection Criteria
1.2.3 Architectural Drawings
1.2.4 Zoning of Spaces
2.0 METHODOLOGY ------------------------------------------------------------------ 10
2.1 Sequence of working
3.0 LIGHTING STUDY ----------------------------------------------------------------- 12
3.1 Introduction to lighting
3.1.1 Natural lighting
3.1.2 Artificial Lighting
3.1.3 Materials
3.2 Precedent Study
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Analysis
3.2.3 Conclusion
3.3 Site Lighting
3.3.1 Spatial Quality of Light – Natural Lighting
3.3.2 Spatial Quality of Light – Artificial Lighting
3.3.3 Tabulation of Data
3.3.4 Interpretation of Data
3.4 Light Analysis
3.4.1 Reception/Cafeteria - Daylight Factor Calculation
- Lumen Method
- Room Index Calculation
3.4.2 Atrium - Daylight Factor Calculation
- Lumen Method
3.4.3 Room - Daylight Factor Calculation
- Lumen Method
3.4.4 Staircase - Daylight Factor Calculation
- Lumen Method
3.5 Conclusion of Lighting Evaluation in Lantern Hotel
4.0 ACOUSTIC STUDY ------------------------------------------------------------------ 45
4.1 Introduction to acoustic
4.1.1 Literature Review
4.1.2 Architecture Acoustics

BLD 61303 BUILDING SCIENCE 2 LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE LANTERN HOTEL 3
4.1.3 Material Absorbent
4.2 Precedent Study
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Analysis
4.3 Site Acoustics
4.3.1 Outdoor Noise Sources
4.3.2 Indoor Noise Sources
4.3.3 Equipment Location
4.3.4 Equipment Specification
4.3.5 Data Tabulation and analysis
4.4 Acoustic Analysis
4.4.1 Reverberation Time
- Zone 1: Cafeteria Bar / Reception
- Zone 2: Cafeteria Dining Area / Corridor (Atrium)
- Zone 3: Room Type 1
4.4.2 Sound Intensity Level
- Zone 1: Cafeteria Bar / Reception
- Zone 2: Cafeteria Dining Area / Corridor (Atrium)
- Zone 6: Corridor
4.4.3 Sound Reduction Index
- Wall 1: Café Reception / Bar Area
- Wall 2: Room Type 3 (Room with Fixed Glass)
- Wall 3: Room Type 3 ( Room with Glass Box)
4.5 Conclusion of Acoustic Evaluation in Lantern Hotel
BIBILOGRAPHY --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88

A B S T R A C T
This report contains of our observation and
data collection of lighting and acoustic
performances of Lantern Hotel, Petaling
Street.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1Aim and Objective
By observing and analyzing the lighting and acoustic performances in Lantern Hotel, we aim
to have a better understanding on the characteristic of a space on how the design
approaches affect the lighting and acoustic performances of the space, and how different
types of lighting and different types of sound sources influence the performances and also
user experience. We also provide suggestions for better lighting and acoustic quality in the
case study space.

1.2 Site Study
1.2.1 Introduction of site
1.2.2 Selection criteria
In a stylish renovated four-storey old building,
with an industrial-meets-tropical design touch,
Lantern Hotel is a budget hotel located at the
heart of ever busy Petaling street of China town
in Kuala Lumpur. Lantern Hotel occupies the
second, third and fourth floor of the building
above an existing bank on the first floor. The
hotel consists of 49 rooms such as glass box
room, room with verandah and normal room, an
atrium, a cafeteria and a deck. With its dark
brown clay bricks facade design (Figure1 ) that
aims to melt harmoniously with hustle and
bustle of the surroundings, Lantern Hotel
became one of the modern landmarks of the
street.
Being surrounded by variety of activities
happening in Petaling street, the sound of people
bargain on the street market in front, hawkers
cooking behind and vehicles moving nearby the
street contribute to the study of acoustic of the
hotel.
The design of the facade and the atrium at the
centre of the building layout allows natural
lighting in the building , this has contributed to
the study of natural lighting. Designed as such,
most of the spaces of the hotel do not require
artificial lighting during day time. However, during
night time the hotel is fairly brighten up with dim
artificial lighting due to the theme and essence of
the concept of Lantern Hotel.
Figure2: Surrounding environment of Lantern Hotel
Figure 1: Façade design of Lantern Hotel

1.2.3 Architectural Drawings

1.2.4 Zoning of Spaces

2.0 METHODOLOGY
2.1 Sequence of working
Precedent Studies
Document and study precedent studies on lighting and acoustic analysis similar to hotel
case study that we choose. Analyze and compare the data collected in conjunction with
other criteria of lighting and acoustic design such as spaces, environment and location.
Evaluation and critique on the existing building design based on selected precedent studies
as reference.
Drawings Preparation
Plans, section and elevation drawings were drawn and prepared in AutoCAD. Grid lines
were arranged 2 meters apart for data collection and analysis.
Site Visit
Due to similarity of spatial arrangement across all the floors, we decided to scale down the
area of research only on the 2nd and 4th floor which accomodate the main spaces such as
reception, café and hotel rooms. Moreover 4th floor is furthest from street level but closer
to the atrium which will affect the lighting and acoustic performances .
Figure 3: second floor and fourth plan with 2m grids for data collection purposes

Data Collection
Lighting analysis was conducted using the Lux Meter, readings were taken at 2 meter
intervals at different position of 1 meter and 1.5-meter height. On the other hand, acoustic
level readings were recorded using a sound meter. We picked two significant rooms from
each floor due to similar layout, differences can be identified through the position of hotel
rooms where 2nd floor rooms with lanai faced the street while 4th floor room with and
without glass box faced the internal courtyard.
Tabulation of data and diagramming
Light and sound contour diagram were prepared using Ecotect 2011 which provides better
understanding towards concentration of noise and lightings for different hotel zones.
Calculations
Lighting analysis carried further through calculations using formulas for daylight factor,
room index and illuminance level. On the other hand, acoustic level readings were analysed
by using the formula of reverberation time and sound intensity level.
Figure 4: Lutron digital lux meter LX-101 Figure 5: Lutron digital sound meter

3.0 LIGHTING STUDY
3.1 Introduction to Lighting
3. 1.1 Literature Review
Light is an energy manifesting itself as electromagnetic radiation. Visible light is an
electromagnetic radiation with wavelength in the range of 400-700 nanometres (nm). It is
visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight. Light helps humans to
gain vision by using the human eye that has the ability to gain information through light
entering the eye. Light illuminates an area, the more intense the light, the brighter the area
becomes.
3.1.2 Architecture Lighting
In architecture, lighting of an area is controlled to create an easy-to-see and amusing
luminous environment for interior and exterior of buildings. Lighting affects a space
psychologically, it can bring many benefits if utilise properly. In architecture, designers can
use light to create circulation, navigation around a space, creating visual emphasis and most
importantly, creating a comfortable environment for the human eye to perform. To
investigate and review the lighting of an area, a photometer is need to measure the
luminance unit known as, Lux. Different spaces require difference luminance, depending on
the function of the space. For example, most office work can be comfortably done at 250 to
500 lux, while supermarket usually requires it to be at 750 to 1000 lux. This is ensure to
create the perfect luminous environment for the users.

3.2 Precedent Study
3.2.1 Introduction
Baia Bursa Hotel, Turkey
The Baia Bursa Hotel is one of the establishments of the
Sönmez Industry holding A.Ş. It is located in the city
centre of Bursa. As a luxurious hotel in the city, Baia
Bursa Hotel comes with luxurious rooms in various
choices, bars, restaurants, spa, swimming pool, meeting
and conference room that is designed offering an
unparalleled experience of elegant, contemporary luxury
with highly attentive personal service. The interior of the
hotel adapts a calm and tranquil ambient with a modern
approach to the design.
Figure 6 : Baia Bursa Hotel exterior

3.2.2 Analysis
The hotel lobby is a space that serves an important
function as it is the first impression for the hotel
guest when they first enter the hotel building. The
guest enters the main lobby through a vestibule and
make their way to the front desk and check in area.
The hotel lobby is designed to create an inviting
feeling by using transparent glass panel that
introduces light into the lobby. The selection of
material of the hotel lobby is more towards a
brownish scheme that gives a more relaxing feeling.
More than that, the hotel lobby designed with
simplicity comes in prior as heavy ornamentation
does not feel as comfortable and relaxing.
Activities | Tasks:
- Check in/check out at Reception area
- VDTs at the front desk for employees
- Lounge areas for reading and waiting.
The hotel lobby uses glass panel at the entrance and
vestibule to promote light diffuse into the lobby hall
during daytime. (As shown in Figure7) This has
effectively lighten up the space and also given the
guest a sense of openness. During night time, the
lobby is only lighten up by using artificial light
source such as accent light (purple) and pendant
light(white) hence the whole lobby space is in a dim
light condition. This is specially designed to create a
relaxing feeling for the guest in the lobby. The red
box represents the direct light created by the
pendant light that focused on the decoration on the
center of the lobby. (As shown in Figure 8)
Figure7 : Baia Bursa Hotel lobby
Figure 8 : Table light at lobby of Baia Bursa
Hotel lobby

The reception area, restaurant and bar area are also
decorated by accent lighting and pendant lights. Due to
the function of reception area, more pendant lights are
used to create more direct light towards the table for
guest’s visibility while checking in or out. (As shown in
Figure 9 ) The hotel lobby restaurant and bar whereas
functioning more towards a relaxing and comfortable
space needed lesser lighting, hence more accent lighting
are used compared to direct lighting to create the
relaxing ambience. (As shown in Figure 10 )
The guest lounge is a space for the guest to have a seat
while waiting, rest and read. On the wall of the lounge is
decorated by using art pieces with down lights, creating
an accent while lighting up the art piece. (As shown in
Figure 11)
3.2.3 Conclusion
The Baia Bursa hotel has a dimmer brightness level within
the lobby; however it makes up for it with a relaxing feel
to the general space. There is a accent lighting element in
the center of the lobby created by using direct lighting on
a piece of decoration, it acts as the major lighting fixture
within the space and adds to the aesthetics of the lobby,
there are also task lighting elements above the reception
area. Accent lighting methods are used to wall wash and
light up pieces of artwork. The wall colors and color
renderings of the lighting elements create a harmony
between the design and the general lighting of the space.
The circulation of this lobby may be undefined; however
the main areas within the lobby are accented as a point
of interest. Overall the consideration of lighting design
has been focused on at a certain level.
Figure 9: Table light at lobby of Baia Bursa Hotel
lobby
Figure 10 : Lobby restaurant and bar of Baia
Bursa Hotel lobby
Figure 11: Guest lounge of Baia Bursa Hotel
lobby

3.3 Site Lighting
3.3.1 Spatial Quality of Light – Natural Lighting
Lantern Hotel relies heavily on natural
lighting to lit up the space during the day
. In order to allow more light into the
building, Lantern Hotel features an
acrylic roof above the triple volume
atrium (As shown in Figure 12), allowing
sunlight to penetrates and light up most
of the public spaces especially the
atrium that provides seats for guests. (As
shown in Figure xx 14 ) The design of
triple volume atrium that allows
penetration of sunlight is sufficient to lit
up the whole building throughout the
four floors. The rooms on the floors
above are mostly lit up by sunlight as
well through windows or glass box
design. (As shown in Figure 13)
Figure 12 : Arcylic roof above atrium Figure13 : Glass box design of rooms above Figure 14 : Seats providd for guests at atrium

To further increase the penetration of natural light into the building, the façade is designed as
porous bricks facade to allow natural light to enter through the gaps in between the bricks from
both sides of the building, the building does not merely depend on the natural light entering
from the atrium at the core of the building . (As shown in Figure14).
However, the façade of Lantern Hotel is not entirely designed as porous bricks. Some parts of
the façade are of louvers shutter windows to control the amount of light entering the building
by opening or closing the louvers windows. (As shown in Figure 16)
The natural light covered most part of the public area .This passive design strategy is functional
and aesthetical as well, fitting well with the concept of the building.
Figure 14: Section and plan showing natural light enter from atrium and facade
Figure15: Lantern hotel facade Figure16: Louvered windows at the façade Figure17: Porous bricks façade that allow light to
penetrate

The passive design strategy not only light up the public areas, some of the hotel rooms of
Lantern Hotel can also be lit only by natural sunlight during the day.
Rooms attached to the facade, have a room created similarly as a balcony but more
enclosed (As shown in Figure 18). The balcony has louvers windows that allow hotel guests
to open or close the window based on the desired environment they want in the room.
Meanwhile rooms isolated in the middle of 3rd and 4th floor not attached to the façade but
instead have corridors as buffer, are designed to have glass boxes or fixed windows facing
the atrium that captures natural light into the room. (As shown in Figure 19)
Figure xx : Plan showing natural light enter the rooms through balcony or glass window and glass box
Figure18: Louvered window at the balcony Figure19: Light enter through fixed window and glass box

3.3.2 Spatial Quality of Light – Artificial Lighting
Despite the good utilization of natural lighting, it could not cover all building areas even
during the day, since some places are meant to be enclosed thus natural light is not
sufficient in those areas. ( As shown in Figrue xx) This is why artificial lighting is essential.
Logically, places that natural light can’t enter require the use of artificial lighting, normally
the inner part of the building.
Despite the good utilization of natural lighting, it could not cover all building areas
because some spaces are meant to be enclosed thus natural light is not sufficient in
some areas. This is why artificial lighting is essential in these areas.
Spaces that natural light can’t enter require the use of artificial lighting to light up the
space, normally the inner part of the building. In Lantern hotel, all the rooms,inner
corridor, toilet, and stairs require the use of artificial lighting. The artificial lightings in
Lantern hotel are mostly used for safety purpose during the day at spaces such as stairs
and inner corridor .
Figure20 : Plans showing shaded area in the building
Figure 21 : Stairs leading to the
entrance
Figure22: Corridor at the reception
with accent lightings
Figure23: Cafeteria with task lightings during day time

With such reliance to the natural light,
the brightness of the building drop
drastically during the night. Artificial
lighting is used to rectify this problem.
Instead of ambient lightings which
provide general lighting, Lantern Hotel
uses all accent lightings which are dim
and warm yellow or orange. (As shown
in Figure24) The different lightings of
Lantern Hotel at night are more for
ambient and atmosphere .
This is also used to match the concept
of the building, a lantern hotel, thus a
lot of lights can be found enclosed in a
hollow object, similarly to a lantern.
During the night, when the interior is
brighter than exterior, the building will
seem as in it is glowing, like a lantern. Figure24: Section with artificial lightings
Figure25: Exterior with artificial lighting lit
up the building
Figure 26 : Artificial lightings at the atrium Figure 27 : Artificial lightings at the cafeteria

3.3.3 Tabulation of Data
Figure 28 : Table of morning time lux
Figure 28: Table of morning time lux

Figure 29: Table of night time lux

3.3.4 Interpretation of Data

Cafeteria
The cafeteria is one of the most well-lit area in the hotel. It is located at the entrance of second
floor. It serves as both the reception, a counter and part of the café. A number of activities are
being carried out at the cafeteria area such as grinding of coffee, ordering, preparing food and
etc. Therefore, there are a total 16 incandescent globe lamp installed to provide enough
illuminance for task lighting to increase the efficiency of work. (As shown in Figure 31)
Figure30 : Plan showing position of incandescent globe lamp at cafeteria
Figure31 : High illumincace of task lighting at the cafeteria

Figure32: Lighting specification diagram of cafeteria
Figure 33: Materiality diagram of cafeteria

Atrium
The atrium is a triple volume space located in the middle of the building. The atrium starts from
the 2nd
floor reaching all the way to the roof. The floor is used as cafeteria, common space and a
walkway. The massive void was intended to allow natural lighting into the building, making
artificial unnecessary during the day.
However, during the night, a lot of light is required to illuminate the area. Lantern Hotel use
multiple Spiral CFL lamp as signage lighting to lit up the area as well as guidance lighting to guide
customers to their room. The fluorescent tube mounted on beam also helps lit up the space
while also working as accent lighting that adds a bit drama to the space by mimicking the image
of a lantern. (As shown in Figure 35)
Figure34: Plans showing artificial lightings positions at atrium
Figure35: Fluorescent tube hidden in the gaps of beams Spiral CFL Lamps by the door as signage lighting

Figure37: Lighting specification diagram of atrium
Figure36: Materiality diagram of atrium

Room
Rooms are private area in the hotel which are typically more enclosed. Even so, they are
still able to allow natural lighting to the rooms. The rooms we would focus on are the
two types located on the 3rd and 4th floor. The rooms there have either a glass window or
glass block connected to the atrium to let natural lighting in. Typically, the rooms are
fitted with 3 fluorescent tube (2 in the room, 1 in the toilet) and a spiral CFL lamp.
Figure38 : Plan showing positions of fluorescent tube in the room

Figure39: Lighting specifications of room
Figure 40: Lighting specifications of room

Staircase
Figure 41: Plan showing position of fluorescent tube at cafeteria
The staircase leads to the main entrance to the hotel. It can access all floors of the hotel by using
the stairs or the elevator. Thus, the usage of the stairs are very frequent by guests, visitors and
workers. However, the staircase is dimly lit with only a fluorescent tube in front of the elevator
and gaps are designed on the façade to allow slight penetration of natural light and ventilation
on each floor. Thus, the natural sunlight is not enough to provide light to the dim space for safety
purpose. Therefore, fluorescent tubes are used to lit up the dim space even with the help of
natural lighting
Figure xx : Lighting specification diagram of atrium
Figure 42: Lighting specifications of staircase area
Figure 43: A fluorescent at the
entrance
Figure 44 : Gaps at the façade
allow slight peneteration of
sunlight

Figure45: Materiality diagram of staircase area

𝐷
=
𝐸 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝐸 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝐷
=
𝑥 100%
=
130.25
20000
𝑥 100%
3.4 Light Analysis
3.4.1 Reception Area
Daylight Factor
Time Weather Luminance
at 1m height
Average Luminance at
1.5m height
Average
12-3pm Cloudy 30-201 115.5 20-270 145
6-7pm Raining 2-186 94 2-85 43.5
Table 1 indicates the reading of reception and courtyard area
Average Lux Reading 12-3pm 6-8pm
1m 115.5 94
1.5m 145 43.5
Average lux value 130.25 137.5
Table 2 indicates the average lux value of reception and courtyard area
Date and Time 9th April 2016
Average lux value reading (𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙) 137.5
Daylight Factor Calculation Formula
Standard direct sunlight (𝐸 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙) 20,000 lux
Calculation
= 0.65 %
Illuminance Example
120,000 lux Brightest sunlight
110,000 lux Bright sunlight
20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky,
midday
1000 – 2000 lux Typical overcast day, midday
400 lux Sunrise or Sunset on a clear day (Ambient
illumination)
<200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday
40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise
<1 lux Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunset and
sunrise

(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
(𝐿 + 𝑊) 𝑥 ℎ 𝑚
Discussion
Daylight Factor, % Distribution
>6 Very bright with thermal & glare problem
3-6 Bright
1-3 Average
0-1 Dark
Lumen Method
Location Reception Area
Dimension, m L = 3.5, W = 8
Area, 28
Height of ceiling, m 3.6
Height of work level 1.2
Type of light Incandescent Pendent Globe Light Bulb
Luminous flux of lighting, F/lm 900 lm
Height of luminaires, m 2.0
Height of Working Plane, m 1.0
Mounting Height, 2.0 – 1.0 = 1.0
Number of existing light bulb/ n x N 16
Reflectance Value, % Ceiling White Plaster Ceiling 85
Wall Black Chalkboard
White Painted wall
2 – 10
85
Window Timber Shutter
Windows
25
Floor Light Walnut Timber
Plank
25
Room Index
= 2.43
Utilization Factor 0.56 (based on utilization factor table)
Maintenance Factor/ MF 0.8 (standard)
MS1525 Standard Luminance 200
𝑚2
=
(3.5 𝑥 8)
(3.5 +8) 𝑥 1
ℎ 𝑚
The average lux value during after 12pm-3pm is 712.5 lux, whereas at night, 6pm-8pm,
the average lux value is 137.5 lux. There is a great change in lux.
According to table provided in MS1525, the 0.65% daylight factor of reception area is
categorized under the dark category. This is due to the existing canopy roof of Petaling
Street right in front of the reception area. The opening of reception area are facing west,
therefore, it only received maximum natural lighting during sunset, while most of the
day time hour, the reception area will still need to lightened up using artificial lighting.

Illuminance level required, E, lux
According to MS1525 standard for reception area
is sufficient
Number of fittings required, N
Number of lightings are sufficient and meet the
standard illuminance requirement for the
reception area
E =
𝑛 𝑥 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑋 𝑀𝐹
𝐴
=
16 𝑋 900 𝑋 0.56 𝑋 0.8
28
= 230.4
𝑁 =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
𝐹 𝑋 𝑈𝐹 𝑋 𝑀𝐹
=
200 𝑋 28
900 𝑋 0.56 𝑋 0.8
= 14

𝐷
=
𝐷
=
𝑥 100%
=
742.5
20000
𝑥 100%
3.4.2 Atrium
Daylight Factor
at 1m height
1.5m height
Average
12-3pm Cloudy 30-1320 675 20 - 1600 810
6-7pm Raining 10-166 83 10 - 85 52.5
1m 675 83
1.5m 810 52.5
Calculation
= 3.7%
Illuminance Example
midday
illumination)
sunrise

(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
(𝐿 + 𝑊) 𝑥 ℎ 𝑚
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
(𝐿 + 𝑊) 𝑥 ℎ 𝑚
Discussion
3-6 Bright
1-3 Average
0-1 Dark
Lumen Method
Location Central Atrium/Dining Area
Dimension, m L = 20, W = 2.8
Area, 60.4
Type of light Fluorescent tube Spiral CFL lamp
1200 1550
3,6,9 2.6
0.8 0.8
5.2(average) 1.8
18 12
Luminous flux of lighting, F/lm
Height of luminaires, m
Height of Working Plane, m
Mounting Height,
Number of existing light bulb/ n x
N
Reflectance Value, % Ceiling Acrylic Skylight 0
Wall Concrete block with
white plaster
85
Floor Light Walnut Timber
Plank
25
Room Index
= 0.47 = 1.36
𝑚2
ℎ 𝑚
=
(20 𝑥 2.8)
(20 + 2.8) 𝑥 5.2
=
(20 𝑥 2.8)
(20 + 2.8) 𝑥 1.8
The average lux value during 12pm-3pm is 742.5 lux, whereas at night, 6pm-8pm, the
average lux value is 67.75 lux. There is a great difference because the space is a long
atrium with skylight. During daytime, the natural lighting directly penetrates through the
transparent skylight into the space. Whereas, the space are lighten up using artificial
lighting, therefore the lux level is lower.
According to table provided in MS1525, the 3.6% daylight factor of atrium is categorized
under the bright category. Daylight play an important role in the atrium because it act as
a main gathering space for the hotel guests, lighting is sufficient for non-working
purposes.

According to MS1525 standard for dining area
requires additional of 13.8 lux
Number of fittings required, N 𝑁 =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
200 𝑋 60.4
1200 𝑋 0.35 𝑋 0.8
= 33 Fluorescent
𝑁 =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
200 𝑋 60.4
1550 𝑋 0.35𝑋 0.8
= 27 Spiral CFL
Lamp
In order to achieve the Standard MS1525 luminance
requirement of a dinning area, the space requires 33
fluorescent or 27 spiral CFL lamp in order to fullfill
the requirement for MS1525
E =
𝑛1 𝑥 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑋 𝑀𝐹
𝐴
+
𝐴
=
18 𝑋 1200 𝑋 0.35 𝑋 0.8
60.4
+
12 𝑋 1550 𝑋 0.35 𝑋 0.8
60.4
= 186.20

𝐷
=
𝐷
=
𝑥 100%
=
221.5
20000
𝑥 100%
3.4.3 Rooms
Daylight Factor
at 1m height
1.5m height
Average
12-3pm Cloudy 113-306 210 151-314 233
6-7pm Raining 20-75 47.5 20-94 57
1m 210 47.5
1.5m 233 57
Calculation
= 1.15 %
Illuminance Example
midday
illumination)
sunrise

(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
(𝐿 + 𝑊) 𝑥 ℎ 𝑚
(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
(𝐿 + 𝑊) 𝑥 ℎ 𝑚
Discussion
3-6 Bright
1-3 Average
0-1 Dark
Lumen Method
Location Hotel Rooms, 3rd Floor
Dimension, m L = 2.7, W = 2.8
Area, 7.84
Type of light Fluorescent tube Spiral CFL lamp
1200 1550
2.6 1.5
0.8 0.8
1.8 0.7
1 11
Luminous flux of lighting, F/lm
Height of luminaires, m
Height of Working Plane, m
Mounting Height,
N
Reflectance Value, % Ceiling White Painted 85
white plaster
85
Window Glass 4
Floor Terazo tiles 80
Room Index
= 0.76 = 1.96
𝑚2
E =
𝐴
+
𝐴
=
1 𝑋 1200 𝑋 0.47 𝑋 0.8
7.56
+
1 𝑋 1550 𝑋 0.47 𝑋 0.8
7.56
= 136.71
ℎ 𝑚
=
(2.7 𝑥 2.8)
(2.7+ 2.8) 𝑥 1.8
=
(2.7 𝑥 2.8)
(2..7 + 2.8) 𝑥 0.7
The average lux value during 12pm-3pm is 221.5 lux, whereas during evening, 6-8pm, lux
value recorded is 52.25 lux. The lux greatly reduced overtime, therefore artificial lighting
is required to light up the space during evening. According to table provided in MS1525,
the 1.15% daylight factor of room is categorized under the average category.

According to MS1525 standard for bedroom requires
additional of 13.29 lux
Number of fittings required, N 𝑁 =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 7.84
1200 𝑋 0.47 𝑋 0.8
= 2 Fluorescent
𝑁 =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
150 𝑋 7.84
1550 𝑋 0.47 𝑋 0.8
= 2 Spiral CFL Lamp
requirement of a bedroom, the space requires 2
fluorescent or 2 spiral CFL lamp in order to fullfill the
requirement for MS1525

𝐷
=
𝐷
=
𝑥 100%
=
19
20000
𝑥 100%
3.3.4 Staircase
Daylight Factor
at 1m height
1.5m height
Average
12-3pm Cloudy 3 - 30 16.5 3-40 21.5
6-7pm Raining 3-15 9 3-18 10.5
1m 16.5 9
1.5m 21.5 10.5
Average lux value 19 9.75
Average lux value reading (𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙) 19 lux
Calculation
= 0.1 %
Illuminance Example
midday
illumination)
sunrise

(𝐿 𝑥 𝑊)
(𝐿 + 𝑊) 𝑥 ℎ 𝑚
Discussion
3-6 Bright
1-3 Average
0-1 Dark
The average lux value during 12pm-3pm is 19 lux, whereas during evening, the lux value
reduced by half to 9 lux. According to table provided in MS1525, the 0.1% daylight factor of
staircase is categorized under the dark category. The presence of window doesn’t lid up the
space to sufficient level because most of the time, the window are closed throughout the
day due to accessibility.
Lumen Method
Location Staircase
Dimension, m L = 3, W = 7.6
Area, 23.4
Type of light Florescent light
Luminous flux of lighting, F/lm 1200lm
Height of luminaires, m 2.7
Height of Working Plane, m 0.8
Mounting Height, 1.9
N
2
Reflectance Value, % Ceiling White Painted 85
white plaster
85
Exposed Brick 25
Ceramic Tiles 70
Window Timber Shutter
Windows
25
Floor Porcelain Tiles 40
Room Index
= 0.51
𝑚2
ℎ 𝑚
=
(3 𝑥 7.6)
(3+7.6) 𝑥 1.9

Illuminance level required, E, lux E =
𝑛 𝑥 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑋 𝑀𝐹
𝐴
=
2 𝑋 1200 𝑋 0.27 𝑋 0.8
23.4
= 22.15
According to MS1525 standard for bedroom requires
additional of 77.85 lux
Number of fittings required, N
requirement of a staircase, the space requires 14
fluorescent or to fulfil the requirement for MS1525
𝑁 =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
=
100 𝑋 23.4
1200 𝑋 0.27 𝑋 0.8
= 14

3.5 Conclusion of Lighting Evaluation in Lantern Hotel
Based on our evaluation and data collection, we can conclude that lantern hotel has a dim
environment, due to absence of sufficient ambient lighting. During day time, most of the
spaces receives sufficient day lighting with the aid of acrylic skylight, perforated façade and
operable windows. Due to the fact that lantern hotel is located at a corner lot, maximizing
daylighting is the main priority. On the other hand, lantern hotel primarily using accent
lighting to light up the interior spaces which result in a general dim environment. The
selection of light creates great atmosphere and comfortable environment. However, it is not
suitable for working activities such as reading. Based on our evaluation ambient lighting is
much required for better lighting properties, however working environment can be
subjective to people, while based on the standard MS1525, lantern hotel does need to
change their lighting method to have better lighting efficacy and energy conservation.

4.0 ACOUSTIC STUDY
4.1 Introduction to Acoustic
4.1.1 Literature Review
Acoustics is the science of sound. It deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases,
liquids and solids. Sound can be defined as vibration in an elastic medium which are gases,
liquids and gasses or air, water and any physical objects that still return to its normal state
after being deflected. Sound can be reflected, absorbed, transmitted and diffracted. Sound
and noise are two distinctive terms that people most of the time treat as the same.
However, sound is desirable whereas noise is unwanted sound. Even though noise is not
desirable but some noise could be beneficial too such as fire alarms and music. Other than
that, it also has effect to communication and performance which interrupt occupants’
activities and cause problem if it is not being controlled.
4.1.2 Architecture Acoustic
Architecture acoustic is the science of controlling sound in a space which might include the
design of spaces, structures and mechanical systems that meet the hearing needs for
instance concert halls, classrooms and etc. Building acoustics is vital in attaining sound
quality that is appropriate for a space. Pleasing sound quality and safe sound level are very
important for creating suitable mood and safety in a space but it is hard to be achieved
without proper design effort. The acoustic mood created in a space is highly affected by the
buffer from the building exterior outdoor noise and building interior design and indoor
noise.

4.2 Precedent Study
4.2.1 Introduction
Best Western Eurohotel
Best Western Eurohotel is a three-star hotel with
facilities such as a cafeteria, covered swimming pool,
restaurant, fitness gym and conference hall located in
the central area of city of Baia Mare, Maremures,
Romania. The building was built in 1964 hosted for
the headquarters of a computer centre. Between
2004 and 2005, the building was consolidated and
refurbished. They had extended horizontally and
vertically for some new units of facilities.
As a hotel located in the center of the city, the key
acoustic challenge of the hotel is to provide sufficient
acoustic absorption at the façade of the hotel that
absorbs the noise from the outside streets and hotel
rooms.
Acoustic measurements were performed in the hotel
to check the insulation levels of partition walls and of
the façade at airborne noise and of the floors to the
impact noise.
The acoustic level affects the experience of the users
in the hotel. There are a few key acoustic factors
which is:
a. Room Insulation
b. Airborne Noise Level
c. Impact Sound Levels
Figure46: Exterior of Best Western Eurohotel

4.2.2 Analysis
Determination of Airborne Noise Level in Current Floors
To determine the Airborne Noise Level in the hotel rooms, frequency intervals between 20
and 20,000 Hz are used.
The partition walls of the hotel from the first and second floor are made of 12cm thickness
of full brick masonry and 3cm thick of lime cement mortar on both side, with dimensions of
5.45m length and 3.00m height.
Two hotel rooms, room 104 and 105 are chosen to be measured. The noise level of
surrounding spaces such as the reception, central hall from the first floor of hotel,
neighbouring rooms are measured from a height of 1.30m as they affect the noise level
inside the room as well.
Figure47: Detail of partition wall at the
1st
and 2nd
floor
Figure48: Dimensions of the partition wall
Figure49: Rooms 104 and 105 from the first floor

The in situ sound attenuation indices, were determined according to the norms related to
where: L1, L2 are noise levels in the emission space, respectively in the reception space,
[dB]; S – the wall surface, [m2]; A – the equivalent absorption area, in the receptive room,
[m2].
The Reverberation time, T is measured and calculated using the formula
where: V is the volume of the room, [m3]; A – the equivalent absorption area, [m2]
The surface of the partition wall between the emission room and the receptive room is S =
5.50 × 3.00 = 16.50 m2 and the volume of the receptive room is V = 48.91 m3.The rating of
airborne sound was done according to existent standards. The airborne sound reduction
index for the partition wall, noted 'w R , is defined with the method presented in the
standards, by comparing the curve of the acoustic damping coefficients ( ) ' i R f , obtained
in 1/3 octave bands over the range 100 Hz to 3,150 Hz and the reference (calibrated) curve
of the sound damping coefficients . The curve ( ) ' i R f and the reference (calibrated) curve
are presented.
Figure50: The curve of the acoustic damping coeffecients R(f) and the reference curve

The method through which the two curves are compared consists in displacing the
reference curve (calibrated curve) with 1 dB steps, versus the measured and calculated
curve, ( ) ' i R f , until the sum of the negative deviations reaches the highest value, but does
not exceed 32.0. The deviation is seen as negative, at a certain frequency, if the measured
or calculated value is lower than the reference value. Only negative deviations are
considered. If the movement follows the mentioned procedure, the value of the reference
curve, expressed in dB at 500 Hz, is 'w R . In our case we have
According to Norms related to sound protection the admissible value of the airborne sound
reduction index for the inner partition walls in a hotel is 51 dB. It yields that
Therefore the wall does not ensures the insulation against the airborne sound. A
comparison of the curves of acoustic attenuation indices, ( ) ' i R f , with the curve Cz 30 was
also made. This comparison is given in the normatives as the admitted limit of the inner
airborne sound in dwelling rooms or sleeping rooms in a hotel (Fig. 7).
Figure51: Noise levels compared with admissible noise curve limits Cz30

Comparing the noise level in room 105 with the reference curve Cz 30, one notices that, at
higher frequencies (250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 8,000 Hz), the admitted values are
exceeded by 0.98, 3.32, 0.89, 3.25, 7.81 and, respectively, 8.77 dB.
Conclusion
As a conclusion, from the point of view of the acoustic measurements, the partition wall
between rooms 104 and 105 do not provide the sound insulation level required. This means
that measures should be installed for additional sound insulation. A rehabilitation solution,
from an acoustic point of view would have been the plating of the initial wall with a metallic
skeleton, mineral wool of minimum 5 cm thickness, inserted in the metallic skeleton and
over the profiles gypsum plaster plates, on both sides of the existing wall.
Impact Sound level in the Rooms
Impact sound level in one of the main key factor that affects the acoustic level in a room . In
the study of this hotel, the impact sound level of the room’s floor is measured by using
frequency intervals between 20Hz to 20,000Hz. An impact hammer is used to measure the
12cm thick reinforced concrete with 3cm thick fire-free-wall-to-wall carpet.
The rating of impact sound is calculated using the formula:
L= sound level in the reception room.(room 105) (dB)
A = equivalent area for acoustic absorption in the reception space (m2)
A0= Calculated function of the reverberation time measured in room 105 – equivalent area
of reference for acoustic absorption (a0 = 10m2)
Figure52: Current floor floring
Figure53: Rating index

The curve of the normalized levels, Ln(f), which corresponds to the constructive unit made
up of the reinforced concrete + flooring, was calculated with relationship (4); the curve Ln(f)
was compared to the reference curve from Fig. 14 and Table 3. A reference flooring is taken
(12 cm thick reinforced concrete flooring), where the values of the normalised impact noise,
Ln,r,o , and the impact sound insulation index, Ln,r,o,w = 78 dB, are known. The reference
curve is displaced up and down so that the sum of detrimental deviations nears as much as
possible to the value of 32 dB, but does not exceed it; the impact sound insulation index
(Ln,r,w) represents the value found at 500 Hz on the reference curve (moved with 2 dB), to
overlap curve Ln(f). The index regarding the improvement of the impact sound insulation
(ΔLw) for the single reinforced concrete flooring is calculated with the relationship
In our case we have ΔLw = 78 – 62 = 16 dB. According to Norms related to sound protection,
the condition for a flooring to provide impact sound insulation is given by
Conclusion
Calculations show, by comparing curve Ln(f) with the reference curve, that the floor
between rooms 105 and 205 provides the necessary impact sound insulation, at minimum
level. In brief, considering measurements, the impact sound insulation of the flooring needs
not improvement.

4.3 Site Acoustic
4.3.1 Outdoor Noise Sources
Located in the heart of Petaling
Street Market which is a popular
tourist attraction spot, Lantern Hotel
has its own challenges in overcoming
the noise level produced by the
street. The market vibrant lifestyle
attracting large crowds especially at
night create certain noise level which
is higher as sound travels upwards
and eventually become weaker. (As
shown in Figure 54) The porous
bricks façade of Lantern Hotel facing
towards the market has minimal
effect in reducing noise level within
the buildings as gaps are designed in
between the bricks façade which
easily allows the direct transmission
of noise. Thus, most of the spaces
within the building are affected by
outdoor noise produced on the
street .
Figure 54: Section showing outdoor noise source
Figure55: Plan showing outdoor street noise source at second floor

Indoor Noise sources in Lantern Hotel are speakers, air circulators and human activities. As shown
in Figure xx, indoor noise level is higher on the second floor and gradually decreases as it travels
upwards to third and fourth floor. Second floor has the highest noise level compared to other
floors above as second floor comprises of primary public spaces such as reception, cafeteria,
terrace and atrium that provide seats for guests. Thus, speakers, air circulators and human
activities occur more on the second floor compared to floors above where the hotel rooms are
allocated.
4.3.2 Indoor Noise Sources
Figure56: Section showing indoor noise sources

Apart from outdoor human activities in Petaling street, human activities in the building are also
one of the main factors that contribute to the high noise decibel reading especially during peak
hour. However, some of the hotel rooms are fairly affected by the indoor human activities.
On the second floor, primary human activities mainly occur in spaces that are nearer to the
outdoor , reception, cafeteria and outdoor deck. These spaces are mainly where light
refreshments are provided for hotel guests. However, secondary activities mainly occur at the
atrium where seats are provided.
On the fourth floor, there are less human activities compared to second floor as fourth floor
mainly comprises of hotel rooms. The two mini lounge areas are where the primary human
activities occur. ( As shown in Figure 57 )
Figure57: Plans showing noise of human activiites
Figure58: Human activiites at cafeteria, reception,and atrium

The speakers are placed at the reception area and the sound is transmitted throughout the
cafeteria and corridor as well as the open deck. The sound of music is either being directed,
reflected or refracted depending on the reflectance of material surface. The purpose of placing
speakers at the reception area is to create a welcoming atmosphere when guests walk in. The
music emitted in the direction of terrace is being blocked by the stairs and thus, another speaker
is placed at the open deck. The speakers only blare during the peak hour to liven up the mood
when hotel guests are spending their night at the terrace drinking and hanging out.
Figure 60: Speakers placed at terrace
Figure59 : Second floor plan showing positions of speakers

Lantern Hotel promotes natural ventilation by using porous bricks façade to allow smooth flow of
outside air into the building. However, air circulators like ceiling fans and air conditioners are still
used in Lantern Hotel to further improve human thermal comfort being in this context that has hot
and humid weather most of the time.
Corridors are ventilated using ceiling fans to minimize energy consumption and promote energy
efficiency in the building by using less air-conditioner. Ceiling fans are only switched on during the
peak period when the space has more users. Along the corridor, ceiling fans installed clatter against
steel service piping running along ceilings (As shown in Figure 62), it causes the production of
unwanted noise along the corridor.
Only the reception and cafeteria are cooled using ceiling cassette air conditioner (As shown in Figure
64 ) to provide guests a pleasant welcoming space. Thus,the air conditioner is used from day to
night. This has contributed to the higher decibel reading of the area during both non-peak hour and
peak hour. Air conditioners are also used in all the hotel rooms where there are less natural
ventilation allowed.
The AHU system is located at the rooftop where the noise produced has minimal effect to the
rooms directly below it.
Figure63: A row of ceiling fans at the AtriumFigure62: Ceiling fans installed against
service pipes at the corridor
Figure64: Ceiling cassette air conditioner at the Cafeteria
Figure 61: Plans showing position of ventilitators

4.3.3 Equipment Location

4.3.4 Equipment Specification

4.3.5 Data Collection and analysis
›
›
Figure66: Acoustic performance of atrium/cafeteria during peak hour
Figure65: Acoustic performance of atrium/cafeteria during non- peak hour

Based on the two diagrams above, atrium has lower decibel reading compared to cafeteria
during both peak period and non-peak period. The decibel reading gradually increases from
the back of the space to the front of the space due to the location of Petaling street market
where the front is facing directly to it. However, at the atrium decibel reading is lower as
the atrium is in between two rows of rooms on both sides to cater their guests, thus outside
noise source can be hardly detected unless there are movements of guests and contribution
of equipment noise – ceiling fan during peak period.
During non-peak period, decibel reading is highest at E3, reception of Lantern Hotel . The
production of workers’ noise during non-peak hour contribute to the high decibel reading at
point E3. Electrical appliances such as fans and coffee grinder are not switched on and being
used during non-peak hour thus the overall decibel reading is lower due to the decrease in
noise contribution of interior noise source.
During peak period, the noise level is highest at point E3 and F5 , reception of Lantern Hotel
and mini bar at the cafeteria. Outdoor noise and indoor noise sources both contribute to
the overall high decibel reading of the atrium and cafeteria. The area becomes merrier as
the night approaches because of night market at Petaling street and the blaring music from
the speakers placed at the outdoor deck to liven up the mood of the hotel at night when
guests start to return from outside.

Figure68: Acoustic performance of corridor during peak hour
Figure67: Acoustic performance of corridor during non- peak hour

Based on the two diagrams above, the corridor on the fourth floor of Lantern Hotel receive
less noise from the outside compared to atrium and cafeteria on the second floor. The high
decibel reading is contributed by outdoor noise source due to the direct sound transmission
through the porous bricks façade and indoor noise source – ventilation equipment. Decible
reading is higher at the locations of electrical fans also where the fenestrations of the
façade are. Decibel reading is constantly high starting from point O10 because of the
outdoor noise produced from the kitchen of the food court behind Lantern Hotel.
The decibel reading for both peak and non-peak period are similar in pattern but different
in decibel reading values. Thus, the overall noise level of the corridor is constant during
peak and non-peak hours and less affected due to the higher floor level compared to atrium
and cafeteria also less human movements on the higher floor level where the rooms are
located.

Figure69: Acoustic performance of room type 2&3 during non- peak hour
Figure70: Acoustic performance of room type 2&3 during peak hour

Based on the two diagrams above, rooms facing the outside has higher decibel reading than
rooms facing the corridor inside as rooms outside receive more outdoor noise source. The
rooms should have low noise level in order to provide guests a comfortable environment to
rest. Therefore, the corridor acts as a buffer of the rooms facing outside from the outdoor
noise. The decibel reading of the corridor in figure xx and xx are relatively higher than the
decibel readings of corridor above.
Similar to the decibel reading of corridor, the pattern of decibel reading for rooms are the
same but different in decibel reading value. The room has the overall lowest decibel reading
compared to the other two studied space – atrium & cafeteria due to the arrangement of
plan as strategy to reduce noise level in the rooms. Some of the rooms of room type 2 are
not affected at all, however all of the rooms of room type 3 are affected by outdoor noise
as the decibel reading is higher when points are near to the outside compared to points
near the atrium.

Figure71: Acoustic performance of room type 1 during non- peak hour
Figure72: Acoustic performance of room type 1 during peak hour

Based on the two diagrams above, Room type 1 is greatly affected by both the indoor
noise sources and outdoor noise. Compared to decibel readings of Room type 2&3 (As
shown in Figure xx and xx), Room type 1 located on the second floor has higher decibel
readings.
As the room layout of Room type 1 has lanai or verandah that is attached to the façade.
This has made the room to be directly connected to the outside through the verandah
when the louvered window is opened. Thus, the decibel reading of verandah is higher
compared to room space during non-peak hour.
During peak hour, the decibel readings in the room are constantly high because of the
outdoor activities of Petaling street also the indoor human activities occur at the atrium
when hotel guests return to the hotel at night contribute to the high decibel reading of the
room.

4.4 Acoustic Analysis
4.4.1 Reverberation Time
Reverberation Time (RT) at 500 Hz
The reverberation time of a space refers to the time taken for sound energy to dissipate.
Reverberation in an enclosed space is made up multiple ‘echoes’ or ‘reflections’.
Reverberation time is calculated to determine how well a space can function for its
intended use and to analyse if the absorption coefficient of the material is efficient enough
within a space. In fact, different material has different acoustic absorption coefficient in
different frequencies. Acoustical absorption of materials in 500 Hz frequency are taken as
reference to calculate reverberation time. Table below shows the total sound absorption at
500 Hz during peak and non-peak hour.
The reverberation time of a room is linked to the the surfaces that enclose it and the
volume of the room by the Sabine equation:
A = 𝑺 𝟏 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝑺 𝟐 𝒂 𝟐 + 𝑺 𝟑 𝒂 𝟑 + 𝑺 𝟒 𝒂 𝟒 + ⋯ . 𝑺 𝒏 𝒂 𝒏
S= Surface area of material,
A = Absorption Coefficient of Material
RT =
𝑻 𝒙 𝑽
𝑨
T = Reverberation Time in seconds = 0.16
V = Volume of Space,
A = Total Room Absorption
Recommended Reverberation Time for Indicative Spaces
Source: http://clarkesaunders.com/reverberation-time
Internal Space Reverberation Time, s
Private Office 0.6 – 0.8
Open Plan Office 0.8 – 1.2
Secondary School Classroom < 0.8
Hotel Rooms 0.4 – 0.6
Coffee bar < 1.0
Atrium 1.5 -2.0
Restaurant 0.8 - 1.2

i. Zoning of Spaces
The reverberation time of main interior spaces of Lantern Hotel is calculated. The
spaces include:
Zone 1 Cafeteria Bar & Reception
Zone 2 Cafeteria Dining Area//Corridor (Atrium)
Zone 3 Room Type 1 (Room facing outside at 2nd Floor)
Zone 4 Room Type 2 (Room facing outside at 4th Floor)
Zone 5 Room Type 3 (Room facing inside at 4th Floor)
ii. Volume of main interior spaces, V = Zone 1 + Zone 2 + Zone 3 +Zone 4 + Zone 5
= 114.4 m3 + 710.66 m3 + 62.72 m3 + 26.4 m3+
34.88 m3
= 949.06 m3

Zone 1 Calculation: Cafeteria Bar & Reception
Peak Hour
RT =
0.16 x V
A
=
0.16 x 114.4
9.642
= 1.89 s
The reverberation time for Zone 1 in 500 Hz of absorption is 1.89 s and 2.38 s during peak
and non-peak hour respectively when the timber shutters are shut. According to the
standard comfort of reverberation time for restaurants is less than 1.0 s. The reverberation
time of the case study on 500 Hz has exceeded this standard range. This space with longer
reverberation time shows that the noises within the space created by the coffee machines
which will affect the level of comfort of guests when dining in that particular area.
However, the problem is solved when the timber shutter windows are open so that the
reverberation time within the space is lower.
Non-Peak Hour
RT =
0.16 x V
A
=
0.16 x 114.4
7.682
= 2.38 s
Area (m2)
41.4
7.6
42.8
10.95
33.6
7.8
11.7
5.5
20.6
0.75
4.95
41.4
7
2
Total Absorption (Peak Hour) 9.642
Porous Brick Counter Stand 0.03 0.1485
Absorption Coefficient Sa
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Building Element Surface Material, Color & Description
Standard Brickwork
Painted Plaster Surface on Masonry Wall
Light Walnut Parquet fixed on concrete
Window
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.828
0.228
Metal Stool 0.14 0.105
2.8
0.856
2.352
0.156
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.07
White Plaster
Light Walnut Plywood Plank Counter & Surface 0.07 1.442
0.414
Human
0.84
0.42 per person
7.682
0.42 per person
Total Absorption (Non-Peak Hour)
Human
Slate Chalkboard 0.11 1.2045
Smooth Polished Concrete
0.01
0.351
0.11
6.842
Light Walnut Timber Shutter
Polished ConcreteFurniture
Air
Total Material Absorption Value

Zone 2 Calculation: Cafeteria Dining Area//Corridor (Atrium)
Peak Hour
RT =
0.16 x V
A
=
0.16 x710.66
31.6143
= 3.59 s
The reverberation time for Zone 2 in 500 Hz of absorption is 3.59s and 3.91s during peak
and non-peak hour respectively. According to the standard comfort of reverberation time
for atrium is between 1.5-2.0s. The reverberation time of the case study on 500 Hz has
exceeded this standard range. This space with longer reverberation time shows that the
noises within the space causes build-up noise level within the dining area itself as well as
creating loud noise source to the adjacent hotel rooms along the corridor which will affect
the level of comfort of guests. The prolongation of the sound in that space is caused by
continued multiple reflections and dispersion of sound at the corners of the beams across
the atrium.
Non-Peak Hour
RT =
0.16 x V
A
=
0.16 x 710.66
29.0943
= 3.91 s
Area
66.9
5.54
356.4
2.49
66.9
24.78
0.9
8
2
Total Material Absorption Value
0.07
28.2543
Porous Concrete Block 0.05 0.1245
Furniture Light Walnut Timber Chairs and Tables 0.063
Ceiling Acrylic Skylight 0.02 1.338
Building Element Surface Material Absorption Coefficient Sa
Human 0.42 per person 0.84
Total Absorption (Non-Peak Hour) 29.0943
Total Absorption (Peak Hour) 31.6143
Concrete Block painted white
0.1662Wall
4.6830.07Light Walnut Parquet fixed on concreteFloor
0.49560.02White Plaster ConcreteBeam
0.03Standard Brickwork
0.06 21.384

Zone 3 Calculation: Room Type 1 (Room facing outside at 2nd Floor)
RT =
0.16 x V
A
=
0.16 x 62.72
7.8336
= 1.28 s
The reverberation time for Zone 3 which is the worker rest room, in 500 Hz of absorption is
1.28s. According to the standard comfort of reverberation time is between 0.4 - 0.6s. The
reverberation time of the case study on 500 Hz has exceeded this standard range. This
space with longer reverberation time shows that both the noises within the space and noise
intrusion from external street creates loud noise source to the adjacent hotel rooms along
the corridor which will affect the level of comfort of guests.
Area
25.2
25.2
4.32
45.4
16.9
1.8
11.1
6
25.2
Ceiling Cement Board Ceiling 0.04 1.008
Air 0.01 0.252
Floor Terrazzo Tiles 0.01 0.252
Painted Concrete Block 0.06 2.724
Wall
Porous Brick Wall 0.03 0.1296
Total Absorption, A 7.8336
Standard Brickwork 0.03 0.507
Window Light Walnut Timber Shutter 0.03 0.333
Door Solid Timber Door 0.06 0.108

Zone 4 Calculation: Room Type 2 (Room facing outside at 4th Floor)
RT =
0.16 x V
A
=
0.16 x 26.4
3.5819
= 1.18 s
Area
8.25
8.25
34.96
1.8
2.45
2
8.25
Wall Painted Concrete Block 0.06 2.0976
Air 0.01 0.0825
Window 6mm Glass 0.04 0.098

Zone 5 :Calculation: Room Type 3 (Room facing inside at 4th Floor)
RT =
0.16 x V
A
=
0.16 x 34.88
4.56162
= 1.22 s
The reverberation time for Zone 4 and 5 which is room with window and room with
reverberation glass box, in 500 Hz of absorption is 1.18s and 1.22. According to the
standard comfort of reverberation time is between 0.4 - 0.6s. The reverberation time of the
case study on 500 Hz has exceeded this standard range. The build-up noise level within the
room can be reduced by implementing surface treatment like using carpet for floors etc.
Area
10.9
10.9
42.56
9.288
1.8
9.288
2
10.9
Painted Concrete Block 0.06 2.5536
6 mm Glass 0.04 0.37152
Air 0.01 0.109
Wall
Glass box Ordinary window glass 0.04 0.37152

4.4.2 Sound Intensity Level (SIL)
Intensity is defined as the sound power per unit area. The usual context is the
measurement of sound intensity in the air at a listener's location. The basic units are
watts/m2 or watts/cm2.
SPL/SIL = 10 log10
𝐈
𝑰 𝒓𝒆𝒇
, where SIL = Sound Intensity Level, Iref = 1 x 10-2
Zone 1 Calculation: Cafeteria Bar & Reception
Non-peak Hour:
Reading 1 = 75 dB
SIL = 10 log10
I 𝐻
𝐼 𝑟𝑒𝑓
75 dB = 10 log10
I 𝐻
1 𝑥 10−12
log-1 7.5 =
I 𝐻
1 𝑥 10−12
I 𝐻 = (3.162 x 107) x (1x 10-12)
= 3.162 x 10-5
Reading 2 = 65 dB
SIL = 10 log10
I 𝐿
𝐼 𝑟𝑒𝑓
65 dB = 10 log10
I 𝐿
1 𝑥 10−12
log-1 7.5 =
I 𝐿
1 𝑥 10−12
I 𝐻 = (3.162 x 106) x (1x 10-12)
= 3.162 x 10-6
Sum of all the points, I 1+ 2 + n = (3.162 x 10-5) + (3.162x 10-6) + (n)
(Provided n = I 𝐿 value at remaining points = 3.478 x 10-5+ n
Combined SIL = 10 log10
I 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿
𝐼 𝑟𝑒𝑓
= 10 log10
3.478 𝑥 10−5+𝑛
1 𝑥 10−12
Following calculation included in the table provided below
Peak Hour:
Reading 1 = 81 dB
SIL = 10 log10
I 𝐻
𝐼 𝑟𝑒𝑓
81 dB = 10 log10
I 𝐻
1 𝑥 10−12
log-1 8.1 =
I 𝐻
1 𝑥 10−12
I 𝐻 = (1.259 x 108) x (1x 10-12)
= 1.259 x 10-4
Reading 2 = 72 dB

SIL = 10 log10
I 𝐿
𝐼 𝑟𝑒𝑓
72 dB = 10 log10
I 𝐿
1 𝑥 10−12
log-1 7.2 =
I 𝐿
1 𝑥 10−12
I 𝐻 = (1.584 x 107) x (1x 10-12)
= 1.584 x 10-5
Total Intensities, I TOTAL = (1.259 x 10-4) + (1.584x 10-5) +n
(Provided n = I 𝐿 value at remaining points) = 1.4174 x 10-4 + n
Combined SPL = 10 log10
I 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿
𝐼 𝑟𝑒𝑓
= 10 log10
1.4174 𝑥 10−4+𝑛
1 𝑥 10−12
Following calculation included in the table provided below
Cafeteria (Non Peak) Cafeteria (Peak)
Sound Intensity
(dB)
I value Sound Intensity(dB) I value
75 3.16 x10-5 81 1.26 x10-4
67 5.01 x10-6 74 2.51 x10-5
68 6.31 x10-6 73 2.00 x10-5
69 7.94 x10-6 74 2.51 x10-5
69 7.94 x10-6 76 3.98 x10-5
66 3.98 x10-6 78 6.31 x10-5
65 3.16 x10-6 86 3.98 x10-4
66 3.98 x10-6 72 1.58 x10-5
Total 7.01 x10-5 Total 7.13 x10-5
Combined SPL 78.45 dB Combined SPL 88.53 dB
The average sound intensity level at the cafeteria is the highest because it’s located at
the entrance of the hotel. The main noise sources are generally contributed by visitors
and workers. On the other hand, the sound intensity level fluctuate around 70dB to
80dB during the operation hours of the sound system and coffee machine installed at
the reception/cafeteria area.
However during non-peak hours, noise level remains highest among other spaces in
lantern hotel. This is due to the application of perforated façade and operable window
which would likely to allow transmittance of noise from the busy street market and AHU
across the street. Perforated façade and operable window may provide aesthetic but
results in poor sound insulation properties of the space.

Zone 2 Calculation : Cafeteria Dining Area // Corridor (Atrium)
‘
Atrium (Non Peak) Atrium (Peak)
Sound Intensity
(Db)
I value Sound Intensity
(Db)
I value
66 3.98 x10-6 72 1.58 x10-5
62 1.58 x10-6 78 6.31 x10-5
56 3.98 x10-7 62 1.58 x10-6
55 3.16 x10-7 61 1.26 x10-6
52 1.58 x10-7 58 6.30 x10-7
52 1.58 x10-7 58 6.30 x10-7
51 1.25 x10-7 57 5.01 x10-7
52 1.58 x10-7 58 6.31 x10-7
51 1.25 x10-7 57 5.01 x10-7
51 1.25 x10-7 57 5.01 x10-7
56 7.13 x10-6 62 1.58 x10-6
58 6.31 x10-7 64 2.51 x10-6
Total 1.49 x10-5 Total 8.93 x10-5
The average sound intensity level is generally higher at the central atrium because it’s
the heart of the hotel and holds most of the public activities during the peak hour.
However, the noise level still remains around 71dB during non-peak hours, noise level
was generally contributed from the street level due to openness of the perforated
façade and operable louvered windows. Masking noise generated from the air
conditioner creates a sound barrier, allowed the street noises to be hardly noticeable.
The application of masking noise improves acoustic experience, allowed the user to
appreciate the spaces without disruption from external noise.

Zone 3 Calculation: Room Type 1 (Room facing outside at 2nd Floor)
Room Type 1 (Non peak) Room Type 1(Peak)
Sound Intensity (dB) I Value Sound Intensity (dB) I Value
62 1.58 x10-6 65 3.16 x10-6
60 1.00 x10-6 65 3.16 x10-6
65 3.16 x10-6 68 6.31 x10-6
63 2.00 x10-6 65 3.16 x10-6
60 1.00 x10-7 64 2.51 x10-6
65 3.16 x10-6 68 6.31 x10-6
50 1.00 x10-7 55 3.16 x10-7
51 1.26 x10-7 54 2.51 x10-7
55 3.16 x10-7 58 6.31 x10-7
50 1.00 x10-7 55 3.16 x10-7
50 1.00 x10-7 55 3.16 x10-7
55 3.16 x10-7 59 7.94 x10-7
Total 1.30 x10-5 Total 2.72 x10-5
Zone 4 Calculation: Room Type 2 (Room facing outside at 4th Floor)
Room Type 2 (Non peak) Room Type 2 (Peak)
46 3.98 x10-7 51 1.26 x10-7
40 1.00 x10-8 47 5.01 x10-8
45 3.16 x10-8 50 1.00 x10-7
40 1.00 x10-8 47 5.01 x10-8
43 2.00 x10-8 45 3.16 x10-8
45 3.16 x10-8 50 1.00 x10-7
43 2.00 x10-8 45 3.16 x10-8
46 3.98 x10-8 50 1.00 x10-7
43 2.00 x10-8 46 3.98 x10-8
45 3.16 x10-8 52 1.58 x10-7
46 3.98 x10-8 46 3.98 x10-8
45 3.16 x10-8 51 1.26 x10-7
46 3.98 x10-8 53 2.00 x10-7
44 2.51 x10-8 49 7.94 x10-7
Total 3.97 x10-7 Total 1.23 10-6
Combined SPL 55.91dB Combined SPL 60.91dB

Zone 5 :Calculation: Room Type 3 (Room facing inside at 4th Floor)
Zone 6 : Corridor ( 4th Floor)
Room Type 3 (Non peak) Room Type 3 (Peak)
Sound Intensity Sound intensity
38 6.31 x10-7 51 1.25 x10-7
43 2.00 x10-8 47 5.01 x10-8
38 6.31 x10-7 50 1.00 x10-7
45 3.16 x10-8 47 5.01 x10-8
43 2.00 x10-8 45 3.16 x10-8
45 3.16 x10-8 50 1.00 x10-7
43 2.00 x10-8 45 3.16 x10-8
46 3.98 x10-8 50 1.00 x10-7
43 2.00 x10-8 46 3.98 x10-8
45 3.16 x10-8 52 1.58 x10-7
46 3.98 x10-8 46 3.98 x10-8
45 3.16 x10-8 51 1.25 x10-7
46 3.98 x10-8 53 2.00 x10-7
44 2.51 x10-8 49 7.94 x10-8
3.63 x10-7 1.23 x10-6
Combined SPL 55.60dB Combined SPL 60.90dB
Corridor (Non Peak) Corridor (Peak)
49 7.94 x10-7 59 7.94 x10-7
50 1.00 x10-7 62 1.58 x10-7
48 6.31 x10-7 59 7.94 x10-7
51 1.25 x10-7 60 1.00 x10-6
51 1.26 x10-7 63 2.00 x10-6
53 2.00 x10-7 61 1.26 x10-6
54 2.51 x10-7 61 1.26 x10-6
55 3.16 x10-7 65 3.16 x10-6
55 3.16 x10-7 65 3.16 x10-6
53 2.00 x10-7 63 2.00 x10-6
56 3.98 x10-7 65 3.16 x10-6
58 6.31 x10-7 66 3.98 x10-6
54 2.51 x10-7 63 2.00 x10-6
56 3.98 x10-7 66 3.98 x10-6

56 3.98 x10-7 66 3.98 x10-6
54 2.51 x10-7 64 2.51 x10-6
53 2.00 x10-7 63 2.00 x10-7
58 6.31 x10-7 65 3.16 x10-6
59 7.94 x10-7 65 3.16 x10-6
60 1.00 x10-6 67 5.01 x10-6
Total 6.73 x10-6 Total 5.00 x10-5
Combined SIL 68.28dB Combined SIL 76.99 dB
Corridor reduces noise level as it provides a buffering zone and sound barrier towards
the hotel rooms. The results shown in the table indicates significant lower sound
intensity level recorded in Room type 2 and Room type 3 due to the presence of
corridor. On the other hand, the results shown that Room type 1 receive higher noise
level from the street market, which is believed to be transmitted directly from the street
through street facing balcony in Room type 1.
Other than that, manipulating distance between noise sources plays an important role in
reducing noise level. The tabulated data proves that corridor, room 2 and 3 located at
the 4th floor of the hotel typically receive less noise when it’s further apart from the
street. Generally the position and layout of the room ominously affects the acoustic
quality of the room.

4.4.3 Sound Transmission Loss (TL)
Sound Transmission Loss (TL) analysis is conducted to analyse the reduction of sound from
external space to the internal space. For this case study, the transmission loss or reduction
in decibels (dB) is determined as sound waves passed through a particular material of
different wall surfaces of the café and its corridor area at second floor.
Calculation of transmission loss on materials is based on the formulae as stated below:
SRI = TL = 10 log10
𝟏
𝑻 𝒂𝒗
,
Where,
Tav = Average transmission coefficient of materials
SRIn = 10 log10
𝟏
𝑻 𝒏
,
Tav =
(𝑺 𝟏 𝒙 𝑻 𝒄𝟏 ) + (𝑺 𝟐 𝒙 𝑻 𝒄𝟐) + ….(𝑺 𝒏 𝒙 𝑻 𝒄𝒏)
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
Where,
Sn = Surface Area of Material
Tcn = Transmission Coefficient of Material
Transmission Coefficient (T) Sn x Tcn
Wall 1 5 Timber Shutter Windows Timber 8.4 10 0.1
Building Component Building Element Material Surface Area, S (m2) SRI (dB)
Wall 2 Concrete Blockwall Painted White Paint 7.6 45
Unfinished Brick Wall 100mm Brick 8.6 39
Fixed Glass Wall Glass 11.7 35
Wall 3 Concrete Blockwall Painted White Paint 5.1 45
Fixed Window Glass 2.2 35
1.259 𝑥 10 4 1.0 2 𝑥 10 3
3.1 𝑥 10 5
3.1 𝑥 10 4
1.009 𝑥 10 4
1.43 𝑥 10 3
3.1 𝑥 10 4
4.5 𝑥 10 1
2.405 𝑥 10 3
.4 𝑥 10 1
3.1 𝑥 10 5

Wall 1 Overall Sound Energy Transmission Coefficient (Café Reception & Bar Area)
Windows
SRI = 10 log10
1
T
SRI Timber = 10
10 = 10 log10
1
T
log-1 1 =
1
T
Transmission Coefficient of Timber, TTimber
= 0.1
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
Tav =
0.1 x 8.4 + (1.259 x 10−4) 𝑥 8.6
8.4+8.6
=
0.84+(1.082 x 10−3)
17
=
0.841
17
= 4.947 x 10 2
BS8233 Guidance Noise Levels
Unfinished Brick Wall 100mm
SRI = 10 log10
1
T
SRI Brick = 39
39 = 10 log10
1
T
log-1 3.9 =
1
T
Transmission Coefficient of Brick, TBrick
= 1.259 x 10-4
Overall SRI of Wall 1
SRI = 10 log10
1
𝑇𝑎𝑣
SRI Wall 1 = 10 log10
1
4.947 x 10−2
= 13dB

Standard Internal Noise
Control for Hotel Bar &
Reception
Daytime – 30 dB to 45 dB
Night Time – 25 dB to 35 dB
Required Transmission
Coefficient
Daytime:
40 = 10 log10
1
T
log-1 4 =
1
T
= 1 x 10-4
Night Time:
30 = 10 l og10
1
T
log-1 3 =
1
T
= 1 x 10-3
Table shows Comparison with Standard Noise Rating (NR) Value and required TL
Noise Level in reception and coffee bar of Lantern Hotel after transmission loss:
Street Noise Overall TL of wall Noticeable Noise
Peak Hour 83 dB 13 dB 70 dB
Non-peak Hour 78 dB 13 dB 65 dB
As shown in the calculation above, wall 1 experienced only 13 dB overall transmission loss
where 65dB to 70 dB is the noticeable noise within the cafeteria. It exceeds the standard
noise rating value (40dB during day time and 30 dB during night time) of a reception and
coffee bar as well as its required transmission coefficient. Thus the SRI/TL of the hotel
rooms is not efficient enough to maintain the human comfort level due to its perforated
brick facade.

Wall 2 Overall Sound Energy Transmission Coefficient for Room Type 3 (Room with Fixed
Glass)
Concrete Blockwall Painted White
SRI = 10 log10
1
T
SRI Timber = 10
45 = 10 log10
1
T
log-1 4.5 =
1
T
= 3.16 x 10-5
Tav =
3.16 x 10−5 + (3.16 x 10−4)
9.8
=
3.476 x 10−4
9.8
= 3.547 x 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
Fixed Window
SRI = 10 log10
1
T
SRI Brick = 35
35 = 10 log10
1
T
log-1 3.5 =
1
T
= 3.16 x 10-4
SRI = 10 log10
1
𝑇𝑎𝑣
1
9.54 x 10−5
= 40.2 dB

Wall 3 Overall Sound Energy Transmission Coefficient for Room Type 3 (Room with Glass
Box)
Concrete Blockwall Painted White
SRI = 10 log10
1
T
SRI Timber = 10
45 = 10 log10
1
T
log-1 4.5 =
1
T
= 3.16 x 10-5
Tav =
3.16 x 10−5 + (3.16 x 10−4)
5.1+11.7
=
3.476 x 10−4
16.8
= 2.3 x 𝟏𝟎 𝟒
Standard Internal Noise Control for Hotel Rooms
Standard Internal Noise Control for Hotel
Rooms
Daytime – 25 dB
Night Time – 20 dB
Required Transmission Coefficient Daytime:
25 = 10 log10
1
T
log-1 2.5 =
1
T
= 3.1622 x 10-3
Night Time:
20 = 10 log10
1
T
log-1 2 =
1
T
= 1 x 10-2
Fixed Glass Wall
SRI = 10 log10
1
T
SRI Brick = 35
35 = 10 log10
1
T
log-1 3.5 =
1
T
= 3.16 x 10-4
SRI = 10 log10
1
𝑇𝑎𝑣
1
2.3x 10−4
= 36.38 dB

Noise Level in hotel rooms of Lantern Hotel after transmission loss:
Room with Fixed Glass
Noise from Atrium Overall TL of wall Noticeable Noise
Peak Hour 60 dB 36.38 dB 23.62 dB
Non-peak Hour 51 dB 36.38 dB 14.62 dB
Room with Glass Box
Noise from Atrium Overall TL of wall Noticeable Noise
Peak Hour 60 dB 40.2 dB 19.8 dB
Non-peak Hour 51 dB 40.2 dB 10.8 dB
As shown in the table above, wall 2 at 3 walls experienced 36 to 40 dB overall transmission
loss for hotel rooms where 10 to 24 dB are the noticeable noise within the hotel rooms
However, it does not exceed the standard noise rating value (25 dB during day time and 20
dB during night time) of a hotel room as well as its required transmission coefficient. Thus
the SRI/TL of the hotel rooms meet the requirement of an appropriate internal noise level
for a hotel to maintain the human comfort level.

4.5 Conclusion of Acoustic Evalution in Lantern Hotel
Sound Intensity Level
High sound intensity levels are recorded near the atrium, cafeteria and reception during
peak hour. Noise sources generally contributed by noisy street market, users and
appliances. According to MS 1525 standards, the suitable sound intensity level in a public
dining area is 48dB to 52Db. The sound intensity level ranges from 60dB to 80Db, which
clearly exceeds the required standards. On the other hand, SIL recorded in hotel rooms in
lantern hotel ranges from 40dB to 60Db which also exceeds MS1525 standards of 30- 40dB
standard. Measures can be taken towards selection of sound absorbent materials to ensure
better insulation properties.
Reverberation Time
Reverberation time recorded at the atrium is the highest among the space due the high
ceiling structure and absence of sound absorbent materials. Loudest noise sources come
from the cafeteria area. Hence, sound absorbing materials such as fabric on panels and
partition are recommended in the cafeteria area, to prevent noises from cafeteria to
transmit towards the hotel room and corridor area. The designer made a good effort by
introducing perforated façade and operable window to achieve lower reverberation time.
From the table can be seen that for most of the zones the reverberation time is far from
ideal.
Sound Reduction Index
The SRI/TL of the hotel rooms is not efficient enough to maintain the human comfort level
due to its perforated brick façade. It can be concluded that although that although sound
levels are still acceptable, lack of proper acoustical treatments result in high sound intensity
level. Over the time the impact of noise disruption on customer are viable, therefore proper
steps must be taken to improve the acoustic condition of the café.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Brandi, U., & Geissmar, C. (2001). Lightbook. Basel: BirkhaÌˆuser.
2. Descottes, H., & Ramos, C. (2011). Architectural lighting. New York: Princeton
Architectural Press.
3. Egan, M. (2007). Architectural acoustics. [Ft. Lauderdale, FL]: J. Ross Pub.
4. Gordon, G. (2003). Interior lighting for designers. New York: Wiley.
5. Pritchard, D. (1969). Lighting. New York: American Elsevier Pub. Co.
6. Winchip, S. (2008). Fundamentals of lighting. New York: Fairchild Publications

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