Project 2: Lighting Integration Project

School of Architecture, Building and Design
Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture
Building Science II (ARC 3413 / BLD 60803)
Project 2: Lighting Integration Project
Daylight, Artificial Lighting & PSALI Analysis
Learning Centre For All
Jalan Stesen 1, Klang
Kalvin Bong Jia Ying
0327822
Tutor: Ar. Edwin Chan &
Dr. Sujatavani Gunasagaran

1
Table of Content
01 Introduction 2
1.1 Objectives 2
1.2 Site Background – Jalan Stesen 1, Klang 2-3
1.3 Project Background – Learning Centre For All 3
1.4 Daylighting Strategy Features 4-5
02 Daylight Factor Analysis 6
2.1 Average Daylight Factor 6
2.2 Sun Shadow Casting on Site 7-8
2.3 Space A – Maker Space 9-12
2.4 Space B – Management Office 13-16
03 Artificial Lighting Analysis 17
3.1 Lumen Method & Room Index 17
3.2 Space A – Maker Space 18-22
3.3 Space B – Management Office 23-26
04 Conclusion 27
05 References 27

2
01/ Introduction
1.1 Objectives
The project aims to integrate students’ understanding of the principles of lighting into proposed
learning centre for all within the context of Jalan Stesen 1, Klang. It incorporates advanced
daylighting systems and the integration of electrical lighting, and PSALI method as strategies
for better lighting condition and produce architectural poetic qualities. Students are to show
their understanding of their final design and to solve design problems in relation to sustainability
issues (natural lighting and site analysis).
1.2 Site Background – Jalan Stesen 1, Klang
The project site is a privately-owned car park located along Jalan Stesen 1 and it sits between
a small single lane road and a chartered accountant office shop lot. Formerly known as Lorong
Stesen, it is known as the narrowest street in Klang and many pre-war traditional shophouses
are located along this single lane road. The area is dominated by old aged artisans which makes
new development a challenge.
Diagram 1: Macro and micro
site plan of project site at Jalan
Stesen 1 in South Klang.

3
1.3 Project Background – Learning Centre For All
The Design Studio V brief calls to design a Learning Centre within an urban infill site. The
design of the building is to consist of appropriate architectural responses that address the aspects
of the urban street context and user behavioural patterns as discerned and analyzed in the
preliminary studies.
The design intention of this learning centre for all is to re-establish connection between old and
young. As part of the design strategy consideration, the corner facade is specifically treated to
reactivate the quiet street of Jalan Stesen 1 by bringing vibrancy and attracting the young to
stay within the monotonous town of Klang. The architecture expresses a playful respond to the
existing rhythm of the shophouses and also incorporates contemporary way of reinterpreting
traditions to reflect the modern - in order to gentrify attention and interest from people of
different age groups into the building at street level or from far.
Diagram 2: Section of the project site showing its neighbouring context.
Diagram 3: Front elevation showing the corner façade of wooden perforated screen that
allows natural wind and daylight to penetrate through into the building.

4
1.4 Daylighting Strategy Features
Effective strategies for daylighting are taken into consideration to cut cost and save energy
usage for the operation of the learning centre. Also, to utilize the benefit of the abundant
daylight received on site whilst avoiding problem associated with glare. Three features are
proposed in the design of the learning centre which include the following:
1. Double-Skin Façade
The application of double skin façade with concrete vent block on the rear façade facing
North. The external masonry wall is effective at preventing excessive daylight and heat
into the building as it limits penetration into the spatial cavity, while still allowing
enough light to facilitate the activities going on within.
2. Wooden Perforated Screen Façade
To provide diffused light into the building, the edge of each floor facing West is directly
connected to wooden perforated screen panels with vent block pattern casted on it. This
continuous vent block pattern is not only designed to as immediate catalyst to attract
pedestrian public visual interest, but also ensures that all floors receive adequate amount
of daylight.
Diagram 4: Highlighted part is the double-skin façade
used to create a breathing space for smoking, relaxing
in the outdoor, plantings as well as air condensing
units and service.
Diagram 5: Highlighted part is the
wooden perforated screen façade
that receives maximum West
sunlight penetration to brighten
up the interior spaces.

5
3. Central Courtyard
The open courtyard allows maximum East to West sunlight penetration throughout the
day, all the way from second floor to ground floor. Outdoor eating and seating areas
are created at the points of penetration for people to gather around the light to eat, rest
and interact. The diffused light at the end of central courtyard void will also aid in
brightening up the spaces that surround the central courtyard.
Diagram 6: Sectional perspective highlighting the open central courtyard that allows sunlight
penetration into the building all day round.

6
02/ Daylight Factor Analysis
2.1 Average Daylight Factor
Daylight factor (DF) characterizes the amount of daylight a space might receive compared to
what is available from the sky. Daylight factor is most commonly estimated over a working
plane (e.g. desk surface), and defined as follows:
Average DF =
W
A
X
Tθ
(1 − R)
where: W = the area of the windows (m2
)
A = the total area of the internal surfaces (m2
)
T = the glass transmittance corrected for dirt
θ = the visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window
R = the average reflectance of the area.
Zone DF (%) Distribution
Very bright >6 Large (including thermal and glare problem)
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
The daylight factor concept is applicable only when the sky illuminance distribution is known
or can reasonably be estimated. In this case study, the average outdoor illuminance in
Malaysia is assumed according to the standard which is 20,000 lux (refer to Figure 2).
Luminance Level (lux) Example
120,000 Brightest sunlight
110,000 Bright sunlight
20,000 Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday
1000-2000 Typical overcast day, midday
400 Sunrise/sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)
<200 Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday
40 Fully overcast, sunrise/sunset
<1 Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunrise/sunset
Figure 1: Daylight factors and distribution. (Department of Standards Malaysia, 2007)
Figure 2: Daylight intensity at different condition.

7
2.2 Sun Shadow Casting on Site
The site has a South-North orientation, which is perpendicularly away from the sun path,
therefore it is crucial to imply daylighting strategies effectively to allow maximum sunlight
penetration rather than using mechanical devices that cost a lot. The surrounding site consists
of relatively low-rise buildings; therefore the building will receive maximum natural sunlight
throughout the day with minimal blockage.
Diagram 7: Shadow casting during 8am morning sun. The building receives most amount of
sunlight at the back façade. From 7am to 9am, the shadow falls on the neighbouring shophouses.
Diagram 8: Shadow casting during 12pm noon sun. The building receives most amount of
sunlight at the rooftop and open plaza. However, the shadow falls on the central courtyard,
providing a comfortable outdoor seating and eating area within the building.

8
Diagram 9: Shadow casting during 5pm evening sun. The open plaza receives most amount of
sunlight to encourage the occurrence of recreational activities. As well, the interior spaces will
receive adequate amount of daylight for learning purposes – which mainly target for the
community after work or school.

9
2.3 Space A – Maker Space
Located at first floor, the maker space, also known as Do-It-Yourself (DIY) space, is covered
by a double-skin façade and wooden perforated screen façade. The space is fully equipped with
variety of tools and materials allowing the young to have hands-on experience on starting up
their own business. The young adapt what they have learnt into creating their own, which are
then brought down to the market to showcase their work and to be marketed.
Diagram 10: First floor plan highlighting the location of maker space (left) and detailed
dimension of the space (right).

10
Average Daylight Factor Calculation
Total Floor Area (m2
) 36.3
Area of Windows (W, m2
) Wooden Perforated Screen: 8.05 x 3.8 = 30.6
Sliding Door: 3.75 x 2.5 = 9.4
Wooden Louvres Windows: 1.2 x 2 = 2.4
Vent Block Masonry Wall: 2.95 x 3.8 = 11.2
Total: 30.6 + 9.4 + 2.4 + 11.2 = 53.6
Total Area of Internal Surfaces (A, m2
) 2(6.75 x 3.8) + (3.75 x 3.8) + 2(2.1 x 3.8) +
(1.3 x 3.8) + (2.95 x 3.8) + 2(6.75 x 3.75) +
2(3.4 x 2.1) + 2(2.95 x 1.3) = 170.2
Glass Transmittance Corrected For Dirt (T) 0.6
Visible Sky Angle In Degrees From The
Centre Of The Window (θ)
15 (Viewed from void within vent block
masonry wall with obstruction of shophouse
behind the building)
Average Reflectance of Area (R) 0.5 (Considering light colored room surfaces)
Average Daylight Factor (DF)
Average DF =
53.6
170.2
X
(0.6)(15)
(1 − 0.5)
= 5.67%
(According to MS1525, this room is
considered bright.)
Diagram 11: Sectional perspective highlighting the section of maker space.

11
Space A Daylight Analysis:
The maker space has a distribution of average daylight factor of 5.67% which is categorized
by the MS1525 requirement as good. The space is for working, creating and crafting which
need focus and attention all time, therefore decent amount of light is required throughout the
day. The maker space receives high amount of daylight during the evening, however, with
support from artificial lighting in the morning, this space will have a gentle lighting ambience
for working purposes.
Diagram 12: Mostly dull during 8am morning sun due to its West-facing façade.
Diagram 13: Space A receives evening sunlight from the wooden perforated screen façade.

12
Diagram 14: The lighting contour shows that the space is brightly lit on the corner side façade as
it is a perforated screen facade that maximizes the sunlight penetration but grows darker
approaching the areas without window openings.

13
2.4 Space B – Management Office
Located at second floor, the management office is a standard room with 3 rotating wooden
louvre window openings towards the back lane. The room does not receive adequate amount
of daylight, the only light penetration is through the three window openings. The office is
shaded most of the day to protect the digital accessories from the strong daylighting.
Diagram 15: Second floor plan highlighting the location of management office (left) and detailed
dimension of the space (right).

14
Average Daylight Factor Calculation
) 10.1
Area of Windows (W, m2
) Wooden Louvres Windows: 1.2 x 2 = 2.4
Total Area of Internal Surfaces (A, m2
) 2(3.6 x 3.8) + 2(2.8 x 3.8) + 2(3.6 x 2.8) =
68.8
Glass Transmittance Corrected For Dirt (T) 0.6
Visible Sky Angle In Degrees From The
Centre Of The Window (θ)
70 (With obstruction of shophouse behind
the building)
Average Reflectance of Area (R) 0.5 (Considering light colored room surfaces)
Average Daylight Factor (DF)
Average DF =
2.4
68.8
X
(0.6)(70)
(1 − 0.5)
= 2.93%
(According to MS1525, this room is
considered average.)
Diagram 16: Sectional perspective highlighting the section of management office.

15
Space B Daylight Analysis:
The management office has a distribution of average daylight factor of 2.93% which is
categorized by the MS1525 requirement as fair. The office is meant for private use to manage
the operation of the learning centre, therefore it is required to be enclosed to remain its privacy.
The room is designed with windows to allow natural daylight to bright up and warm up the
cold office in terms of architectural poetic quality. However, the office still depends much on
the application of artificial lighting to obtain light.
Diagram 17: Mostly dull during 8am morning sun.
Diagram 18: Mostly dull during 5pm evening sun due to its enclosed space.

16
Diagram 19: The lighting contour shows that the space is brightly lit on the façade with three
rotating wooden window openings but grows darker approaching the areas with just walls.

17
03/ Artificial Lighting Analysis
3.1 Lumen Method & Room Index
Lumen Method
Lumen method can be calculated and used to determine the number of lights should be
installed on the site. To know the number of lamps, calculation of total luminance of the space
needs to be done based on the number of fixtures and examine the sufficiency of light fixtures
on that particular space.
N =
E x A
F x UF x MF
where: N = number of lamps required
E = illuminance level required (Lux)
A = area at working plane height (m2
)
F = average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF = utilization factor, an allowance for light distribution of the luminaire and room surfaces
MF = maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and
dirt.
Room Index
Room Index, RI, is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the working and
luminaire planes, which can be calculated by:
RI =
L x W
Hm x (L + W)
where: L = length of room
W = width of room
Hm = mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire.

18
3.2 Space A – Maker Space
Lighting Fixture Properties
Type of Lighting Pendant Light
Type of Lightbulb LED bulb with 600 lumens
Product Brand IKEA HEKTAR ceiling light
Light Distribution Direct distribution
Material Fixture Aluminium casing
Nominal Life (Hours) 15,000
Wattage Range (W) 60
Luminous Flux (lm) 2000
Colour Temperature (K) 3000
Colour Rendering Index (CRI) 90
Colour Designation Dark grey
Pendant light is commonly used in warehouse or construction workshop (like maker space) due
to its minimal, contemporary and industrial look that matches the setting of the space. It is also
important to note that the colour rendering index (CRI) value of at least 90 is required to ensure
the true colours of the tool/product are properly showcased while crafting.
Diagram 20: It is recommended
to have at least 90 of CRI value to
provide a better quality of product
showcase while crafting to
maintain the quality.

19
Room Index Calculation (For Part A)
Dimensions of Room (m) L=6.75, W=3.75
) 25.3
Height of Ceiling (m) 3.8
Type of Light Fixture LED pendant light
Luminous Flux of Lighting (F,
lm)
2000
Height of Luminaires (m) 4 – 0.45 = 3.55
Height of Working Plane (m) 0.8
Mounting Height (Hm) 3.55 – 0.8 = 2.75
IES Standard Illuminance Level
Required According to MS1525
and JKR (E, lux)
300 (Workshop space)
Reflectance Factor Ceiling (White Plastered Ceiling) = 0.7
Wall (White Painted Concrete Blocks) = 0.5
Floor (Cement Floor) = 0.15
Room Index (RI)
RI =
6.75 x 3.75
2.75 x (6.75 + 3.75)
= 0.88
Diagram 21: Space A is
divided into two parts in
order to obtain the room
index calculation.

20
Room Index Calculation (For Part B)
) 7.14
Type of Light Fixture LED pendant light
lm)
2000
and JKR (E, lux)
Floor (Cement Floor) = 0.15
Room Index (RI)
RI =
3.4 x 2.1
2.75 x (3.4 + 2.1)
= 0.47
Total Room Index (For Part A & B) = 0.88 + 0.47
= 1.35
Lumen Method Calculation
IES Standard Illuminance Level Required
According to MS1525 and JKR (E, lux)
Area at Working Plane Height (A, m2
) 36.3
Luminous Flux of Lighting (F, lm) 2000
Utilization Factor (UF) Ceiling: Wall: Floor = 70%: 50%: 20%
Based on UF table,
When RI = 1.25, UF = 0.53
When RI = 1.5, UF = 0.57
Ratio Method:
0.53 + (1 x 0.01) = 0.54
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8 (Standard)
Number of Fittings Required (N)
N =
300 x 36.3
2000 x 0.54 x 0.8
= 12.6
= 13

21
Fitting Layout (Where Smax
is maximum
spacing, m)
Smax
= 1.0 x Hm
= 1.0 x 2.75
= 2.75
Distance between lights not greater than 2.75m.
Diagram 22: Reflected ceiling plan showing light
fixture layout based on the lumen method calculation.
Diagram 23: Artificial lighting contour analysis done in Revit shows the
level of illumination using the same light fixture layout.

22
PSALI Integration
There are 13 lights to achieve a minimum of 300 lux standard requirement by MS1525 and JKR
for a workshop space equipped with tables, tools and materials. Light 1 and 2 balance the
intensity of light in the interior. During the day, light 1 is switch on to ensure the adequate of
light in the dark interior, however light 2 will only be switched on when there is no sunlight
penetrating into the space because the row of light 2 has a perforated screen façade directly
facing outside. During night when there is no external source of light, all lights are turned on
to achieve sufficient lighting, including light 3 for the balcony use.
Diagram 24: Back light at row 1 will be usually turned on in the morning;
row 2 will only turned on when there is insufficient daylight penetrating
into the space; light 3 will usually be turned on only during night.

23
3.3 Space B – Management Office
Lighting Fixture Properties
Type of Lighting Tubular Fluorescent Light
Length 85cm
Product Brand Philips Linear Fluorescent Light
Light Distribution Direct distribution
Nominal Life (Hours) 25,000
Wattage Range (W) 36
Luminous Flux (lm) 2600
Colour Temperature (K) 2900
Colour Rendering Index (CRI) 80
Colour Designation Cool white
Tubular fluorescent light is commonly used in office setting mainly due to the fact that
fluorescent bulbs are an affordable source of light, while also being significantly brighter than
the average halogen bulb. Although it is not the most visually appealing lighting fixtures, but it
is clearly very functional and successful in increasing productivity of the workers.
Diagram 25:
Dimension of
Space B.

24
Room Index Calculation
) 10.1
Type of Light Fixture Tubular Fluorescent Light
lm)
2600
and JKR (E, lux)
500 (General office)
Floor (Timber Flooring) = 0.2
Room Index (RI)
RI =
3.6 x 2.8
3.4 x (3.6 + 2.8)
= 0.46
Lumen Method Calculation
IES Standard Illuminance Level Required
According to MS1525 and JKR (E, lux)
500 (General office)
Area at Working Plane Height (A, m2
) 10.1
Luminous Flux of Lighting (F, lm) 2600
Utilization Factor (UF) Ceiling: Wall: Floor = 70%: 50%: 20%
Based on UF table,
When RI = 0.6, UF = 0.36
Ratio Method:
0.36 – (1 x 0.01) – (4 x 0.01) = 0.31
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8 (Standard)
Number of Fittings Required (N)
N =
500 x 10.1
2600 x 0.31 x 0.8
= 7.83
= 8
Fitting Layout (Where Smax
is maximum
spacing, m)
Smax
= 1.0 x Hm
= 1.0 x 3.4
= 3.4
Distance between lights not greater than 3.4m.

25
Diagram 26: Reflected ceiling plan showing light fixture layout based on
the lumen method calculation.
Diagram 27: Artificial lighting contour analysis done in Revit shows the
level of illumination using the same light fixture layout.

26
Diagram 28: Both rows of light will be turned on when the room is dark or
without sufficient daylight, or it can be turned on just one side for working
purposes, also to save electricity cost.

27
04/ Conclusion
Daylighting consideration is a crucial part throughout the entire design studio project as it
contributes to sustainability, especially when it comes to urban context. With sufficient
integration of daylight into the building, the building ensures that the users are provided with
a comfortable, bright space without the use of artificial lighting. As the learning centre is a
public building, saving cost of operation is also important, hence the implementation of daylight
strategies is definitely required.
Meanwhile, the PSALI strategy implementation infusing natural daylight and artificial light
yields both design and economic benefit to the overall building. It allows flexibility of adjusting
artificial lighting according to the external daylight situation which aids to save a lot of
operational costs.
Overall, the analysis conducted on the two spaces have been academically beneficial in terms
of lighting consideration in the design process of a building.
05/ References
Ander, G. (2003). Daylighting Performance and Design. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
Energy Research Group, School of Architecture, University College Dublin, Richview,
Clonskeagh. (2016). Daylighting in Buildings, Ireland: UCD-OPET. Retrieved December 3,
2018, from http://erg.ucd.ie/UCDERG/pdfs/mb_daylighting_in_buildings.pdf
Ikea. (2018). HEKTAR Pendant Light. Retrieved December 3, 2018, from
https://www.ikea.com/my/en/catalog/products/40296108/
Octo Lights. (n.d.). Why Fluorescent Light Covers Work So Well In Business Offices.
Retrieved December 3, 2018, from https://www.decorativelightcovers.com/fluorescent-light-
covers-work-well-business-offices/
Pioneer Lighting. (2016). Room Illumination Level. Retrieved December 3, 2018, from
http://www.pioneerlighting.com/new/pdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf
Reinhart, C. & Stein, R. Daylighting Handbook. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.

Project 2: Lighting Integration Project

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (16)

Similar to Project 2: Lighting Integration Project

Similar to Project 2: Lighting Integration Project (20)

More from Kalvin Bong

More from Kalvin Bong (8)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Project 2: Lighting Integration Project