The document discusses the hydration of cement compounds. The four main compounds (Bogue's compounds) are tricalcium silicate (C3S), dicalcium silicate (C2S), tricalcium aluminate (C3A), and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF). C3S hydrates rapidly and provides early strength, while C2S hydrates slowly and provides later strength. C3A hydrates very fast unless gypsum is added, in which case it forms ettringite. C4AF hydrates similarly to C3A but more slowly. The hydration processes of the individual compounds involve formation of calcium silicate hydrate, calcium hydroxide

1. SUB: CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
TOPIC NAME : HYDRATION OF CEMENT

2.  CONTENTS
1.1 Bogue’s Compounds
1.2 Properties of the Bogue’s compounds
1.3 Hydration of the cement
1.4 Hydration of the individual cement compounds
1.4.1 Hydration of C3S
1.4.1.1 Stages of hydration of C3S
1.4.1.2 Controlling the hydration of C3S
1.4.1.3 Effect of Temperature on C3S Hydration
1.4.2 Hydration of C2S
1.4.3 Hydration of C3A
1.4.3.1 Reactions involved in hydration of C3A
1.4.3.2 Formation of the hydration products from C3A
1.4.3.3 Hydratrion curve for C3A
1.4.4 Hydration of C4AF

3. 1.1 BOGUE’S COMPOUND
 Oxide present in the raw materials interact with one another in the
kiln at high temperature to form more complex compounds.
 The identification of the major compound is largely based in the work
of R.H.Bogue and others and so it is often reffered as ‘Bogue’s
compounds’ or ‘Bogue’s composition’.
 TABLE : 1
BOGUE’S COMPOUNDS
Name of compound Formulae Abbreviation
Tricalcium silicate 3 Cao.SiO2 C3S
Dicalcium silicate 2 Cao.SiO2 C2S
Tricalcium aluminate 3Cao.Al2O3 C3A
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite 4 Cao.Al2O3.Fe2O3 C4AF

4. BOGUE’S COMPOUND (CONT.)
TABLE : 2
BOGUE’S COMPOUNDS
Bogue’s compound Percentage by mass in cement
C3S 30-50
C2S 20-45
C3A 8-12
C4AF 6-10

5. 1.2 Properties of the Bogue’s compounds
 1. C3S : - It is responsible for early strength.
- First 7 days strength is due to C3S.
- It produces more heat of hydration
- A cement with more C3S content is better for cold weather concreting.
 2. C2S : - The hydration of C2S Starts after 7 days. Hence it gives strength after 7 days.
- C2S hydrates and hardens slowly and provides much of the ultimate strength.
- It is responsible for the later strength of the concrete.
- It produces less heat of hydration.
 3. C3A : - The reaction of C3A with water is very fast.
- It may lead to an immediate stiffening of paste, and it is called Flash Set.
- To prevent this flash set, 2-3% Gypsum is added at a time of grinding cement clinker.
- The hydrated C3A do not contribute to the strength of the concrete.
 4. C4AF : - C4AF hydrates rapidly.
- It does not contribute to strength of the concrete.

6. Properties of the Bogue’s compounds (cont.)
TABLE : 3
CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRATION OF CEMENT COMPOUND
NAME REACTION TIME STRENGTH
DEVELOPMENT
SETTING TIME HEAT EVALUATION
C3S Medium High Low High
C2S Slow Low or High Low Low
C3A Fast Low High Very High
C4AF Medium Low Medium Medium

7. 1.3 Hydration of the cement
 Chemical reaction of the cement when it is mix with water is called as Hydration of
cement.
 Hydration is the collective term describing the chemical and physical processes that
takes place between cement and water.
 During the hydration process silicates and alluminates are produced and results into
the hard mass and this hard mass is called hydrated cement. This process is exothermic
process.
 Hydration process continuous still the heat and moisture are available in the cement.
 Hydration of cement is very important as it is responsible for setting and hardening
of concrete.

8. 1.4 Hydration of individual cement compound
 1.4.1 : Hydration of C3S
 2C3S + 6H = C3S2H3 + 3CH + Heat
tri calcium water C-S-H C-H
silicate (50-60% Solid in (20% solid in cement
cement paste) paste)
 C-S-H (calcium-silicate-hydrate) is the principle hydration product.
 The formulae C3S2H3 for C-S-H is only approximate because the composition of
C-S-H is actually variable over a quite a wide range.
 C-S-H is poorly crystalline material which forms extremely small particles in the
size range of colloidal matter (<1 micro meter).
 C-H is the crystalline material with a fixed composition.

9. Hydration of C3S (cont.)
(1) C-S-H (2) C-H

10. - 1.4.1.1 Stages of hydration of C3S :-
- There are some important stages of the C3S hydration, as described by
the following calorimetric curve (i.e. time versus rate of heat evaluation
curve)

11. Stages of hydration of C3S (Cont.)
 Stage-1 :- corresponds to a period of rapid evolution of heat, which ceases
within about 15 min.
 Stage-2 :- corresponds to a dormant period which lasts for several hours during
which the hydration is almost at halt. This is the reason why the concrete remains in
plastic state for several hours.
 Stage-3 :- corresponds to acceleration period starting at the end of dormant
period and lasting till the rate of heat evolution reaches a maximum value. By this
time (4 to 8 h) final set has been passed and early hardening has begun.
 Stage-4 :- corresponds to deceleration period during which the rate of heat
evolution reduces from its maximum value to a very low steady state rate(stage-5).

12. - 1.4.1.2 Controlling the Hydration of C3S :-
 (1) Chemical control:- The hydrolysis of the C3S (i.e., the chemical
reaction between C3S and water) which results into release of calcium
ions and hydroxide ions from the surface of the C3S grains, forming C-
S-H and CH through crystallization of ions and increasing the pH to
over 12 within a few minutes, is called as chemical control.
- The chemical control (i.e. the hydrolysis of C3S) slows down quickly
but continues throughout the dormant period.
- During the dormant period, the increase in Ca++ and OH-
concentrations continues slowly.

13. Controlling the Hydration of C3S (cont.)
 (2) Nucleation Control :- When the Ca++ and OH- concentrations reach a
critical value, the hydration products (C-S-H and CH) start to crystallize
from solution and the hydrolysis of C3S again proceeds rapidly.
- This whole process of attenuation of critical concentrations of Ca++ and
OH- corresponding to which the nuclei of the C-S-H and CH crystals starts
forming giving way to the further hydrolysis of C3S is termed as nucleation
control.
- Chemical and Physical Processes Controlling C3S Hydration.
 (3) Diffusion Control :- The hydration process is said to be under
diffusion control when the coating over the C3S grains, formed by layers of
C-S-H, put a barrier through which water must flow to reach the un-
hydrated C3S for its hydrolysis and through which ions must diffuse to reach
the growing crystals.

15. - 1.4.1.3 Effect of temperature on C3S Hydration
- The hydration of C3S is sensitive to temperature (i.e. there is increase in the rate of
hydration with increase in temperature) but only when the reaction is chemically
controlled (e.g. stage 3).
- Once hydration is completely diffusion-controlled in stage 5, it is much less temperature-
sensitive, although the diffusion coefficient of the hydrate barrier varies with
temperature.
- The overall effect of temperature on the hydration of C3S is shown in the figure.

16. 1.4.2 Hydration of C2S
 C2 S hydrates in a similar manner as that of C3S
2C2S + 4H - C3S2H3 + CH
dicalcium water C-S-H Calcium
silicate Hydroxide
 But the hydration of C2S is much slower than C3S because it is a less reactive
compound than C3S. This is the reason why C2S does not contribute to initial
strength
 Due to very low amount of heat liberated on the hydration of C2S, it is not
easy to measure the low heat experimentally and therefore calorimetric
curve for C2S hydration is hardly plotted.

17. 1.4.3 Hydration of C3A
 In Portland cement the hydration of C3A involves reactions mostly with sulfate
ions which are supplied by the dissolution of gypsum added during the
manufacturing of cement
 1.4.3.1 Reactions involved in the hydration of C3A :-
1. The primary initial reaction of C3A, when ample amount ofgypsum is
present, is as follows:
C3A + 3CsH2 + 26H - C6As3H32
tri-calcium gypsum water Ettringite
aluminate
- The above reaction is exothermic
- Ettringite (i.e. "calcium sulfoaluminate hydrate") is the name given to
anaturally occurring mineral of the same composition.

18. Reactions involved in the hydration of C3A (cont.)
- Ettringite is a stable hydration product only while there is an ample supply
of sulphate available
- The formation of ettringite slows down the hydration of C3A by creating a
diffusion barrier around unhydrated C3A particles, analogous to the behavior of
C-S-H during the hydration of silicates
2. If all the sulphate is consumed before the C3A has completely hydrated,
then ettringite becomes unstable and transforms calcium sulphoalluminate
hydrate containing less sulphate through following reaction :
C3A + C6As3H32 + 4H - 3C4AsH32
- The second product 3C4AsH32 is simply called as “monosulphoaluminate”
- Monosulphoaluminate many sometimes form before ettringite if C3A reacts
more rapidly with sulphate ions than they can be supplied by the gypsum to
the mix water

19. Reactions involved in the hydration of C3A (cont.)
- The diffusion barriEr created by the formation of ettringite is broken down during
the conversation of ettringite into monosulphoaluminate and C3A is allow to
reacts rapidly again.
3. When monosulphoaluminates brought into contact with a new source of sulfate ions
(e.g. external source of sulfate ions), thenettringite can be reformed, as follows:
C4AsH12 + 2CsH2 + 16H - C6As3H32
- This potential for reforming ettringite is the basis for sulfate attack of Portland
cements when exposed to an external supply of sulfate ions.
4. If gypsum is not added in the cement, the hydration of C3A can lead to flash set due
to the rapid formation of calcium aluminate hydrates (C-A-H) :
C3A + 21H - C4AH13 + C2AH8
- These hydrates (C4AH13 + C2AH8) are not stable and later convert toC3AH6
(hydro garnet)
C4AH13 + C2AH8 - 2C3AH6 + 9H

20. Reactions involved in the hydration of C3A (cont.)
5. When quite a small amounts of gypsum are present, there may still be
unhydrated C3A present when all of the ettringite has been converted to
monosulfoaluminate. In such cases, the monosulphoaluminate reacts with the
unhydrated C3A forming the monosulphoaluminate solid solution [C3A(CsCH)H12] :
C4AsH12 + C3A + CH + 12H  C3A(CsCH)H12
 1.4.3.2 Formation of the hydration products from C3A :- It is
depending upon the sulfate/C3A molar ratio, is presented in the following table :

21. 1.4.3.3 Hydration curve for C3A
 The calorimetric for hydrating
C3A, which looks qualitatively
much like the curve for C3S.
 The first heat peak is completed in
10 to 15 min and then the rate of
heat evolution has been reduced
to a very lower value due to the
formation of the ettringite barrier.
The heat of hydration remains at
low value till the ettringite barrier
is broken by transformation of
ettringite to mono-sulfo-
aluminate after all the gypsum has
been used to form the ettringite

22. Hydration curve for C3A (Cont.)
 The more gypsum there is in
cement, the longer the
ettringite will remain stable
 In most cements ettringite
remains in stable condition for
a period of 12 to 36 hours.
 The rate of heat evolution
starts increasing with start of
ettringite conversion to mono-
sulfo-aluminate and reaches to
the second heat peak and then
again starts decreasing
approaching to a steady-state
condition.

23. 1.4.4 Hydration of C4 AF
 C4AF forms the same sequence of hydration products as doesC3A, with or
without gypsum
C4AF + 3CsH2 + 21H  C6(A,F)s3H32 + (A,F)H3
C4AF + C6(A,F)s3H32 + 7H  3C4(A,F)sH12 + (A,F)H3
 The reactions are slower and involve less heat
 C4AF never hydrates rapidly enough to cause flash set, andgypsum retards
C4AF hydrationeven more drastically than itdoes C3A
 With increase in iron content in C4AF, hydration of C4AFbecomes slower
 practical experience has shown that cements low in C3A andhigh in C4AF
are resistant to sulfate attack
 This means that the formation of ettringite from mono-sulfo-aluminate
does not occur in case of C4AF due to presence ofiron in it.