The document discusses the key components needed to build a computer, including a motherboard, central processing unit, memory, video card, hard disk drive, optical disk drive, monitor, peripherals like keyboard and mouse, power supply unit, and casing. It also covers operating systems like Mac OS, Windows, and Linux, noting their advantages and disadvantages. Building a computer requires hardware like screwdrivers, as well as software drivers and applications to install. Understanding the basic computer hardware components is essential for customizing or building a computer.