The document provides details on the fire protection systems for a proposed 3-storey elderly center building in Selangor, Malaysia. It discusses the building design and intended uses. It then analyzes the passive and active fire protection systems that will be incorporated into the building to comply with fire safety regulations, including fire walls, doors, sprinklers, alarms, and portable fire extinguishers. Diagrams are provided showing how these systems will be arranged and installed in the building. Requirements from the Uniform Building By-Laws regarding fire protection in the building are also outlined.

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ABSTRACT
For this project, we are required to perform an analysis on building services systems
found in multi-storey buildings. This research report requires us to develop a design
from our Design Studio IV project and incorporate the suitable systems to the
building. We are to design an elderly center and a detailed analysis on components
and functions of these systems will be conducted to further understand the importance
of these systems in the building operation. A conclusion of these systems will be
achieve through our findings in regards to the uniform building By-Law (UBBL)
requirements as well as other relevant rules and regulations to get a better
understanding of the space implications related to different building services.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Located in Taman Kanagapuram, Old Klang Road, Selangor, surrounded by housing
estates, apartment, religious facilities and low rise commercials block. The studio IV
project design is a 3 storey Elderly Center building. The building is designed to
provide facilities such as entertainment & social spaces, recreation & exercise spaces,
office, prayer room, kitchen and etc. Located in the suburban area close to the city,
the building aim to create a welcoming space that gives a sense of belonging and
purpose in life.

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2.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
2.1 Introduction
The objectives of fire protection systems are to prevent fires from starting, to prevent
loss of life, reduce injuries and property, to confine a fire to the place where it started
and to extinguish the fire (Chelliah, 1988). The building should comply with the
UBBL requirements and gets approval from the fire department on emergency
planning and understand fire behavior within its different stages.
2.2 Literature Review
2.2.1 Fire Behavior
Fire is the process of combustion with chemical reaction. For combustion to occur,
fuel, oxygen and source of ignition must be present. Fuel, oxygen and source of
ignition must be in contact before a fire can be started. These can be represented by

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the three sides of a triangle and fire cannot start, or continue, if one of these is absent
or removed (Anwor Sharif Bin Abdulllah, 1995; Goodger, 1977)
By removing or weakening any 3 elements of the fire triangle, it could reduce the
intensity or eliminate the fire together to create burning or combustion. Fire can be
described as the rapid oxidation of material undergoing combustion.
Figure 2.2.1a FireTriangle
(Source: http://fire-training.com.au/)
2.2.2 Passive Fire Protection System
Passive fire protection is also known as (PFP) in short. Passive fire protection can
provide an effective alternative to active system by protecting against failure. Hence,
passive fire protection is also the design of the building and infrastructure by choosing
fire resistance material, isolating the fire, fire walls and doors, smoke doors, training
of firefighting, signage, evacuation of the building in case of fire emergency etc. The
benefit of passive fire protection is to trap the fires or slow down the spread of the fire
such as the mushroom effect. By adopting the fire-resistant wall, doors and floors as
well as protecting structures during the damage of fire meanwhile providing more
time for the occupant to evacuate or reach an area for safety.

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2.2.3 Active Fire Protection System
Active fire protection is also known as (AFP) in short. In any case of an emergency,
smoke, fire or even heat must first be detected in the very beginning to give out
warnings before further actions or safety procedures can be carried out. This makes
fire detection a very important element in fire protection system. There are three types
of detectors namely smoke, thermal and flame detectors. The fire detection system
comes hand in hand with the alarm system which can be divided into three types
which are fire alarm bell, visual indicator and also voice communication. Further
active fire control can be classified into automatic and manual. The water sprinkler
belongs to the automatic active fire protection as it is ready at all times, responds
immediately and automatically. On the other hand, fire extinguisher, water hydrant,
hose reel system and dry rise belong to the manual active fire protection as they
require manual handling. In fire extinguisher itself, there are water type, foam type,
dry powder and also carbon dioxide where all are used to treat different types of fire.
Fire extinguishers are light and easy to use, making it user friendly. External fire
hydrant and hose reel system uses water as their source to fight fire and are performed
by professionals such as firefighters. The differences between these two systems is
that external hydrant only uses water from the water supply mains whereas hose reel
system is flexible in using water from either the exterior water hydrant or the hose
reel tank via the dry and wet riser pipe.
2.2.4 Fire Classification

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Fire is classified according to the type of fuel that had consumed by fire. Fire had
categories in 6 types. Each different classes of fires required different type of
extinguisher to distinguish in effective way.
Figure2.2.4aFireclassification
(Source: http://blog.sdfirealarms.co.uk/)
2.3 Findings and Analysis
2.3.1 Active fire protection system

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2.3.1.1 Alarm system
Figure2.3.1.1a: Fire Alarm
(Source: http://www.australiafireprotection.com.au/fire-alarm-systems-melbourne)
The fire alarm system can either be operated automatically or manually.
To override the automatic operation of this system in case of its failure during a fire, use the
nearest unit of the manual break glass.
2.3.1.2 Fire Break Glass Call Point
Manual alarm call points are designed for the purpose of raising an alarm manually once
verification of a fire of emergency condition exists. It is done by simply pushing the button
after breaking a fragile glass screen and thus, the alarm signal can be raised. It can be
activated by the person who discovers the fire to give early warning before other detection.
Figure2.3.1.2a: Fire BreakGlass
(Source: http://www.kohinoorgroup-bd.com/product.html)

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Figure2.3.1.2b: Diagram ofa blowout of a breakglass call point
(Source: http://www.demcoalarm.com/products_call_point_d108.html)
Fire alarm system is important to be installed in any kind of public buildings/centers. The
elderly house has an large area of 21,000 sqft, which means fire alarm system is necessary to
be equipped, in order to reach cautions to every people in the building when fire happens.
2.3.2 Manual AFPS
Manual active fire protection requires manual handling to use or activate.
2.3.2.1 Portable Fire Extinguisher
Portable fire extinguishers are manually operated appliances to either limit or stop
small fires. They are cylindrical in shape and is usually painted red. The staffs are
usually trained to be able to use fire extinguishers in case of a fire but other users can
easily use it too. This is because they are light, portable and are easy to use with
instructions labeled. Different types of fire divide the fire extinguishers into 5
different categories which are:

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Figure2.3.2.1a: Five Classes offire
(Source: http://phoenixrestorationinc.com/prevent-fire-damage-and-fire-restoration-witha-fire-extinguisher-cont/)
Figure2.3.2.1b: Fire extinguisher
(Source: http://www.northerntool.com/shop/tools/category_safety+fire-extinguishers)
2.3.2.1.1 ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher
Stated on the name, this tri-class multi-functional is a dry chemical extinguishing
agent used on class A, B and C fires. It is suitable for different types of fires such as
fire involving flammable liquid or flammable gases making it ideal for home and
vehicle usage.

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2.3.2.1.2 Carbon Dioxide
Extinguisher The carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguisher is suitable for Class B, C and E,
fire involving flammable liquids and electrical hazards. Carbon dioxide is harmless
towards electrical equipment but is not safe for wood, paper and cloths. The vapor
displaces air around the fire ceasing the combustion. However, due to its minimal
cooling effect, there are chances of re-ignition of fire if temperature increases.
Portable fire extinguishers should be suitably selected for the type of fire in
accordance to the classification and the fire size and sited in suitable locations in close
proximity to the potential fire hazards.
Fire extinguishers that used in the elderly center should have minimum gross weight
but with higher fire rating in order to be user friendly and shall be able to be carried
and operated by one person, especially elderly. 3kg form is recommended.
Figure : Section of an ABC Extinguisheranda CO2 Extinguisher
(Source : http://www.marineinsight.com/marine/marine-news/headline/ different-types-of-fire-extinguishers-used-on-ships/)

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2.3.2.2 Fire Hose Reel
Figure: Fire Hose Reel
(Source: http://www.firesafety.uk.com/)
2.3.2.2.1 Fire Hose Reel Component
Drum: The hose reel drum is a universal swing type, where the hose drum rotates
around a horizontal shaft and the hose can be withdrawn from any direction.
Hose: The fire hose reel is made of non-kinking, braided rubber type and the length
of the hose is 30 meter.
Nozzle: The shut –off nozzle assembly which is fitted at the end of the hose is
constructed of corrosion resistant material conforming to BS 336. There are markings
to indicate the open/shut positions of the nozzle.
Stop valve: A 25mm diameter stop valve to BS 1010 is provided for the connection
of the hose reel to the water supply.

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There are many different lengths of fire hose reel. Depending on the size of the
building, fire hose reel has to be installed according to the site condition. The elderly
center has a total length of 35meters on each floors. According to the site, the 30
meters hose reel is considered the best specification to be used, as fire hose reel will
be installed 10-11 meters from the left of the building, giving lots of extra margin for
the 30 meters hose reel to be able to reach out every rooms in the building.
2.3.3 Automatic AFPS
Further active fire control can be classified into automatic and manual. The automatic
active fire protection it is ready at all times and will respond immediately and
automatically. But we will only be using fire sprinkler for automatic AFPS.
2.3.3.1 Fire sprinkler
Figure2.3.3.1a: Upright sprinklerhead
(Source: http://www.supplyhouse.com/Fire-Sprinkler-Heads-Hangers-10065000)
The operation mechanism is a frangible glass bulb which contains a heat responsive liquid
(Glycerin Solution).During a fire, the ambient temperature rises causing the liquid in the bulb
to expand. When the ambient temperature reaches the rated temperature of the sprinkler,the
bulb shatters. As a result, the waterway is cleared of all sealing parts and water is discharged
towards the deflector.The deflector is designed to distribute the water in a pattern that is most
effective in controlling the fire.

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In our elderly center, 3 meters radius sprinkles are used in the building, the distance in
between every sprinkles has a short overlap radius of 1 meter. Every rooms are compulsory to
have at least one sprinkle installed. Especially the theater which has an area of 1,083 sqft, 4
sprinkles are required in the theater itself.
2.3.3.1.1 Type ofwater sprinkler
Figure2.3.3.1.1a: Types ofsprinkler heads
(Source : http://www.supplyhouse.com/pex/control/search/~SEARCH_STRING=sprinkler%20head)
Pendant sprinkler head is used. With the water reflector at the bottom, pendant sprinkler head
spreads water in circular pattern and with higher water flow rate as the water reflector is
below the sprinkler orifice compared to the other types of sprinkler heads
2.3.3.1.2 Components ofa Sprinkler Head Frame
The frame provides the main structural component which holds the sprinkler together. Water
supply pipe connects the sprinkler at the base of the frame. There are various frame styles and
special coating is available for areas with high corrosive effect.

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Thermal Linkage
The component which controls water release. Under normal condition the linkage holds the
cap in place despite the constant water pressure from the distribution pipes. However, when
there is presence of heat, the thermal linkage will weaken and will release the cap, releasing
the water.
Cap
The cap provides water tight seal. It is held in place by the thermal linkage and will fall off
allowing water flow after the linkage experiences failure due to heat. Caps are made from
metal or metal with Teflon disk.
Deflector
Mounted on the tip of the frame to break up the water stream discharging from the orifice into
an efficient extinguishing pattern. Deflector styles vary from upright to pendant to sidewall
depending on their types as shown in the diagram above. Proper mounting is required to
ensure proper actions.
Figure2.3.3.1.2a: Sprinklerheadcomponent
(Source : http://www.sarian.ir/Sprinkler-Head-Components.htm)
2.3.3.2 Alarm Initiative Devices
Fire detection systems are designed to discover fires early in their development when
time will still be available for the safe evacuation of occupants. Early detection also

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plays a significant role in protecting the safety of emergency response personnel.
Property loss can be reduced and downtime for the operation minimized through early
detection because control efforts are started while the fire is still small. A key aspect
of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emergency in a timely manner, and to
alert the building's occupants and fire emergency organizations.
2.3.3.3 Smoke Detector
Smoke alarms that are properly installed and maintained play a vital role in reducing
fire deaths and injuries. A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke as an
indicator of fire.
2.3.3.3.1 Operation of system
Optical detection (photoelectric). Photoelectric smoke alarms are more responsive to
fires that begin with a long period of smoldering. Photoelectric type aims a light
source into a sensing chamber at an angle away from the sensor. When smoke enters
the chamber, light is reflected onto the light sensor, triggering the alarm.
Figure : Smoke Detactor
(Source: https://openclipart.org/detail/17827
1/smoke-detector)

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2.3.4 Passive fire protection system
2.3.4.1 Fire wall and Door
Figure 2.3.4.1a: Firedoor
(Source: http://www.davesdoors.co.uk/external-fire-door-fd30-235-p.asp)
The fire rating classification of the wall into which the door is installed dictates the
required fire rating of the door. The location of the wall in the building and prevailing
building code establish the wall’s fire rating.
Fire door assemblies have 5 ratings:
-20 minute
-45 minute
-1 hour
-1-1/2 hour
-3 hour
ELDERLY CENTER
Wall rating:
2 Hour

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Door and frame rating:
1- 1/2 Hour (90 minute)
Openings of this type are used in enclosures of vertical communication or egress
through buildings. As we have stairwells and elevator shafts.
2.3.5 Planning of fire protection system, placement and types
Figure2.3.5a: Diagram ofplans and fireprotection system

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Figure2.3.5b: Diagram ofwater sprinklerin plan
Figure2.3.5c: Diagram offirealarm,fire extinguisherandfirehosereel in plan
Figure2.3.5d: Diagram ofEmergency Exit in plan

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2.3.6 UBBL
FIRE REQUIREMENT LAWS of elderly house
141. (1) no opening shall be made in any separating wall which forms a complete
vertical wall separating any building.
162. (2) Opening in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a
fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in
the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws.
(3) Opening in protecting structure shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not
less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth schedule
to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour.
225. (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing
fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the
requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
225. (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more
than 91.5 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for
fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the
Fire Authority.
227. Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of
practice and shall be in prominent position on exit routes to be visible from all

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directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of
operation.
228. (2) All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to
provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
237. (1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these
By-law.
(2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage
areas exceeding 9290 meters or exceeding 30 meters in height shall be provided with
a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given
immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermitted signal)
be given in adjoining section.
2.3.7 Conclusion
The fire alarm systems proposed for the elderly center are best suitable to obtain the
delay time which is 90 minutes between realizing in case of fire and to evacuate the
elderly safely. The placement of the fire extinguishers are ideal as to be in easy access
to the staffs and elderly to use. The proposed systems are standards requirement in the
UBBL for elderly centers.

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3.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
3.1 Introduction
Since industrial revolution and when mankind started building upwards and in larger
scale, mechanical transportation had since become a crucial component for the entire
premise to function in the means of improving efficiency and convenience of human
circulation and mobility. Strategically located to provide easy access for all building
users. They commonly used in modern buildings, namely commercial, office, and
residential structures having more than three stories. Powered by electric motors with
traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist or hydraulic lift. Examples of
major mechanical transportation includes elevators, escalator and travellators.
3.2 Literature Review
3.2.1 Types of Elevator
There are two types of elevator system which are the traction elevator and hydraulic
elevator. Traction elevator consist of geared traction, gearless traction, and machine-
room less. For hydraulic elevator, it includes conventional hydraulic elevator, hole-
less hydraulic elevator and roped hydraulic elevator.
3.2.1.1 Traction Elevator
Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric
motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and
have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the

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elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the
motor doesn't have to move as much weight.
Geared Traction Elevator
Geared traction elevators have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives
the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared traction elevators are capable of travel speeds
up to 152m per minute. The maximum travel distance for a geared traction elevator is
around 76m.
Gear-less Traction Elevator
Gear-less traction elevators have the wheel attached directly to the motor. Gear-less
traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 610m per minute and they have a
maximum travel distance of around 610m so they are the only choice for high-rise
applications.
Machine-Room Less
Elevator Machine-room less elevators are traction elevators that do not have a
dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override
space and is accessed from the top of the elevator cab when maintenance or repairs
are required. The control boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to the
elevator shaft on the highest landing and within around 150 feet of the machine.

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3.2.1.2 Hydraulic Elevator
Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that
pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into
the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston. They
are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200
feet per minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest
level adjacent to the elevator shaft.
Conventional Hydraulic Elevators
Conventional hydraulic elevators have a sheave that extends below the floor of the
elevator pit, which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some
configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole
below the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet.
Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators
Hole-less hydraulic elevators have a piston on either side of the cab. In this
configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the pit and do not
require a sheave or hole below the pit. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of
travel distance. Non-telescoping pistons only allow about 20 feet of travel distance.
Roped Hydraulic Elevators

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Roped hydraulic elevators use a combination of ropes and a piston to move the
elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet.
3.2.1.3 Pneumatic elevators
Travels through raising and lowering controlled air pressure in an enclosed chamber.
Ideal for existing homes with a compact design.

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3.3 Findings and Analysis
3.3.1 Propose System
3.3.1.1 Machine room-less hydraulic elevators
In our Elderly Centre, the mechanical transportation system uses machine room-less
hydraulic elevator because of their lower initial cost. The elevator is located near the
entrance of the building.
Machine-room-less elevators are constructed to fit the components within the shaft
containing the elevator car with a small cabinet that houses the elevator controller. It
creates a more usable space and uses less energy than the standard hydraulic elevator
with a maximum travel distance up to 76m and travel speeds up to 152m per minute.
Other than the machinery being in the hoistway, the equipment is similar to a normal
traction or hole-less hydraulic elevator

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3.4 Hydraulic elevatorComponents
Hydraulic elevators
The lift car shall be driven by one of the following methods:
1.Direct acting.
2.Indirect acting (suspended) hydraulic system
3.4.1 Hydraulic Motor Components
3.4.1.1 Tank
Sufficient capacity to provide adequate reserve to prevent entrance of air or gas into
system. Sight glass tube provided for checking the oil level and the minimum level

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mark shall be clearly indicated. Oil level monitoring device shall be provided, and if
operated, shall maintain a visual and audible signal in the control panel until the fault
is rectified. Main function of the tank is holding the liquid used in the system. This
liquid is usually oil based because it is non compressible and self-lubricating.
Figure 3.4.1a: Tank
3.4.1.2 Pump
The main function of the pump used in hydraulic elevator is to constantly push liquid
into the cylinder to lift the elevator, the pump is designed to be submersible with
Variable Speed Valve Leveling. The pump and pump motor is mounted on one robust
bedplate or within the power unit assembly if it is rigid. The motor pump and
bearing(s) shall be so mounted and assembled that proper alignment of these parts is
maintained under all normal operating conditions. An oil filter is fitted on the pump

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inlet with a stopcock to enable the filter to be cleaned or changed without significant
loss of oil. The pump motor is a single speed squirrel cage or slip ring type and it runs
with minimum noise and vibration.
3.4.1.3 Valve
The power unit control valve is a variable speed proportional valve type that includes
all hydraulic control valves. A stopcock is provided between the control valves and
the cylinder(s), and also between the reservoir tank and the pump if the pump is
mounted outside the tank.
The main functions of the Valve are:
 To let the liquid out of the system.
 Keeps the pressure low when open.
 Increases pressure when closed.
Valve features:
 Up and down acceleration and deceleration speed adjustment for smooth starts
and stops.
 Smooth stops at each landing.
 Adjustable pressure relief valve.

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 Manually operating 'DOWN' valve to lower elevator in an emergency.
 Pressure gauge indicating in P.S.I. and Bars.
 Gate valve to isolate cylinder from pump unit.
 Negative pressure switch.
3.4.1.4 Actuator
A device that transfers fluid or electrical energy into mechanical energy. Could be
piston because it moves up and down.
3.4.2 Components of Elevator Car
Figure 1: Exampleof a machine room-less hydraulic elevator car withfront opening.
http://www.leistritzcorp.com/pdf/emarelle_broc_ebook.pdf

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Average dimensions of an elevator car would be approximately 2000mm width X
2000m depth.
Components of the elevator car consists of
 Car Sling
 The elevator cabin
 Mechanical accessories
3.4.2.1 Car Sling
Car Sling is load carrier element in the elevator car as well as its function of isolating
vibrations due to running.

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Car
Sling
Main
Com
pone
nts:
Uppe
r
Trans
om:
A
suspe
nsion element designed to mount sliding or roller guide shoes. Braking system catch
clamps are mounted in the upper transom.
Lower transom: Acts as a car flooring carrier. Safety gear catch clamps are mounted
in the lower transom

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Side Frame: Two steel pieces bolted together and fastened to upper and lower transom
3.4.2.2 Elevator cabin

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Completely enclosed by walls, floors and ceiling.
a) Car Floor

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b) Car ceiling
c) Car
walls
d) Front panel

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e) Car Operating Panel COP
f) Handrail

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g) False ceiling
h) Emergency trap door assembly

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I) Balustrade
j) Car apron

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3.4.2.3 Mechanical accessories
Doors
When an elevator car is level with a floor landing, the power unit moves the car door
open or close. A pick-up arm (clutch, vane, bayonet, or cam) contacts rollers on the
hoistway door which releases the door latch on the hoistway door. The power unit
opens the car door which in turn opens the hoistway door
Guide shoes
Guide shoes are devices that guide the car and counterweight along the path of the
guide rails. They assure lateral motion of the car and counterweight is at its minimum.
Roller Guides: Guides rollers that rotate on guide rails

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Sliding Guides: Guide shoes that slide alongthefaces of therails.
System Controller
A device to manage visual monitoring, interactive command control and traffic
analysis system for efficient operation of elevator. The main purpose of a controller to
relay signals from the components of the elevator and send out responses to run the
system smoothly. The controller controls the speed of the elevator, queues and
processes floor calls from users. Process load sensors data to ensure occupants are
within load limits. Keep track of elevator car positions at all times. Display feedback
on lighted up buttons/ LEDs in the cars to users. Control elevator doors by analyzing
button calls.
Elevator Fixtures

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Floor buttons Buttons are pressed to register which floor the user desires to go.
When buttons are pressed they usually light up.
Open door
button
To open the door when they are closing also to hold the door
open when kept pressed.
Close door
button
To immediately close the door.
Key switches There are independent services fire service, fan, light, electric
eye, attendant service, hand service, emergency light test, and
stop key switches, which are activated by different types of
keys.
Alarm/ phone To call for help when elevator malfunctioned and passengers are
trapped button inside.

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Call cancel
button
This button cancel calls to any floors used by the fire service
during emergencies.
Emergency stop Used to stop car in case of emergency or loading purpose.
Button.
Hall buttons
These button register which direction users are going and to call the
elevator car to user’s current floor.

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Wheelchair user button panel
Situated lower than standard panels and oriented horizontally intended for wheelchair
users.
3.4.3 Operations of system
Basic system of hydraulic elevator is lifting the elevator car using a hydraulic ram. A
piston mounted in a cylinder is driven up and down by a non-compressible fluid. The
entire system is operated using a fluid pumping system linked to the cylinder. The
components involved in the system are :

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Hydraulic fluid tank
The tank holds the in-compressible and lubricating fluid, the tank has to be
completely leak-proof to prevent fluid from flowing out or air from going in. It is
equipped with a sight glass to indicate the oil levels. A device to monitor the oil level
sends signals to the control panel to ensure the levels are sufficient.
Pump powered by an electric motor
The pump and motor is submersible type with variable speed valve leveling.
The purpose of the pump is to force the fluid from the tank to the cylinder through
pipes that leads to the cylinder, the amount of fluid released to the cylinder is
controlled by valves. As the pressurized fluid fills up the cylinder pushing the piston
upwards thus moving the elevator car in the same direction. as the car reaches the
called floor, signals are sent to the electric motor to gradually shut off the pump.
When the flow is stopped the liquid in the cylinder stays put, resting the piston thus
stopping the car. To reverse the process, the control system sends signals to the valve
which is operated by a solenoid switch. The solenoid opens the valve and releases the
fluid back into the tank, slowly lowering the car, to stop the car at the lower ground
the control system closes the valve.

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3.4.4 Planning of elevator placement and types
Our building is a center for the elderly with design requirements of maximum 3
storeys. There is a setback to adhere to hence a machine room-less hydraulic elevator
would be a good choice as it does not require an additional machine room. The
machine room-less elevator also saves construction time and cost.
3.4.5 Safety System
Components in the safety system
Manual reset slack rope safety switch
A “broken cable” safety device stops and sustains the elevator and its rated load if in
the event of an emergency, the hoisting cables breaks. The safety switch will open the
safety circuit to the controller to prevent the elevator operation in any direction
Final Limit Switch

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Functions to cut off all power of the elevator if the upper normal terminal stopping
devices fail.

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Seismic valve for hydraulic elevators
Figure 1: Seismic valve
A valve located in the pit functioned to hold pressure if the hydraulic line is broken
due to seismic activity.
Buffers
Located under the car. It stops the jack plunger before it reaches the lowest point.
Anti-creep device
When leakage of hydraulic fluid is detected by the system, the car automatically
returns at landing level at speed of no more than 0.15 m/s
Other Safety Devices
 Automatic bi-directional levelling.
 Pit switch.
 Pump run timer.
 Car top stop switch.
 Emergency battery back-up for lighting, alarm and lowering.
 Cab gate safety switch.

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3.5 UBBL 1984 Opening in Lift shafts
152 (1)- Every opening in an elevator shaft or elevator entrance shall open into a
protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the
satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to
open type industrial and other special building as may be approved by D.G.F.S.
- Elevator in the elderly center is located next to the stairs and opens into a protected
lobby therefore complying to the UBBL requirements. It is placed near the entrance
of the center for ease of circulation throughout the space.
152 (2)- No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case
any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than
0.0161 square meters and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing
door shall be not more than 0.0156 square meter.
The elevators used in the elderly center complies to the UBBL requirements as it does
not use glass and the elevator cabins are completely covered.
3.6 Conclusion
The elderly center has only 3 floors the best recommendation for an elevator system is
the machine-room less hydraulic elevator because it is the most space and cost

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efficient. The operation of the MRL hydraulic elevator suit the capacity demand in
and elderly center with three floor.
4.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
4.1 Introduction
Mechanical ventilation system is a system used to circulate fresh air using ducts and
fans rather than relying on airflow through small holes or cracks on a home wall, roof
or windows. The mechanical ventilation system has been used widely since the early
twentieth century, fan assisted movement of air has largely substituted the passive air
ventilation system owing to the requirement of huge indoor space demands . The
function of mechanical ventilation is to expel stale air, draw in outside air and
circulate the outside air throughout the place. “The general purpose of ventilation in
buildings is to provide healthy air for breathing by both diluting the pollutants
originating in the building and removing the pollutants from it” (Etheridge &
Sandberg, 1996; Awbi, 2003).
4.2 Literature Review
4.2.1 Supply System.
The supply system (mechanical inlet and natural extract) is usually used in Boiler
plant or factories. The indoor positive air pressure is maintained by keeping the

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indoor provided with outside air supply. A supply ventilation system is the reverse of
an exhaust ventilation system: Fresh outside air is pulled into the house with a fan,
forcing inside air out through random openings in the building envelope. A supply
ventilation system pressurizes a house. In homes equipped with forced-air ductwork,
supply ventilation systems are the least expensive way to provide whole-house
mechanical ventilation. Homes with supply ventilation systems still need spot exhaust
fans in bathrooms and range hoods. However, a supply ventilation system can supply
fresh air whether or not the home's exhaust fans are operating.
4.2.2 Extract System
The extract system (natural inlet and mechanical extract) is mainly used in humid
rooms such as kitchen, internal toilet and bathrooms, basement, attic and also crawl
space. The air inside the room is constantly being replaced with fresh air from
outside. The fan creates a negative air pressure inside the room causing the air to
move from inside the spaces towards the fan and out from the room. Mechanical
extraction ventilation also known as MEV, is a system that continuously extracts air
from ‘wet’ rooms. The moist air is drawn up ducts through to an outlet at or above the
roof ridge. The air is replaced by fresh air that is drawn in through background
ventilators
located in ‘dry rooms’ (usually trickle ventilators in e.g. window frames) and through
the building fabric in less airtight buildings. Air is drawn by a centrally located (e.g.
in a cupboard or loft), extract system though other systems exist using multiple fans.
4.2.3 Balanced Ventilation System

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A balanced ventilation system (as opposed to supply-only or exhaust-only system)
has two fans: one bringing outside air into the building, and the other exhausting stale
interior air, resulting in roughly balanced airflows. These systems do not significantly
affect the pressure of the interior space with respect to outdoors. In most balanced
ventilation systems, heat and sometimes moisture are exchanged between the two
airstreams, reducing the heating and cooling loads caused by outside ventilation air.
These systems are known as HRVs (heat recovery ventilators) and ERVs (energy or
enthalpy recovery ventilators). HRVs only exchange heat between the airstreams,
while ERVs exchange both heat and moisture.

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4.3 Introduction and Functions
There are some components involved in mechanical ventilation system such as:
• Fan
• Filters
• Ductwork
• Fire dampers
• Diffusers
4.3.1 Fan
Is an important component for ventilation of air through spaces to remove hot, humid
and polluted air in a space and lead new air from outside to bring comfort ventilation
inside.
4.3.2 Filters
Filter is an important component for mechanical ventilation as it sifts the external air
before releasing into the room and prevents dust and bacteria and avoid to enter space.
4.3.3 Ductwork
The required air flow include supply air return air and exhaust air. Such as air dusts
are one method of ensuring adequate indoor air quality as well as condition comfort.

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The ductwork used in galvanized ductwork with fiberglass galvanized steel is the
most common material used in fabricating ductwork as it provides insulation.
4.3.4 Fire dampers
It is important for emergency case for mechanical ventilation. In occurrence of fire, it
avoids the fire from spreading from one room to another. It is usually placed at
compartment wall
4.3.5 Diffusers
It is located at the edge of the ductwork where the air is release into room
4.4 Findings and analysis
Since it is a small building, we will only be using the extract system which is the
exhaust fan.
4.4.1 Propose system
Exhaust fan
Exhaust fan is divided into 3 categories: Propeller, Axial and Centrifugal fan.
The exhaust fan we will be using in the elderly center are propeller fan, which is the
simplest version of an axial fan.
An exhaust fan is a fan which is used to control the interior environment by venting
out unwanted odors, particulates, smoke, moisture, and other contaminants which

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may be present in the air. The exhaust fan system provides a number of benefits,
including the purifying of air from pollution and excessive heat.
Propeller fans generate high airflow rates at low pressures. Because propeller fans do
not generate much pressure, they are usually not combined with extensive ductwork.
Propeller fans are inexpensive because of their simple construction. The power
requirements of propeller fans decrease with increases in airflow. They achieve
maximum efficiency, near-free delivery, and are often used in rooftop ventilation
applications. Propeller fans usually run at low speeds and moderate temperatures.
They experience a large change in airflow with small changes in static pressure. They
handle large volumes of air at low pressure or free delivery. Propeller fans are often
used indoors as exhaust fans. Outdoor applications include air-cooled condensers and
cooling towers. Efficiency is low – approximately 50% or less. Can remove large
volume of air but not allowing air to be force through long duct. It can remove large
volume of air but not allowing air to be force through long duct.
These propeller fan will be located in the kitchen and the toilets.

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4.4.2 Components of system
Figure 4.4.2: The components of Exhaust Fan
Source: http://www.bitzertech.com/products/Exhaust-Fan-236820.html
4.4.3 Operation System

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Operating by electricity, the overall procedure involves an electric current that passes
through the system to make the motor operate, and, in turn, this causes the fan’s
blades to move.
As the fan’s motor runs, the blades will start to turn. The rotation of the blades causes
the hot air in the room to be pulled towards the fan and sort of absorbed. This hot air
is released outside and in turn cooler and fresher air will start to fill the room. This
flow of current will also reduce stagnation of air and is especially important and
useful in rooms or areas that lack appropriate ventilation.
Most exhaust fans feature a thermostat in their systems. This thermostat comes into
play as soon as a certain relatively high temperature is reached inside the room or
area. This will cause the exhaust fan to receive a signal. To put it simply, the motor
will start running and the blades rotating so as to start working to regulate the
temperature in the air until it becomes cooler.

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Figure 4.4.3a: The process of extract ventilationsystem
Source: https://www.kdk.sg/tips/
4.5 UBBL
(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the
relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights
of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.
(2) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings
which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
(3) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets,
bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the
requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws
relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories,
water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.
4.6 Conclusion
Based on the building design, it does not require elaborate ventilation system. The
individual rooms are air conditioned and can be opened into an open space, therefore
the only area that requires the exhaust fans are the wet closets and kitchen space. to
remove the odor or smoke and heat from cooking.

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5.0 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
5.1 Introduction
Air conditioning is the process altering the properties of air to more favorable
conditions. The control of these conditions may be desirable to maintain comfort
temperature issue. This system has to be properly designed especially in hot and
humid climate like Malaysia in order to provide natural comfort to users as well as to
increase energy efficiency and cost effectiveness.
5.2 Literature Review
Air conditioning system is a process of modifying the air properties by controlling
the temperature, humidity, air cleanliness and air movement with air conditioning
devices. The aim of using the air conditioning system is to provide fresh air and
improve thermal comfort and indoor quality in an occupied space.
In Malaysia’s context, an achieved thermal comfort, space is where having a filtered
supply air with temperature ranged from 22ᴼC to 27ᴼC, a relative humidity of 55-70%
and controlled air velocity or movement. The air conditioning system works by
collecting air inside the building and remove and release heat out of the building
while fresh air is conditioned and distributed into the building.
Refrigeration cycle took place in air conditioning where heat is extracted out from
one place to another in an evaporator and release it to the outdoors with condenser. A
clean and fresh conditioned air need to be supplied into the building after removing
the hot air. When the heat inside the room is removed by a condenser and the

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evaporator, the air becomes cooler and being channeled back into the building. The
medium used to cool the air can be either air movement or water cooling.
Figure 5.2a: Refrigerationcycleof an air-conditioner
(Source: https://www.swtc.edu/ag_power/air_conditioning/lecture/basic_cycle.htm)
Inside an air conditioner, refrigerant cycle happens with the use of refrigerant liquid.
A process of continuous circulating, evaporating and condensation of refrigerant
happens in an air conditioning system through pressure applied in indoor unit.
Evaporation occurs at low temperature and low pressure while condensation occurs at
high temperature and high pressure which this state of matter changing contribute in
heat loss to the surrounding and heat gain from the warm air inside the building.
Evaporation happens in an outdoor unit while condensation happens at indoor unit.
The compressor will pump the gas from the evaporator and increase pressure on the
air and send it to the condenser. Heat in the condenser is removed from high pressure

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gas which result gas to condense and become high pressure liquid. When high
pressure liquid refrigerant reach evaporator, the liquid refrigerant lowered its pressure
by suction of compressor. A drop of pressure in refrigerant enable it to be evaporate,
loses heat and change into gas state cooling the air. The cooled air is blown out from
evaporator and distribute into the building with ductwork system.
5.3 Findings and Analysis
5.3.1 General component systemfor Air-condition
 Compressor.
 Fan.
 Condenser Coil (Hot)
 Evaporator Coil (Cool)
 Chemical Refrigerant.
5.3.2 Types of air conditioning
5.3.2.1 Window air conditioning system
This refrigeration unit has a double shaft fan motor with fans mounted on both sides
of the motor. One at the evaporator side and the other at the condenser side. The
evaporator side is located facing the room for cooling of the space and the condenser
side outdoor for heat rejection. There is an insulated partition separating these two
sides within the same casing.

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Figure 5.3.2.1a: Windowair ConditioningDiagram
(Source: http://www.loversiq.com/l/215768/how/)
Due to window air conditions are one of the most commonly used and cheapest type
of air conditioners. To install this kind of units does not require huge places.
Therefore, is the most suitable air condition system for residential and small spaces as
we are using.
 Reliable and simple to install solution to keep a room cool while
avoiding the costly construction of.
 These units can also remove easily.
5.3.2.2 Centralized Air-conditioning System
Once warm air inside the building blows across the indoor evaporator coil, its heat
energy transfers to the refrigerant inside the coil. That transfer, in turn, “cools” the air.
The refrigerant is pumped back to the compressor where the cycle begins again. The
heat absorbed by the refrigerant is moved outside while cooled air is blown inside.
Moisture that contributes to humidity is also condensed out of the air.

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Cooling system is usually combined with central heating system because they share
the same ductwork for distributing conditioned air throughout.
The central air conditioning system used when large building as shopping, hotels,
theaters and etc. It is high cost to maintain such system due to electricity demands and
costly for construction install.
Figure 5.3.2.2a: Centralizedsystem
(Source: http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/50160-chilled-water-central-air-conditioning-systems/)
5.3.2.3 Packaged Air-conditioning system
The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling capacities in between these
two extremes. The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed rated capacities
of 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 tons. These units are only recommended for place like restaurant,
telephone exchanges and small hall.

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Figure 5.3.2.3a: PackagedAir-conditioning
(Source: systemhttp://www.centralair.net.au/packaged-units/)
5.3.2.4 Split Air-Conditioning System
As the thermostat detects warm air, it activates the outdoor compressor. The
compressor circulates a refrigerant gas, increasing the pressure and temperature of the
refrigerant as it compresses it through a series of pipes. The refrigerant then moves to
the condenser for further processing.
In the condenser, a cooling system removes heat from the high-pressure gas and the
gas changes phase and becomes a liquid. This chilled liquid is pushed through tubing
indoors until it reaches the evaporator system.
Inside the home, the evaporator fan collects warm air and passes it through a chamber
containing the chilled liquid refrigerant. The fan system blows this air, which has now
been cooled, back into the room, lowering the overall temperature of the space. If the
thermostat still detects air that is warmer than desirable, the process continues, and the

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refrigerant and any excess heat that remains in the system are passed back outdoors to
the compressor in order to begin the cycle again.
Figure 5.3.2.4a: Split air conditioningsystem
(Source: http://www.callmercury.com.au/wall-split-system/)
This is the most usual type that we can find in tropical country as Malaysia. Due to
our climate and humidity, this system is the best for using in our design bungalow due
to the humidity in Malaysia. This system will be able to evaporate, for this unit we
don’t have to make slot in the wall of the room so is free to adjust. Compare to
Window air system this would be better due to the evaporative function and is not
necessary to be removed the air conditional due to a tropical country.

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Figure 5.3.2.4b: IndoorUnit
(Source: http://www.cruiseac.com/universal-split-indoor-outdoor.php)
Indoor units
 Produce the cooling effect inside the room.
 Contains the evaporator (cooling coil), blower fan, supply air louvers,
air filter, return air grille, drainpipe and control panel.
 The blower draws in the warm room air and it passes over the filter
and the evaporator which leads to cooling of the air and the process
continues.
 The cooling air will enter the room to produce cooling effect.
 Direction can be controlled either horizontal and vertical louvers

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Figure 5.3.2.4c: Outdoor Unit
(Source: http://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/air-conditioner-outdoor-unit.html)
Outdoor units
 Sufficient flow of air is required around it to remove heat from compressor
and condenser.
 It contains parts as compressor, condenser, expansion valve and others.
 Condenser cover with aluminum fins as the heat from refrigerant can be
removed in a faster rate.
 A propeller fan draws in surrounding air and blows it over the compressor
and condenser thus cooling them.
5.4 Propose System
5.4.1 Multi-split air conditioning system

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Advantage of a multi-split air conditioning system over a split air conditioner is the
option to add up to four indoor air outlet units to a single outdoor compressor. With a
split air conditioning unit, the system is comprised of one compressor and one air
outlet unit.
With a multi-split system, there is no need for ductwork. It is a complete system
designed specifically for individual interior areas. This is a significant advantage over
other systems since you do not have to factor in the cost for ductwork materials and
installation.
Unlike a conventional system that works off one thermostat to control temperatures, a
multi-split system provides individual control of each room’s temperatures. This gives
an opportunity to regulate the temperature in each room according to personal
preference.
The air outlet that disperses the air is relatively small, aesthetically pleasing to the
eye, and can be easily installed flush against a wall.
Multi-split systems are flexible and easy to install, requiring less labor than traditional
systems. They are also cost effective when compared to central air systems, although
they are typically more expensive than a window or through-the-wall air conditioner.

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Figure 5.4.1a: Multi-split air conditioningsystem
(Source: https://modernize.com/hvac/central-air-condition-repair-installation/multi-split)
Figure : Diagram of Multi Split Air-Conditioningsystemin plan
5.4.2 Operation of System
Unlike split air conditioning system, multi-spilt air conditioning system has more than
2 evaporators (Indoor units) using only 1 condenser (Outdoor unit) connected by
refrigerant pipe. Outdoor unit contain parts such as compressor, condenser and
expansion valve that is function to remove the heat from the refrigerant. For indoor
unit, it produces conditioned air and give a cooling effect inside the room. Multi-split

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unit air conditioning system has flexibility advantage as in selecting rooms for
cooling with desired temperature control.
Figure 5.4.2a: Multi-split system
(Source: http://www.airconditioningaustintx.com/split-hvac-system/)
5.5 UBBL
UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 PART III: SPACE, LIGHT AND
VENTILATION
Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning Law 41
Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant
building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms
may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.
(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered of
on addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative
approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an
hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of

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fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period
when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings
which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets,
bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the
requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws
relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories,
water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.
5.6 Conclusion
According to the building itself have a lot of individual space therefore, at individual
spaces they are supposed to have individual room temperature. Unlike master and
slave system, it is not suitable for this building because it only can be in 1 temperature
only for the whole building. Lastly, variable refrigerant volume is also not suitable for
this building. Due to the space volume of the whole building it is not necessary to
have such high specs air conditional machine that can operate 40 units of indoor units
in a same time.