The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the lungs and bronchial asthma. It describes the internal structure of the lungs including the lobes, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It explains the process of gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli and the protective functions of the lungs. The document then discusses the pathophysiology and diagnostic evaluation of bronchial asthma, including various tests. It concludes by listing some potential nursing diagnoses for a patient with asthma.

1. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
ON
BRONCHIALASTHMA

2. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LUNGS

3. LUNGS
The lungs are located in the chest and are part of the respiratory system.
The lungs take up most of the space inside the chest.
The lungs are separated by the mediastinum, which contains heart and
other organs.
LOBES:-
The left lung has two lobes. The heart sits in groove in the lower lobe.
[cardiac notch]
The right lung has three lobes and is slightly larger than the left lung.

5. TRACHEA
 The wind pipe[trachea] is the tube shaped airway in the neck and chest. It divides
into two tubes or branches called the main bronchi. One branches goes to each
lung. The area where each bronchus enters the lung is called hilum.
PLEURA
 The pleura is the thin membrane that covers the lungs and lines of the chest wall.
 It protect and cushions the lungs and produces a fluid that acts like a lubricant so
the lungs can move smoothly in the chest cavity.
LAYERS OF PLEURA
 Inner [visceral] pleura – the layer next to the lung
 Outer[parietal] – the layer that lines the chest wall.

6. BRONCHIOLES
The smaller bronchi divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles.
It have no glands or cartilage.
At the end of the bronchioles are millions of tiny sacs called alveoli.
PHYSIOLOGY OF LUNGS
Transfer oxygen from the air to the blood and to release carbon
dioxide from the air to blood.
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the
alveoli.
It defence against harmful substances in the air, such as smoke,
pollution, viruses

7. ASTHMA

15. ALLERGIC ASTHMA [ EXTRINSIC]

22. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

23. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
History collection
Physical examination
Sputum test
Blood test
ABG analysis
Lung function test
Chest X-ray

33. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 Ineffective breathing pattern related to infection as evidenced by recurrent cough.
 Ineffective airway clearance related to ineffective cough as evidenced by wheezing
sound on auscultation.
 Deficient knowledge related to lack of information sources as evidenced by inability
to answer properly.
 Disturbed sleeping pattern related to hospitalization as evidenced by verbalization.