in this presentation the complete anatomy of the lungs is explained, which is very easy to understand. it is very useful for the students of medical field and other students who are appearing in the competitive exams like neet, cet etc.
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants. The anatomy and physiology that make this happen varies greatly, depending on the size of the organism, the environment in which it lives and its evolutionary history. In land animals the respiratory surface is internalized as linings of the lungs.[1] Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of small air sacs called alveoli in mammals and reptiles, but atria in birds. These microscopic air sacs have a very rich blood supply, thus bringing the air into close contact with the blood.[2] These air sacs communicate with the external environment via a system of airways, or hollow tubes, of which the largest is the trachea, which branches in the middle of the chest into the two main bronchi. These enter the lungs where they branch into progressively narrower secondary and tertiary bronchi that branch into numerous smaller tubes, the bronchioles. In birds the bronchioles are termed parabronchi. It is the bronchioles, or parabronchi that generally open into the microscopic alveoli in mammals and atria in birds. Air has to be pumped from the environment into the alveoli or atria by the process of breathing which involves the muscles of respiration.
This lecture help the students such as medical ,nursing , and any health care provider to understand the basic information about anatomy of respiratory system.
in this presentation the complete anatomy of the lungs is explained, which is very easy to understand. it is very useful for the students of medical field and other students who are appearing in the competitive exams like neet, cet etc.
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants. The anatomy and physiology that make this happen varies greatly, depending on the size of the organism, the environment in which it lives and its evolutionary history. In land animals the respiratory surface is internalized as linings of the lungs.[1] Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of small air sacs called alveoli in mammals and reptiles, but atria in birds. These microscopic air sacs have a very rich blood supply, thus bringing the air into close contact with the blood.[2] These air sacs communicate with the external environment via a system of airways, or hollow tubes, of which the largest is the trachea, which branches in the middle of the chest into the two main bronchi. These enter the lungs where they branch into progressively narrower secondary and tertiary bronchi that branch into numerous smaller tubes, the bronchioles. In birds the bronchioles are termed parabronchi. It is the bronchioles, or parabronchi that generally open into the microscopic alveoli in mammals and atria in birds. Air has to be pumped from the environment into the alveoli or atria by the process of breathing which involves the muscles of respiration.
This lecture help the students such as medical ,nursing , and any health care provider to understand the basic information about anatomy of respiratory system.
Niosomes-Method of preparation,evaluation,applications.pptxDipeshGamare
Niosomes the novel carriers for targeted drug delivery for various disease condition. This powerpoint presentation covers various methods of preparation, evaluation and application of niosomes.
Niosomes-Method of preparation,evaluation,applications.pptxDipeshGamare
Niosomes the novel carriers for targeted drug delivery for various disease condition. This powerpoint presentation covers various methods of preparation, evaluation and application of niosomes.
Theories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension).pptxDipeshGamare
In this presentation Theories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension) with their mechanism, methods of preparation and stability studies are mentioned.
SELF-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (SEDDS).pptxDipeshGamare
SELF-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (SEDDS) is a type of novel drug delivery system, in this presentation all aspect regarding SEDDS are covered with some novel points.
A radiopharmaceutical is a radioactive compound (radioisotopes and molecules labelled with radioisotopes) used for the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of human diseases.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) involves the analysis, assessment, and evaluation of circulating concentrations of drugs in serum, plasma, or whole blood.
Transfer from R & D to production.pptxDipeshGamare
Transfer from R & D to production :
(Process, packaging and cleaning)
Granularity of TT Process :
(API, excipients, finished products, packaging materials)
Introduction and official standards for sieves, standard for sieves and dimensions and notations, materials used for sieve, punch plates, modes of motion in size separation.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
2. Introduction and Location
The lungs, which is the organ for respiration is a paired cone shaped organs lying in the thoracic cavity separated from
each other by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum.
Each lung has a base resting on the diaphragm and an apex extending superiorly to a point approximately 2.5 cm
superior to the clavicle
It also has a medial surface and with three borders- anterior, posterior and inferior.
The broad coastal surface of the lungs is pressed against the rib cage, while the smaller mediastinal surface faces
medially.
The lungs receives the bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves through a slit in the mediastinal surface
called the helium, and the structures entering the helium constitutes the lungs root
The right lung is larger and weighs more than the left lung.
Since the heart tilts to the left, the left lung is smaller than the right and has an indentation called the cardiac impression
to accommodate the heart.
This indentation shapes the inferior and anterior parts of the superior lobe into a thin tongue-like process called the
lingual.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNI0i6S3X14
3. Pleura
Each lung is invested by and enclosed in a serous pleural sac that consists of two
continuous membranes.
The visceral or pulmonary pleura invest the lungs,
The parietal pleura line the pulmonary cavities and adhere to the thoracic wall,
mediastinum and diaphragm.
The parietal pleura consist of four parts:
coastal pleura which lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall, mediastinal pleura
which lines the lateral aspect of the mediastinum, diaphragmatic pleura which lines
the superior surface of the diaphragm on each side of the mediastinum, cervical pleura
extends through the superior thoracic aperture into the root of the neck, forming a cup-
shaped dome over the apex of the lung.
4. Pleural Cavity
The pleural cavity is the potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleural and it contains a
capillary layer of serous pleural fluid which lubricates the pleural surfaces and allows the layers to slide smoothly
over each other during respiration.
Surface tension created by the pleural cavity provides the cohesion that keeps the lung surface in contact with the
thoracic wall
5. Lobes and Fissures of the Lungs
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures.
Both lungs have oblique fissure and the right is further divided by a transverse
fissure. The oblique fissure in the left lung separates the superior and the inferior
lobe. The oblique and horizontal fissure divides the lungs into superior, middle
and inferior lobes. Thus the right lung has three lobes while the left has two.
Each lobe is supplied by a lobar bronchus. The lobes are subdivided by
bronchopulmonary segments which are supplied by the segmental bronchi.
6. Bronchial Tree
All the respiratory passages from the trachea to the respiratory bronchioles are called the tracheobronchial tree.
The trachea divides at the sternal angle into right and left primary bronchus which goes into the right and left
lungs.
Each bronchus enters the lung at a notch called the hilum.
Blood vessels and nerves also connect with the lungs here and together with the bronchus forms a region called
the root of the lungs.
The right main bronchus is larger in diameter and more vertical making it directly in line with the trachea than the
left main bronchus. Thus swallowed objects that accidentally enter the lower respiratory tract are most likely to
become lodged in the right main bronchus.
The main bronchi divide into lobar or secondary bronchi within each lung. Two lobar bronchi exist in the left lung,
and three exist in the right lung. The lobar bronchi, in turn give rise to segmental or tertiary bronchi. The tertiary
bronchi supply the bronchopulmonary segments
7. Bronchopulmonary Segment
Functionally, the lung is divided into a series of bronchopulmonary segments. The bronchopulmonary
segments are the largest subdivision of a lobe.
They are separated from adjacent segments by connective tissue septa and are also surgically resectable.
They are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in the left lung and 8-10 in the left lung.
The bronchi further divides, finally giving rise to the bronchioles which are less than 1mm in diameter.
Each bronchioles divides into 50 to 80 terminal bronchioles, the final branches of respiratory
bronchioles.
The functional unit of the lungs which is the acinus includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts,
and sacs and the alveolar.
Approximately 16 generations of branching occur from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles. As the
air passageways of the lungs become smaller, the structure of their walls changes.