BRIEF REVISION - HYDROLOGY - 06. GROUNDWATER
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Groundwater is water stored underground in permeable rock like chalk or sandstone. It emerges as springs and streams, and the upper level is called the water table. Layers filled with groundwater are called aquifers. Groundwater supplies 22% of the world's water and is important for water supplies in rural and urban areas, as well as for municipal, industrial, and agricultural use. However, groundwater pollution is difficult to clean up and results most often from improper disposal of household and industrial chemicals, wastewater, and landfills.
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BRIEF REVISION - HYDROLOGY - 05. SURFACE WATER
Surface water is water found on the surface of continents, such as in rivers, lakes, and wetlands. It is replenished by precipitation and groundwater but lost through evaporation, seepage into groundwater, transpiration by plants, extraction by humans for agriculture, living, and industry, or discharge into seas where it becomes saline. Surface water can be contrasted with groundwater and atmospheric water.
Water logging salinity
Water logging occurs when excess water at underground levels rises to the surface due to natural flooding, over-irrigation, or inadequate drainage. This displaces air in the soil and changes soil processes, accumulating toxic substances that inhibit plant growth. Water logging can be caused by permanent or periodic submersion of land, heavy rainfall, or artificial irrigation in low-lying areas. It leads to inhibited soil bacteria activity, reduced available water and temperature, and impaired air circulation and increased salt levels in the soil. This delays cultivation, promotes unwanted plant growth, and negatively impacts health. Solutions include improving drainage, reducing water percolation from canals, restricting excess irrigation, and removing obstructions to natural drainage.
Water logging - An ill-effect of Irrigation
An Irrigated area is said to be waterlogged -
When the shallow water table rises to such an extent that soil pores in the root zone of a crop become saturated, resulting in restriction of the normal circulation of the air or
When the surplus water stagnates due to poor drainage.
The Presentation contributes an overall study of the term Waterlogging, its Effects, Causes and steps that needs to be taken for its Prevention.
Water logging
Waterlogging refers to soil saturation from high water tables, preventing air and oxygen flow needed by crops. It is caused by over-irrigation, inadequate drainage, flooding, and high water tables during monsoons. Waterlogging can be permanent, periodic, or temporary, and often leads to soil salinization in irrigated areas due to prevented leaching of salts. Major waterlogged areas in Bangladesh include wetlands, floodplains, coastal areas, and areas with artificial irrigation. Waterlogging hampers soil microbial activity, reduces nutrient availability, increases soil pH, and favors weed growth. Reducing measures include dams, embankments, and bridges/culverts to restrict water flow.
Water logging and salinity control
Following slides helps the fresher to understand the aspect of water logging and salinity of the soil and their control and management strategies for sustainable agriculture
Flood & drought management
This document provides an overview of flood and drought management. It defines floods and their two main types: flash floods and riverine floods. It describes key parameters for measuring flood severity such as depth, duration, velocity, rate of rise, and frequency. It outlines structural and non-structural approaches to flood management including floodwalls, dams, channel improvements, floodplain zoning, and flood forecasting. The document also defines drought, describes different drought classifications, and lists causes of drought. It provides details on meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural drought. Finally, it discusses drought management options and drought proofing techniques.
Drainage Engineering (water logging and Salinity)
Two major impacts of irrigation are water logging and salinity. Water logging occurs when excessive irrigation causes the water table to rise, saturating the soil and displacing oxygen around plant roots. This can lower crop yields. Salinity develops when high water tables and capillary action cause dissolved salts in irrigation water to be deposited in upper soil layers, making the soil unsuitable for most crops. Proposed solutions include reducing irrigation, growing salt-tolerant crops, flushing soils, leaving fields fallow, and installing underground drainage systems.
DESERTIFICATION
Three main points:
1. Desertification is a type of land degradation where dry regions become more arid, losing vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by factors like drought, overgrazing, overcultivation, and removal of trees.
2. Categories of desertification range from light to very severe based on damage to vegetation and soil. Countermeasures include reforestation, soil fixation, contour trenching, and managed grazing.
3. Large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve desertification due to unsuitable climate with low rainfall, as the natural vegetation is grassland or desert in semiarid and arid regions with 50-500mm of rain. Previous attempts at aff
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BRIEF REVISION - HYDROLOGY - 05. SURFACE WATER
Surface water is water found on the surface of continents, such as in rivers, lakes, and wetlands. It is replenished by precipitation and groundwater but lost through evaporation, seepage into groundwater, transpiration by plants, extraction by humans for agriculture, living, and industry, or discharge into seas where it becomes saline. Surface water can be contrasted with groundwater and atmospheric water.
Water logging salinity
Water logging occurs when excess water at underground levels rises to the surface due to natural flooding, over-irrigation, or inadequate drainage. This displaces air in the soil and changes soil processes, accumulating toxic substances that inhibit plant growth. Water logging can be caused by permanent or periodic submersion of land, heavy rainfall, or artificial irrigation in low-lying areas. It leads to inhibited soil bacteria activity, reduced available water and temperature, and impaired air circulation and increased salt levels in the soil. This delays cultivation, promotes unwanted plant growth, and negatively impacts health. Solutions include improving drainage, reducing water percolation from canals, restricting excess irrigation, and removing obstructions to natural drainage.
Water logging - An ill-effect of Irrigation
An Irrigated area is said to be waterlogged -
When the shallow water table rises to such an extent that soil pores in the root zone of a crop become saturated, resulting in restriction of the normal circulation of the air or
When the surplus water stagnates due to poor drainage.
The Presentation contributes an overall study of the term Waterlogging, its Effects, Causes and steps that needs to be taken for its Prevention.
Water logging
Waterlogging refers to soil saturation from high water tables, preventing air and oxygen flow needed by crops. It is caused by over-irrigation, inadequate drainage, flooding, and high water tables during monsoons. Waterlogging can be permanent, periodic, or temporary, and often leads to soil salinization in irrigated areas due to prevented leaching of salts. Major waterlogged areas in Bangladesh include wetlands, floodplains, coastal areas, and areas with artificial irrigation. Waterlogging hampers soil microbial activity, reduces nutrient availability, increases soil pH, and favors weed growth. Reducing measures include dams, embankments, and bridges/culverts to restrict water flow.
Water logging and salinity control
Following slides helps the fresher to understand the aspect of water logging and salinity of the soil and their control and management strategies for sustainable agriculture
Flood & drought management
This document provides an overview of flood and drought management. It defines floods and their two main types: flash floods and riverine floods. It describes key parameters for measuring flood severity such as depth, duration, velocity, rate of rise, and frequency. It outlines structural and non-structural approaches to flood management including floodwalls, dams, channel improvements, floodplain zoning, and flood forecasting. The document also defines drought, describes different drought classifications, and lists causes of drought. It provides details on meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural drought. Finally, it discusses drought management options and drought proofing techniques.
Drainage Engineering (water logging and Salinity)
Two major impacts of irrigation are water logging and salinity. Water logging occurs when excessive irrigation causes the water table to rise, saturating the soil and displacing oxygen around plant roots. This can lower crop yields. Salinity develops when high water tables and capillary action cause dissolved salts in irrigation water to be deposited in upper soil layers, making the soil unsuitable for most crops. Proposed solutions include reducing irrigation, growing salt-tolerant crops, flushing soils, leaving fields fallow, and installing underground drainage systems.
DESERTIFICATION
Three main points:
1. Desertification is a type of land degradation where dry regions become more arid, losing vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by factors like drought, overgrazing, overcultivation, and removal of trees.
2. Categories of desertification range from light to very severe based on damage to vegetation and soil. Countermeasures include reforestation, soil fixation, contour trenching, and managed grazing.
3. Large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve desertification due to unsuitable climate with low rainfall, as the natural vegetation is grassland or desert in semiarid and arid regions with 50-500mm of rain. Previous attempts at aff
water logging
This document provides information about water logging in Pakistan. It discusses:
- What water logging is and its causes
- Areas of Pakistan that are most affected, with over 50% of land in Pakistan impacted
- The effects of water logging on agriculture and land productivity, including decreasing crop yields and making land uncultivated
- Methods for controlling water logging, including drainage systems, choosing appropriate crops, and planting trees to control water tables
water logging and salinity in pakistan by Musadiq Rehmani
The document discusses water logging and salinity issues affecting agriculture in Pakistan. It states that 50% of irrigated lands in Pakistan are affected by water logging and salinity, reducing crop yields and farmer incomes. Drainage systems are needed to control water logging by allowing excess irrigation water to drain away and leach out salts. Biological controls and choosing tolerant crop species can also help reduce the impact of water logging on agricultural production.
Water logging soils
This document discusses water logging in soils in Pakistan. It notes that 38% of Pakistan's irrigated land is damaged by water logging, with 14% becoming saline. Water logging is caused by seepage from canals, over irrigation, inadequate drainage, improper irrigation methods, and obstruction of natural drainage. Preventive measures include providing efficient surface drainage, reducing canal seepage, restricting unwanted irrigation, adopting sprinkler irrigation, removing obstructions to natural drainage, and planting trees along canals.
Soil Erosion
Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms and can occur slowly over time or rapidly, causing serious topsoil loss. There are four main types of erosion: sheet erosion, gully erosion, channel erosion, and rill erosion. Soil erosion is caused by both natural processes like wind and water flowing downhill, as well as human activities such as overcropping, deforestation, and overgrazing. Problems from soil erosion include loss of topsoil, damage to fields, decreased plant productivity, and desertification. Remedies include avoiding overgrazing, conserving wetlands, terracing, and encouraging water infiltration.
Powerpoint presentation of jelmarie
Soil erosion occurs naturally through processes like water and wind but is exacerbated by human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, overcropping, agricultural disturbance, logging, farming, cattle ranching, surface mining, strip mining, and urbanization. The effects of soil erosion include the deterioration of agricultural lands, increased flooding, reduced water supply, destruction of infrastructure, and the depletion of wildlife and natural resources. While advances in soil management have helped maintain crop yields, soil erosion remains a significant problem that often only becomes apparent when property is damaged and productive soil is lost.
Main causes of soil erosion in pakistan By Mr Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses the main causes of soil erosion in Pakistan. It identifies several human activities that have accelerated the natural erosion process through disturbing the ecological equilibrium, including: 1) destruction of natural vegetation cover for various uses and overgrazing, 2) loosening of stabilized soils by bulldozing to expand cultivation, 3) shallow tillage of sloping soils reducing water infiltration, 4) cultivation of steep slopes without erosion controls, 5) inadequate terracing and water controls, 6) leaving sloping lands without crop cover during rains, and 7) various other practices that decrease soil organic content and stability.
Waterlogging and salinity
Waterlogging and soil salinity are problems caused by excess irrigation water accumulating below the root zone. This restricts plant growth and productivity. Drainage systems are needed to draw down the water table and leach salts from the soil profile. However, drainage canals are expensive to implement. Adopting more efficient irrigation technologies and incentivizing their use can help slow waterlogging. Waterlogging and salinity affect over 20% of irrigated land worldwide, costing $11 billion annually and removing 1.5 million hectares from production each year due to high salt levels. Different crops have varying tolerances to waterlogging and soil salinity. Maintaining an appropriate depth to the water table and managing salt levels in the soil
Soil erosion
Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms and can occur slowly over time or rapidly, causing serious topsoil loss. There are four main types of erosion: sheet erosion, gully erosion, channel erosion, and rill erosion. Soil erosion is caused by both natural processes like wind and water flowing downhill, as well as human activities such as overcropping, deforestation, and overgrazing. Problems from soil erosion include loss of topsoil, damage to fields, decreased plant productivity, and desertification. Remedies include avoiding overgrazing, conserving wetlands, terracing, and encouraging water infiltration.
Drought and Salinity by sohail
This document discusses drought and salinity. It defines different types of drought including meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and socioeconomic drought. It also discusses the causes of drought such as lack of rainfall, climate change, human activities, and overexploitation of water resources. The economic, environmental, and social effects of drought are outlined. The document then defines soil salinity and discusses how it can occur naturally or through irrigation. It explains how irrigation can lead to salt accumulation over time and the consequences this has for plant growth, infrastructure, and water quality.
Soil geology
Irrigation can impact soil geology through salinity, groundwater depletion, and erosion. Increased irrigation rates can raise water tables and evaporation, concentrating salts at the soil surface. This causes osmotic and toxic effects and loss of groundcover. Groundwater depletion occurs when more water is pumped from aquifers than is replenished through rainfall, lowering water tables and increasing pumping costs. It can also lead to land subsidence and water quality concerns. Soil erosion results from removing vegetation through overgrazing and salinity, reducing agricultural productivity and habitat. Proposed solutions include seawater greenhouses that use seawater and solar energy to grow crops sustainably in arid regions.
Soil erosion
There are two main types of soil erosion: geological erosion and accelerated erosion. Geological erosion occurs naturally through processes like rainfall, wind, and topography. Accelerated erosion is caused by human activities like deforestation, lack of soil conservation, and development. Some forms of accelerated erosion include sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, and wind erosion. Soil erosion can have negative impacts such as loss of agricultural production, loss of nutrients, reduced water infiltration, increased tillage costs, flooding, and land degradation.
GO GREEN SAVE THE NATION
The document discusses various aspects of going green including its meaning, benefits, ways to go green, and consequences of not going green. Specifically, going green means conserving energy and resources to reduce pollution and save money. It helps reduce resource depletion, recycling, and prevents various forms of pollution and environmental degradation that harm wildlife. The document provides tips like saving energy and water, reducing waste, and suggests considering environmental impacts before consuming to live more sustainably.
Water logging and its effect and control measures
The document discusses water logging, which is when soils become saturated with water for most months of the year. The main cause of water logging in Pakistan is seepage from the country's network of canal systems. Water logging causes oxygen deficiency in plant roots, which can ultimately lead to the death of sensitive crops. Some methods to control water logging in Pakistan's soils include building seepage interceptor drains, planting trees along spoil banks, constructing surface drains, lining canals, and pumping groundwater.
Water logging problems due to the construction of dams andcanyon and reservoirs
Water logging occurs when soil becomes saturated with water, preventing air and oxygen from reaching plant roots. It is caused by over-irrigation, inadequate drainage, and construction of dams and reservoirs, which raise water tables. Water logging leads to salinity as salts are not flushed from the soil and create unproductive conditions. It affects crop growth and yields and renders land uncultivable. Dams have caused extensive water logging and robbed fertile soils of use in states like Punjab and Haryana in India. Reservoirs also contribute to water logging in surrounding lands. Improving drainage through canals, bridges and embankments can help reduce water logging issues.
Water logging
An agricultural land is said to be waterlogging when the soil pores within the roof zone of the crops are saturated to such an extent that normal circulation of air within the soil pores is totally cut off and productivity of soil is affected. Waterlogging generally occurs because of over-irrigation , high water table and the poor water management.
The yield of crop is adversely affected when the depth of water table is equal to or less then the one given below.
Water erosion
Water erosion shapes Earth's surface. Moving water is the major agent of erosion and has formed landforms over time. Runoff from rain carries soil particles and causes sheet and rill erosion. Rills grow into gullies which join to form streams and rivers. Rivers erode the land to form V-shaped valleys and deposit sediments in flood plains and deltas. Waterfalls form where a hard rock meets a softer rock downstream as the softer rock erodes faster. Flood plains are wide river valleys that are flooded during heavy rains, depositing fertile soils.
Watershed - Principles of Erosion
PRINCIPLES OF EROSION: Types of erosion, factors affecting erosion, effects of erosion on land fertility and land capability, estimation of soil loss due to erosion, Universal soil loss equation.
Water logging
Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
Soil erosion
in this we will discus about that how soil erosion occurs..?
what are the causes that cause the soil erosion..??
what are the agents of soil erosion..?
what are the prevention that helps to prevent the soil erosion ..?
what are the principles to conserve the soil erosion....
hope this will help you guys alot...
Soils erosion
Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil from the land, primarily due to human mismanagement. There are three main types of erosion: sheet erosion caused by moving water, gully erosion from water in steep areas, and wind erosion in dry bare areas. Some key causes are overgrazing, cultivation on steep slopes, overcropping, and deforestation. To conserve soils, proper land management techniques can be used, including terracing, strip cropping, crop rotation, contour ploughing, reforestation, and windbreaks. These practices help reduce runoff and protect soil from heavy rainfall and winds.
groundwater Save the treasure
The document discusses environmental pollution challenges related to water resources. It provides details on the global distribution of water, noting that 97% is in the oceans and 2% is in ice caps and glaciers. Groundwater is an important source for irrigation, industry and drinking water. The document outlines causes of groundwater depletion and contamination including industrial and agricultural waste, improper waste disposal, and leaching from landfills. It discusses techniques to conserve groundwater resources like rainwater harvesting, sub-surface dykes, and using crosswave plastic materials for underground water storage. The summary is in 3 sentences as requested.
Week-2: Basics of Groundwater,
The document provides information on groundwater including:
1. Groundwater is water found underground in soil and rock cracks and spaces called aquifers. It is stored and moves slowly through these geologic formations.
2. Groundwater exists below the land surface in saturated zones called aquifers. The upper boundary is the water table. Wells tap into groundwater by drawing water up from aquifers.
3. Groundwater is an important natural resource and water source where surface water is scarce. Proper treatment is needed for both groundwater and surface water to provide safe drinking water.
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water logging
This document provides information about water logging in Pakistan. It discusses:
- What water logging is and its causes
- Areas of Pakistan that are most affected, with over 50% of land in Pakistan impacted
- The effects of water logging on agriculture and land productivity, including decreasing crop yields and making land uncultivated
- Methods for controlling water logging, including drainage systems, choosing appropriate crops, and planting trees to control water tables
water logging and salinity in pakistan by Musadiq Rehmani
The document discusses water logging and salinity issues affecting agriculture in Pakistan. It states that 50% of irrigated lands in Pakistan are affected by water logging and salinity, reducing crop yields and farmer incomes. Drainage systems are needed to control water logging by allowing excess irrigation water to drain away and leach out salts. Biological controls and choosing tolerant crop species can also help reduce the impact of water logging on agricultural production.
Water logging soils
This document discusses water logging in soils in Pakistan. It notes that 38% of Pakistan's irrigated land is damaged by water logging, with 14% becoming saline. Water logging is caused by seepage from canals, over irrigation, inadequate drainage, improper irrigation methods, and obstruction of natural drainage. Preventive measures include providing efficient surface drainage, reducing canal seepage, restricting unwanted irrigation, adopting sprinkler irrigation, removing obstructions to natural drainage, and planting trees along canals.
Soil Erosion
Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms and can occur slowly over time or rapidly, causing serious topsoil loss. There are four main types of erosion: sheet erosion, gully erosion, channel erosion, and rill erosion. Soil erosion is caused by both natural processes like wind and water flowing downhill, as well as human activities such as overcropping, deforestation, and overgrazing. Problems from soil erosion include loss of topsoil, damage to fields, decreased plant productivity, and desertification. Remedies include avoiding overgrazing, conserving wetlands, terracing, and encouraging water infiltration.
Powerpoint presentation of jelmarie
Soil erosion occurs naturally through processes like water and wind but is exacerbated by human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, overcropping, agricultural disturbance, logging, farming, cattle ranching, surface mining, strip mining, and urbanization. The effects of soil erosion include the deterioration of agricultural lands, increased flooding, reduced water supply, destruction of infrastructure, and the depletion of wildlife and natural resources. While advances in soil management have helped maintain crop yields, soil erosion remains a significant problem that often only becomes apparent when property is damaged and productive soil is lost.
Main causes of soil erosion in pakistan By Mr Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses the main causes of soil erosion in Pakistan. It identifies several human activities that have accelerated the natural erosion process through disturbing the ecological equilibrium, including: 1) destruction of natural vegetation cover for various uses and overgrazing, 2) loosening of stabilized soils by bulldozing to expand cultivation, 3) shallow tillage of sloping soils reducing water infiltration, 4) cultivation of steep slopes without erosion controls, 5) inadequate terracing and water controls, 6) leaving sloping lands without crop cover during rains, and 7) various other practices that decrease soil organic content and stability.
Waterlogging and salinity
Waterlogging and soil salinity are problems caused by excess irrigation water accumulating below the root zone. This restricts plant growth and productivity. Drainage systems are needed to draw down the water table and leach salts from the soil profile. However, drainage canals are expensive to implement. Adopting more efficient irrigation technologies and incentivizing their use can help slow waterlogging. Waterlogging and salinity affect over 20% of irrigated land worldwide, costing $11 billion annually and removing 1.5 million hectares from production each year due to high salt levels. Different crops have varying tolerances to waterlogging and soil salinity. Maintaining an appropriate depth to the water table and managing salt levels in the soil
Soil erosion
Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms and can occur slowly over time or rapidly, causing serious topsoil loss. There are four main types of erosion: sheet erosion, gully erosion, channel erosion, and rill erosion. Soil erosion is caused by both natural processes like wind and water flowing downhill, as well as human activities such as overcropping, deforestation, and overgrazing. Problems from soil erosion include loss of topsoil, damage to fields, decreased plant productivity, and desertification. Remedies include avoiding overgrazing, conserving wetlands, terracing, and encouraging water infiltration.
Drought and Salinity by sohail
This document discusses drought and salinity. It defines different types of drought including meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and socioeconomic drought. It also discusses the causes of drought such as lack of rainfall, climate change, human activities, and overexploitation of water resources. The economic, environmental, and social effects of drought are outlined. The document then defines soil salinity and discusses how it can occur naturally or through irrigation. It explains how irrigation can lead to salt accumulation over time and the consequences this has for plant growth, infrastructure, and water quality.
Soil geology
Irrigation can impact soil geology through salinity, groundwater depletion, and erosion. Increased irrigation rates can raise water tables and evaporation, concentrating salts at the soil surface. This causes osmotic and toxic effects and loss of groundcover. Groundwater depletion occurs when more water is pumped from aquifers than is replenished through rainfall, lowering water tables and increasing pumping costs. It can also lead to land subsidence and water quality concerns. Soil erosion results from removing vegetation through overgrazing and salinity, reducing agricultural productivity and habitat. Proposed solutions include seawater greenhouses that use seawater and solar energy to grow crops sustainably in arid regions.
Soil erosion
There are two main types of soil erosion: geological erosion and accelerated erosion. Geological erosion occurs naturally through processes like rainfall, wind, and topography. Accelerated erosion is caused by human activities like deforestation, lack of soil conservation, and development. Some forms of accelerated erosion include sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, and wind erosion. Soil erosion can have negative impacts such as loss of agricultural production, loss of nutrients, reduced water infiltration, increased tillage costs, flooding, and land degradation.
GO GREEN SAVE THE NATION
The document discusses various aspects of going green including its meaning, benefits, ways to go green, and consequences of not going green. Specifically, going green means conserving energy and resources to reduce pollution and save money. It helps reduce resource depletion, recycling, and prevents various forms of pollution and environmental degradation that harm wildlife. The document provides tips like saving energy and water, reducing waste, and suggests considering environmental impacts before consuming to live more sustainably.
Water logging and its effect and control measures
The document discusses water logging, which is when soils become saturated with water for most months of the year. The main cause of water logging in Pakistan is seepage from the country's network of canal systems. Water logging causes oxygen deficiency in plant roots, which can ultimately lead to the death of sensitive crops. Some methods to control water logging in Pakistan's soils include building seepage interceptor drains, planting trees along spoil banks, constructing surface drains, lining canals, and pumping groundwater.
Water logging problems due to the construction of dams andcanyon and reservoirs
Water logging occurs when soil becomes saturated with water, preventing air and oxygen from reaching plant roots. It is caused by over-irrigation, inadequate drainage, and construction of dams and reservoirs, which raise water tables. Water logging leads to salinity as salts are not flushed from the soil and create unproductive conditions. It affects crop growth and yields and renders land uncultivable. Dams have caused extensive water logging and robbed fertile soils of use in states like Punjab and Haryana in India. Reservoirs also contribute to water logging in surrounding lands. Improving drainage through canals, bridges and embankments can help reduce water logging issues.
Water logging
An agricultural land is said to be waterlogging when the soil pores within the roof zone of the crops are saturated to such an extent that normal circulation of air within the soil pores is totally cut off and productivity of soil is affected. Waterlogging generally occurs because of over-irrigation , high water table and the poor water management.
The yield of crop is adversely affected when the depth of water table is equal to or less then the one given below.
Water erosion
Water erosion shapes Earth's surface. Moving water is the major agent of erosion and has formed landforms over time. Runoff from rain carries soil particles and causes sheet and rill erosion. Rills grow into gullies which join to form streams and rivers. Rivers erode the land to form V-shaped valleys and deposit sediments in flood plains and deltas. Waterfalls form where a hard rock meets a softer rock downstream as the softer rock erodes faster. Flood plains are wide river valleys that are flooded during heavy rains, depositing fertile soils.
Watershed - Principles of Erosion
PRINCIPLES OF EROSION: Types of erosion, factors affecting erosion, effects of erosion on land fertility and land capability, estimation of soil loss due to erosion, Universal soil loss equation.
Water logging
Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
Soil erosion
in this we will discus about that how soil erosion occurs..?
what are the causes that cause the soil erosion..??
what are the agents of soil erosion..?
what are the prevention that helps to prevent the soil erosion ..?
what are the principles to conserve the soil erosion....
hope this will help you guys alot...
Soils erosion
Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil from the land, primarily due to human mismanagement. There are three main types of erosion: sheet erosion caused by moving water, gully erosion from water in steep areas, and wind erosion in dry bare areas. Some key causes are overgrazing, cultivation on steep slopes, overcropping, and deforestation. To conserve soils, proper land management techniques can be used, including terracing, strip cropping, crop rotation, contour ploughing, reforestation, and windbreaks. These practices help reduce runoff and protect soil from heavy rainfall and winds.
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The document discusses environmental pollution challenges related to water resources. It provides details on the global distribution of water, noting that 97% is in the oceans and 2% is in ice caps and glaciers. Groundwater is an important source for irrigation, industry and drinking water. The document outlines causes of groundwater depletion and contamination including industrial and agricultural waste, improper waste disposal, and leaching from landfills. It discusses techniques to conserve groundwater resources like rainwater harvesting, sub-surface dykes, and using crosswave plastic materials for underground water storage. The summary is in 3 sentences as requested.
Week-2: Basics of Groundwater,
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2. Groundwater exists below the land surface in saturated zones called aquifers. The upper boundary is the water table. Wells tap into groundwater by drawing water up from aquifers.
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Ground water
This document defines groundwater as water present beneath the Earth's surface, within soil pores and fractures in rock formations. An aquifer is a unit of rock or sediment that yields usable water. The water table marks the depth where pores and fractures become fully saturated. Groundwater is extracted via wells for agriculture, municipal, and industrial uses. Its study is called hydrogeology. Springs form when aquifers fill to the point of overflowing onto land. Pumping a well creates a cone of depression in the water table or pressure levels around the well. The size of this cone depends on factors like the pumping rate, aquifer properties, storage, and thickness.
Drainage system
Drainage is important for road design and construction to protect structural integrity. Surface and subsurface drainage removes water to prevent damage. Poor drainage compromises roads and safety due to hydroplaning. Drainage systems use ditches, pipes, culverts and curbs to convey water safely. Subsurface tile drains below the root zone regulate water flow and intercept water movement. They improve soil conditions and control groundwater. Mole ploughs are used to install tile drains without disturbing plants.
water resources
Fresh water resources are critical for human and environmental needs. While water covers most of the Earth, only 3% is fresh water. The majority is frozen in glaciers and ice caps, while the remaining unfrozen fresh water exists as groundwater, surface water, or atmospheric water. Groundwater levels are declining in many regions due to excessive human use. Surface water comes from rivers, lakes, and wetlands, but human activities like reservoir construction and wetland drainage have large impacts on water resources. Underground river networks also contribute substantial water flow. Groundwater exists below the ground in soil and rock and is replenished by surface water, but humans can deplete it unsustainably through overuse or pollution. Desalination of
Water resourse
The document discusses water resources and related topics. It begins by introducing the student project and listing the contents to be covered, which include the hydrosphere, features of water, types of water resources, uses of water, the water cycle, water as a precious resource, freshwater resources, water pollution, water-related diseases, floods, droughts, and dams. It then provides details on these topics, describing things like the water cycle, groundwater resources, surface water resources, uses of water in agriculture, industry, domestic applications, and hydropower generation. It also discusses issues like water pollution, diseases related to water, and environmental problems caused by dams.
20160716_WATER SUPPLY.ppt
The document discusses water supply and drainage systems for site planning. It describes various natural and man-made sources for water supply, including surface water sources like rivers, lakes and reservoirs, as well as groundwater sources like wells, springs and aquifers. It also discusses storm drainage systems, including surface drainage methods using swales, sloping planes and gutters, as well as subsurface drainage systems using gravel-filled ditches, perforated drain pipes and fabricated collectors like area drains and catch basins. The document emphasizes designing drainage systems to remove excess rainwater while preventing flooding and erosion.
Sources of Water in India
There are plenty of sources of water in India. It is critical to know your source of water supply to choose the best water purification technology for safe drinking water.
Usesoffreshwater 120324102149-phpapp02
Water resources include sources of fresh water that are useful for agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Only 3% of water on Earth is fresh water, with over two thirds frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The main sources of fresh water are surface water from rivers and lakes, groundwater, desalination, and melted frozen water. Water is used for agricultural irrigation, industrial processes, household use, recreation, environmental purposes, and generating hydroelectricity through hydro power plants.
Water Resource
The document discusses various topics related to groundwater and surface water systems. It explains that groundwater and surface water are connected, with pumping wells able to cause interference between cones of depression. It notes that extraction should not exceed recharge to avoid water mining and subsidence, and that recharge zones need protection. The hyporheic zone of water exchange between surface and groundwater is also described. Rainwater harvesting and the water cycle are briefly covered.
Drainage in Irrigation Engineering
This document provides an overview of drainage, including its importance, benefits, and classification. It discusses two main types of drains: surface drains and subsurface drains. Surface drains include storm water drains, seepage drains, and storm-cum-seepage drains. Subsurface drains are further divided into relief drains, carrier drains, and intercepting drains. The document also provides details on the design of surface and subsurface drains, including considerations for capacity, velocity, alignment, and depth of installation.
Uses of fresh water
Water resources include sources of fresh water that can be used by humans. Nearly all water on Earth is salt water, while only 3% is fresh water. The main sources of fresh water are surface water, groundwater, desalination, and frozen water. Water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, recreational, and environmental purposes. It is a critical resource but also cycles through the environment in the water cycle.
6 rain water harvesting and waste water recycling
This document discusses various topics related to water shortage issues and solutions like rainwater harvesting and water recycling. It provides information on reasons for water shortage like population increase and urbanization. It then covers rainwater harvesting techniques like catchment area, storage tanks, and advantages. Water recycling processes like primary treatment, secondary treatment and uses of recycled water are outlined. The conclusion recommends rainwater harvesting and water recycling as ways to overcome water scarcity and conserve resources.
6-waterlogging-170724070447.pdf
Two major impacts of irrigation are water logging and salinity. Water logging occurs when excessive irrigation causes the water table to rise, saturating the soil and displacing oxygen that plant roots need. This can damage crops and infrastructure by reducing soil strength. Salinity develops when high water tables and capillary action cause dissolved salts in irrigation water to be deposited in upper soil layers, harming plants and potentially ruining soil fertility if not addressed. Remedies include surface and subsurface drainage systems to lower water tables, as well as switching to salt-tolerant crops or letting fields lie fallow periodically to leach out salts.
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07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCES
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESS
The document discusses the early success of the Nazi party in Germany. It notes that while the party made progress in organization and membership in its early years after 1919, it had little impact in elections initially. The Nazis received only 6.5% of the vote in their first national election in 1924. Later elections in 1928 saw their support decline further to just 2.6% as the German economy and political situation stabilized under Stresemann. While the Nazis appealed to specific groups frustrated with the Weimar Republic, they remained a small party with less than 30,000 members by 1925.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920
The document provides background information on the origins and early development of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s. It describes how the party began as the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler before Hitler joined in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. It also outlines some of the key aspects of the Nazi party platform outlined in the 25-point program, including nationalism, anti-Semitism, and a desire for more territory. Finally, it discusses Hitler's failed Munich Putsch coup attempt in 1923 and how he wrote Mein Kampf while in prison.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 01. FASCISM
1) Post-war instability and economic crisis weakened established political systems in countries like Germany and Italy. 2) A sense of nationalism was used by fascist leaders to promote unity and scapegoat others for the nation's problems. 3) Charismatic leaders like Hitler and Mussolini were able to gain followers by promoting fascism as an alternative to communism and liberal democracy.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933
The document provides background information on the rise of the Nazi party in Germany between 1930-1933. It discusses how Germany's economic dependence on American loans led to the collapse of German industry following the 1929 Wall Street crash. This caused widespread unemployment, with over 6 million people jobless by 1932. As economic conditions deteriorated, support grew for the Nazis as they promised strong leadership and blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems. The Nazis increased their Reichstag seats in elections in 1933 after Hitler became Chancellor, and he then used emergency powers to crush opposition and establish a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONS
The document discusses the Weimar Republic in Germany through tables and cartoons as part of a Cambridge IGCSE depth study on Germany. It provides information on the political and economic challenges faced by the Weimar Republic between 1919-1933 through statistical tables and illustrations. The depth study uses multiple visual elements to summarize key events and issues like inflation, unemployment, and the rise of extremism during this period of German history.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESS
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATION
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 04. WEIMAR TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923
Weimar had faced a series of problems between 1919 and 1923 (hyperinflation, Munich Putsch, Kapp Putsch) but despite the odds had managed to survive.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY
The document summarizes the impact of World War 1 on Germany. It discusses how Germany initially found success on the Eastern Front and made advances on the Western Front in 1918 but was eventually overwhelmed as the US joined the war effort. Germany experienced political instability, economic devastation from blockades, widespread hunger and disease, and psychological trauma from defeat. The German people bitterly blamed leaders for the defeat, sowing seeds for the rise of the Nazis in the unstable Weimar Republic that followed the war.
08. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Questions and Answers.pptx
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
07. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Abyssinian Crisis.pptx
This cartoon was likely published after the Stresa Pact was signed in early 1935, when Britain and France failed to raise the issue of Abyssinia with Mussolini and were perceived as turning a blind eye to his plans in hopes of keeping Italy as an ally against Germany. The cartoon directly criticizes the British and French policy of appeasing Mussolini, so the purpose was to criticize, not just inform. By criticizing the policy, the hope would be to influence and change the policy by swaying public opinion.
06. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Manchurian Crisis.pptx
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptx
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
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BRIEF REVISION - HYDROLOGY - 06. GROUNDWATER
- 2. GROUNDWATER Groundwater is water stored underground in a permeable rock, such as chalk or sandstone. The water emerges at the surface as springs and streams. The groundwater’s upper level is called the water table. Layers of rock that are filled with groundwater are called aquifers.
- 4. EXAMPLE In some cases, groundwater is seeping between the surface and an impermeable layer of rock, and if you dig a hole, water will seep in. An example of this is a river bed where the water doesn't saturate the soil enough to appear above the surface of the river bed.
- 6. USE Almost 22% of water is below the surface land in the form of groundwater. Groundwater is important as it is used for water supply in the rural and urban area. It is also often used for municipal, industrial and agricultural use by building and operating extraction wells.
- 8. SUPPLY FOR THE PUBLIC The groundwater is more convenient and less exposed to pollution. So, it
- 9. GROUNDWATER POLLUTION Groundwater is good for drinking. Groundwater that is polluted is less visible and difficult to clean up than lakes and rivers. Most often groundwater pollution results from the disposal of wastes improperly including household and industrial chemicals, wastewater from mines, leaking underground oil storage, oil field brine pits, garbage landfills and sewage systems.
- 10. AVOIDING POLLUTION Prevention of groundwater pollution can be done by: - storing rainwater - watertight materials - collecting leachate with drains
- 11. GROUNDWATER RECHARGE Groundwater recharge is also known as deep percolation or deep drainage. It undergoes the hydrologic process, which moves surface water to groundwater. It is a primary method where water enters an aquifer. The recharge occurs at plant roots and is often known as a flux to the water table surface.
- 12. GROUNDWATER RECHARGE Groundwater recharge is also known as deep percolation or deep drainage. It undergoes the hydrologic process, which moves surface water to groundwater. It is a primary method where water enters an aquifer. The recharge occurs at plant roots and is often known as a flux to the water table surface.