A bridge is a structure built over an obstacle like a body of water or valley to allow crossing. It must support its own and traffic loads. Bridges are classified by material, structure type, construction method, and function. Common types include beam, girder, arch, truss, suspension, and cable-stayed bridges. Selection depends on span length, site conditions, cost, construction speed, and aesthetics. Proper investigation of soil, stream conditions, and alternatives is needed to select the best bridge site.
Grillage Analysis of T-Beam bridge, Box culvert and their Limit State Design; components of Bridges and loads acting on bridges are presented in this slide.
Effect of tendon profile on deflections – Factors
influencing deflections – Calculation of deflections – Short term and long term deflections - Losses
of prestress
Grillage Analysis of T-Beam bridge, Box culvert and their Limit State Design; components of Bridges and loads acting on bridges are presented in this slide.
Effect of tendon profile on deflections – Factors
influencing deflections – Calculation of deflections – Short term and long term deflections - Losses
of prestress
Bridges and its Types & Components by Chetan BishtChetanBisht16
This is very Useful for Fresher Civil engineers and also for Student of Civil Engineering . This Slide show almost cover the Basic Knowledge about Bridges
Bridges: Classification of bridges – with respect to construction
materials, structural behavior of super structure, span, sub structure,
purpose. Temporary and movable bridges. Factors affecting site
selection. Various loads/stresses acting on bridges. Bridge hydrology –
design discharge, water way, afflux, scour depth, economical span.
Bridge components – foundation, piers, abutments, wing wall, approach,
bearings, floor, girders, cables, suspenders. Methods of erection of
different types of bridges. River training works and maintenance of
bridges. Testing and strengthening of bridges. Bridge architect.
Bligh’S CREEP THEORY
LIMITATIONS OF BLIGH’S THEORY
LANE’S WEIGHTED CREEP THEORY
KHOSLA’S THEORY AND CONCEPT OF FLOW NETS
COMPARISON OF BLIGH’S THEORY AND KHOSLA’S THEORY
Culvert Design 201 Structural Design, Durability & ApplicationsPath Marketing Inc.
Randy McDonald, Armtec Drainage’s Director of Engineering and Frank Klita, Senior Sales Representative build on the basics of culvert design covered in Culvert Design 101 and will focus in- depth on the structural design of culverts. Additionally, the presenters will review considerations and best practices for culvert installations.
You'll Learn:
Culvert types & applications
- Structural design of culverts and buried structures as per CHBDC (Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code) methods
- Installation best practices
- Review of applications across Canada
Bridges and its Types & Components by Chetan BishtChetanBisht16
This is very Useful for Fresher Civil engineers and also for Student of Civil Engineering . This Slide show almost cover the Basic Knowledge about Bridges
Bridges: Classification of bridges – with respect to construction
materials, structural behavior of super structure, span, sub structure,
purpose. Temporary and movable bridges. Factors affecting site
selection. Various loads/stresses acting on bridges. Bridge hydrology –
design discharge, water way, afflux, scour depth, economical span.
Bridge components – foundation, piers, abutments, wing wall, approach,
bearings, floor, girders, cables, suspenders. Methods of erection of
different types of bridges. River training works and maintenance of
bridges. Testing and strengthening of bridges. Bridge architect.
Bligh’S CREEP THEORY
LIMITATIONS OF BLIGH’S THEORY
LANE’S WEIGHTED CREEP THEORY
KHOSLA’S THEORY AND CONCEPT OF FLOW NETS
COMPARISON OF BLIGH’S THEORY AND KHOSLA’S THEORY
Culvert Design 201 Structural Design, Durability & ApplicationsPath Marketing Inc.
Randy McDonald, Armtec Drainage’s Director of Engineering and Frank Klita, Senior Sales Representative build on the basics of culvert design covered in Culvert Design 101 and will focus in- depth on the structural design of culverts. Additionally, the presenters will review considerations and best practices for culvert installations.
You'll Learn:
Culvert types & applications
- Structural design of culverts and buried structures as per CHBDC (Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code) methods
- Installation best practices
- Review of applications across Canada
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
Bridge introduction-8th-civil
1. Introduction of Bridge
• A bridge is a structure which is built over some
physical obstacle such as a body of water, valley, or
road, and its purpose is to provide crossing over that
obstacle. It is built to be strong enough to safely
support its own weight as well as the weight of
anything that should pass over it.
• A bridge is a structure which maintains the
communication over a physical obstacle, e.g.
– A channel/river,
– A road,
– A railway line or
– A valley.
2. Bridge Designations
• If it carries road traffic or railway traffic or a pipe line
over a channel or a valley: Bridge
• If it carries the traffic or pipe over a communication
system like roads or railways: Fly-over/Over-Bridge
• Bridge (several small spans) constructed over a busy
locality, a valley, dry or wetland, or forming a flyover
to carry the vehicular traffic: Viaduct
3. History
• History of bridges begins with a tree log accidentally
fallen across water courses.
• Natural rock arches formed due to erosion beneath.
(Arch Bridge)
• Climbers suspended above a deep gorge. Hanging
creepers from one tree (Banyan trees) to other, by
tying a bunch of long creepers with the trees
situated on either side of water course.
4.
5. Components of Bridge
o Super-structure: Deck,
Truss, Girders etc.
o Sub-structure:
Piers/Abutments,
Bearing and foundation.
10. Classification of Bridges
• Bridges are mainly classified according to:
A. Materials used in their construction.
B. Various structural forms.
C. Construction and function.
18. Distinctive Features of Slab Bridges
• Usually used for Short spans
• Carry loads in Shear and Flexural bending
• Have sufficient torsional stiffness
• Bearings are not required
• Simple Shattering/formwork is required
• Becomes heavy (increase in D.L) for large spans.
Hollow slabs are sometimes provided for medium
spans.
19. Distinctive Features of Beam/Girder Bridges.
• Oldest and most common bridge type known
• Usually used for Short and Medium spans
• Carry loads in Shear and Flexural bending
• In modern girder bridges, steel I-Beams replace
Concrete Beams
• Low torsional stiffness
20.
21. Distinctive Features of Box Girder Bridges
• In addition to flexural stiffness and shear
resistance, these bridges have sufficient
torsional stiffness
• Most suitable for curved plan and longer span
bridges
22.
23. Distinctive Features of Truss Bridge
• The primary member forces are axial loads
• The open web system permits the use of a greater overall
depth than for an equivalent solid web girder, hence reduced
deflections and rigid structure
• Both these factors lead to economy in material and a reduced
dead weight. The increased depth also leads to reduced
deflections, that is, a more rigid structure.
• High maintenance and fabrication costs.
• Aesthetic appearance is debatable mainly because of
complexity of elevation.
• Used economically in the span range of upto 300m.
25. Distinctive Features of Cantilever Bridge
• Cantilever bridges can be of steel or concrete
• In a cantilever bridge, the roadway is constructed
out from the pier in two directions at the same time
so that the weight on both sides counterbalance
each other
• Notice the larger section at the support to resist
negative moments
26. Distinctive Features of Arch Bridge
• Arch action reduces bending moments
• Economical as compared to equivalent straight simply
supported Girder or Truss bridge
• Suitable; when site is a deep gorge with steep rocky
banks.
• Conventional curved arch rib has high Fabrication and
Erection costs.
• Unlike girders, can be built from stones
• Considered the most beautiful of bridge types
• Used in the span range of upto 250m.
27.
28.
29. Distinctive Features of Suspension Bridge
• The deck is hung from the cable by Hangers constructed
of high strength ropes in tension
• Cables are anchored at the abutment, hence abutment
has to be massive
• The main cable is stiffened either by a pair of stiffening
trusses or by a system of girders at the deck level.
• This stiffening system serves
to control the aerodynamic
movements.
30. …contd.
• Suspension bridge needs to have very strong main
cables
• The complete structure can be erected without
intermediate staging from the ground
• It is the only alternative for spans over 600m, and it is
generally regarded as competitive for spans down to
3000m.
• The height of the main towers can be a disadvantage
in some areas; for example, within the approach
road for an airport
31.
32. Distinctive Features of Cable-Stayed Bridge
• Cable-stayed bridge uses the pre-stressing principles
but the pre-stressing tendons are exposed/outside
of the beam
• All the forces are transferred from the deck through
the cables to the tower/pylon
• Roadway deck can be:
– (Prestressed) Concrete Box Deck
– Steel Box Deck
– Steel Truss Deck
33. Contd.
• As compared with the stiffened suspension bridge, the
cables are straight rather than curved. As a result, the
stiffness is greater
• The cables are anchored to the deck and cause
compressive forces in the deck.
• All individual cables are shorter than full length of the
superstructure. They are normally constructed of
individual wire ropes, supplied complete with end
fittings, pre-stretched and not spun.
• Aerodynamic stability has not been found to be a
problem in structures to date.
• It is economical over 200-500m.
35. C-1): According to inter-span relations
• Simple: Independent spans; large B.M and S.F
• Continuous: Design moments are reduced;
foundation supported on good rock or differential
settlement of supports is eliminated
• Cantilever/Balanced bridges: Slight differential
settlements under the pier or abutment are not
detrimental
C. Construction and other function
36. C-2): According to position of bridge floor.
– Deck
– Through
– Half/Semi Through and
– Suspended Bridge.
38. C-3): Method of connections.
– Pin jointed
– Riveted or
– Welded
39. C-4): According to road level
• High level or
• Submersible.
C-5): According to the method of clearance for
navigation
• High level
• Movable-bascule
• Movable swing or transporter bridge.
40. C-6): According to duration of use and service
• Permanent/temporary
• Military (Bailey)
C-7): According to function
• Aqueduct
• Viaduct
• Pedestrian
• Highway
• Railway or pipe bridges
41. C-8): According to span length
• Culvert <= 6m
• Minor/Short span bridge 6m-60m
• Major/Medium span bridge >60m-150m
• Long span bridge >150m
C-9): According to degree of redundancy
• Determinate or
• Indeterminate
42. SOME FAMOUS BRIDGES
Rion-Antirion bridge
World’s longest span (main
span=1991m) Akashi-kaikyo_bridge
(Kobe Japan)
London Tower Bridge
Mumbai Bandra sea link
43. Bridge Design
• Hydraulic Data (Hydraulic Design)
– H.F.L, Scour Depth, Clear waterway etc.
• For details Refer IRC:5 2015) and Essentials of Bridge
Engineering By Victor Johnson
• Selection of Bridge Type
• Selection of Bridge Site
• Structural Design
44. Selection of a Bridge Type
Consider the followings:
• Span length
• Bridge length
• Beam spacing
• Material available
• Site conditions (foundations, height, space
constraints) Requirement for shipping channel
leads to long span bridge
• Speed of construction
• Constructability
• Technology/Equipment available
• Aesthetics
• Cost
• Access for maintenance
45. Contd.
Cost vs. Span Length
• The span length may be influenced by the cost of
superstructure (cost/meter) and substructure
(cost/pier)
• If the substructure cost is about 25% of total cost
shorter span is more cost-effective
• If the substructure cost is about 50% of total cost
longer spans are more economical
46. Contd.
Beam Spacing
Beam spacing determine the number of girders
• Large Spacing Fewer girder (faster to erect)
– Deeper and heavier girder (can it be transported?)
– Reduced redundancy
– Thicker slab
• Smaller Spacing
– More girder
– Smaller girder
– More redundancy (but more beams to inspect)
– Thinner slab
47. Contd.
Materials
• Steel
• Concrete
– Cast-in-place
– Precast
• Material choice depends on the cost of material at
the bridge Site
• Transportation/Shipping cost from fabricators
48. Speed of construction
• In urban areas, the construction of bridge may
disrupt traffic
– Prefabricated/ Precast member are the only
choice
– Substructure construction may disrupt traffic
more than the superstructure
– Erection may consider longer spans
Contd.
49. Site Requirement
• Is the bridge straight or Curved? If curved
– Precast I-Girder cannot be Curved
– Segmental pre-stressed can have slight curve
– Cast-in-place
– Box girder is preferable for curved sites (Pre-
cast/Cast-in-place)
• Transportation/Shipping of prefabricated pieces to
site
Contd.
50. Contd.
Access for Maintenance
• Total Cost = Initial Cost + Maintenance Cost
• Bridge should be made easy to inspect and maintain
• Maintenance cost may govern the selection of
bridge
– Steel bridge needs a lot of maintenance in coastal
regions
– Concrete bridge usually require the least
maintenance
51. Aesthetics
• An ugly bridge, although safe, serviceable, and
inexpensive, is not a good bridge choice
• Long span bridge over a river can be a landmark;
thus, aesthetics should be an important factor
• Bridge should blend with the environment
• Avoid unnecessary decorations
• Bridge should have an appearance of adequate
strength
Contd.
52. Aesthetics contd.
Determinant of bridge’s appearance (in order of importance)
– Vertical and Horizontal geometry relative to
surrounding topography and other structures
– Superstructure type: arch , girder, etc…
– Pier placement
– Abutment placement
– Superstructure shape, parapet and railing
– Pier shape
– Abutment shape
– Color, surface texture, ornamentations
– Signing, Lighting, Landscaping
53. • Need for the bridge and the type of traffic to
which it will be subjected to (both present and
future)
• Various available alternatives vis-à-vis
restrictions and constraints regarding
selection of site as well as type of bridge.
Selection of Bridge Site
•Investigation And Planning
Before starting the design process of a bridge
the following factors need to be considered
54. Contd.
• Soil/sub soil conditions of the different
alternative sites along with the stream
conditions at the site.
• Aesthetics and cost likely to be involved.
55. SELECTION OF SITE. (Contd….)
• In addition to the technically required feasibility of
site
• Aspects regarding social and political affairs of
society need to be given due consideration.
• In urban areas the designer is not provided with
many alternatives and most of the times the site is
fixed.
• Designed and planned keeping in view the only
option available.
56. Contd.
• In areas where a number of alternatives are available
the site with the following ideal characteristics can
be selected.
– a straight reach of the river
– a narrow channel with firm banks
– suitable high level banks for h.f.l on each side
– rock or other hard in-erodable strata close to the river bed
level.
– economical approaches
– proximity to the direct alignment of road
– absence of sharp curves
– absence of expensive river training works
– where excessive under water construction can be avoided