A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. 700 A.D. Asia
1,304 years
ago
100 B.C. Romans
2,104 years ago
Clapper Bridge
Tree trunk
Stone
Arch design
evenly distributes
stresses
Natural concrete
made from mud
and straw
Roman Arch Bridge
History of Bridge Development
Great Stone Bridge in China
Low bridge
Shallow arch
Allows boats
and water to pass
through
3. History of Bridge Development
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of
Design
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in
suspending cables
1900
1920
Prestressed
Concrete
Steel
2000
4. Compression Tension
Basic Concepts
Span - the distance between two bridge
supports, whether they are columns, towers
or the wall of a canyon.
Compression –
Tension -
Force -
Concrete has good compressive strength,
but extremely weak tensile strength. What
about steel cables?
5. Basic Concepts
Beam - a rigid, usually horizontal, structural element
Pier - a vertical supporting structure, such as a pillar
Cantilever - a projecting structure supported only at one end,
like a shelf bracket or a diving board
Beam
Pier
Load - weight on a structure
6. The type of bridge used depends on the obstacle. The main
feature that controls the bridge type is the size of the obstacle.
Types of Bridges
Basic Types:
•Truss Bridge
•Beam Bridge
•Arch Bridge
•Suspension Bridge
•Floating Bridge
Truss Beam Arch
Suspension
Floating
7. Truss Bridge
All beams in a truss bridge are straight. Trusses are
comprised of many small beams that together can support
a large amount of weight and span great distances.
8. Types of Bridges
Beam Bridge
Consists of a horizontal beam supported at each end by piers.
The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers. The
farther apart its piers, the weaker the beam becomes. This is
why beam bridges rarely span more than 250 feet.
9. Forces
When something pushes down on the beam, the beam
bends. Its top edge is pushed together, and its bottom
edge is pulled apart.
Types of Bridges
Beam Bridge
10. Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength. Thousands of years ago,
Romans built arches out of stone. Today, most arch bridges
are made of steel or concrete, and they can span up to 800
feet.
Types of Bridges
11. Forces
The arch is squeezed together, and this squeezing force is
carried outward along the curve to the supports at each end.
The supports, called abutments, push back on the arch and
prevent the ends of the arch from spreading apart.
Types of Bridges
Arch Bridges
12. Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can span 2,000 to 7,000 feet -- way farther
than any other type of bridge! Most suspension bridges have a
truss system beneath the roadway to resist bending and
twisting.
Types of Bridges
13. Forces
In all suspension bridges, the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables, which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks, called anchorages, on both ends of
the bridge. The cars push down on the roadway, but because
the roadway is suspended, the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers. The two towers support most of
the bridge's weight.
Types of Bridges
Suspension Bridges
14. •Pontoon bridges are supported by floating pontoons
with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and
dynamic loads.
•While pontoon bridges are usually temporary
structures, some are used for long periods of time.
•Permanent floating bridges are useful for traversing
features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers.
•Such bridges can require a section that is elevated,
or can be raised or removed, to allow ships to pass.
Types of Bridges
Floating Bridge
16. How do the following affect your structure?
Ground below bridge
Loads
Materials
Shapes
Bridge
Engineering
17. To design a bridge like you need to take into account all the
forces acting on it:
•The friction of the earth on every part
•The strength of the ground pushing up the supports
•The resistance of the ground to the pull of the cables
•The dead weight and all vehicle loads
Then there is the drag and lift produced by wind and water
•The turbulence as fluids pass the towers
Summary
Bridge Engineering
Need to use appropriate materials and structural shapes in
the cheapest way, yet maintaining a certain degree of safety.
To account for natural disasters, engineers design bridges
with a factor of safety: usually around 3 or 4.
18. Case Study:
Tacoma Narrows
Failure
The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced
vibrations on Nov. 7, 1940. The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane
winds, but the wind that day was only 40 mph… what happened!?
