2. HYPOXIA
It is a situation in which adequate oxygen is not available to the tissues so
that homeostasis can be maintained.
Low oxygen levels in the tissues
CAUSES
high altitudes
lung diseases
or exposure to low-oxygen environments.
4. NORMAL RESPIRATION
Respiration is a metabolic process that takes place within the cells of
organisms.
During respiration, living cells obtain energy (in the form of ATP, or
Adenosine triphosphate) by:
Taking in oxygen from the environment.
Liberating carbon dioxide through the oxidation of complex organic substances
(such as glucose).
This energy is essential for various cellular functions.
5. CONTI….
Tidal volume (TV) refers to the amount of air exchanged during a single
normal breath.
Normal Tidal Volume : 500 mL of air enters the lungs with each tidal breath
Normal breathing is:
Slow and regular, breathing in and out through the nose only.
Invisible - No effort should be visible- the diaphragm should be moving gently.
Quiet with:
No panting.
No wheezing.
No sighing.
No deep inhalations or exhalations.
6. WHAT HAPPENS IN HYPOXIA?
Difficulty breathing
The body tries to increase oxygen intake by increasing respiratory rate.
8. HYPOXIC VENTILATORY RESPONSE
When oxygen levels drop, the body aims to enhance oxygen intake
HVR is the increase in ventilation induced by hypoxia, allowing the body to
take in and transport lower concentrations of oxygen at higher rates.
10. CHEMORECEPTION
The current model of carotid body chemoreception involves several steps:
Ion Channel Modulation: Hypoxia and hypercapnia-acidosis lead to the closure of
specific ion channels, including voltage-independent (TASK) and voltage-dependent
K+ channels.
Glomus Cell Depolarization: As a result of ion channel modulation, glomus cells
within the carotid bodies depolarize.
Calcium Influx: Depolarization triggers the entry of Ca2+ through L-type Ca2+
channels.
Transmitter Release: Glomus cells release one or more excitatory transmitters.
Nerve Ending Activation: These transmitters increase the discharges of the nerve
endings of chemosensory neurons.
14. CONCLUSION
Hypoxia caused by low oxygen level in the tissue due to various factors like
low oxygen in the environment or low oxygen carrying capacity of blood to
the tissues.The respiratory system associated with the cardiovascular system
helps to adapt the normal body homeostasis , hypoxic ventilatory response,
carotid body production, chemoreception plays an important role in this
process.
