“Advances in breeding of strawberry ”  

1. Gangaram Rana
Ph.D scholars .
Dept. Fruit Sciences
IGKV,RAIPUR
“Advances in breeding of Strawberry”

2. • Botanical name – Fragaria ananassa Duch.
• Family – Rosaceae
• Ch. No. – X = 7, 2n =8x= 56
• Origin – Strawberry is a man made hybrid. first bred in France, in the 1750s
via a cross of Fragaria virginiana from eastern North America and Fragaria
chiloensis from chile in 1714.
• Type of fruit- Etaerio of achenes
• Edible portion- Succulent thalamus.
.
STRAWBERRY

3. HISTORY
• 1368, a gardener, Jean Dudoy, of King Charles V had planted 1200 plants
of strawberry in the royal gardens of the Louvre in Paris.
• In 1375, Chateau de Couvres had planted 4 block of strawberry in the
garden of Duke of Burgundy.
• 15th century has a horticultural significance for establishing strawberry as a
common garden in France.(F. vesca)
• In 1712, a France army officer, A. F. Frezier, returned from Chile to France,
where he had seen the large fruited strawberry (F. chiloensis) and had
brought 5 plants with him. By the mid of 17th century, Chilean strawberries
were grown commercially in France. Its hybrids, which were accidental result
of using F. virginiana as a pollinator for F. chiloensis, were more fertile and
adaptable, in England, Holand and France made carefull section for large
fruited varieties of Fragaria x ananassa, as a hybrid was called.

4. • F. vesca L.
• F. viridis Duch
• F. nilgerrensis Schlect
• F. diltoniana j. Gay.
• F. nubicola Lindi.
• F. iinumae Makino
• F. iturupensis Staudt
• F. ananassa Duch
SPECIES
•F. yesoensis Hara
•F. nipponica Lindi
•F. orientalis Iosinsk
•F. moupinensis France
•F. bringhurstii
•F. moschata Duch
•F. chiloensis (L) Duch
•F. virginiana Duch

5. CYTOGENETICS
Diploid sp. - Fragaria daltoniana, Fragaria nilgerrensis,
Fragaria nubicola, Fragaria vesca, Fragaria viridis
Tetraploid sp. - Fragaria moupinensis, Fragaria orientalis
Hexaploid sp. - Fragaria moschata
Octaploid sp. - Fragaria chiloensis, Fragaria ovalis ,
Fragaria virginiana

6. Inheritance pattern
• Most commercial strawberries are strict hermaphrodites, but sex is regulated as
single gene trait in F. vesca, F. chiloensis, F. virginiana and F. x ananassa.
• Female (F) is dominant to hermaphrodite (H)
• Day neutrality is regulated by a single dominant allele .
• Winter hardiness is partially dominant over non hardiness.
• Pistillate character is heterozygous, hermaphrodite is dominant and staminate is
recessive
• Ever bearing is governed by single recessive gene and acted independently from a
single recessive gene for non runnering.
• Early flowering is controlled by additive genes and is partially dominant.
• Ease of calyx removal shows additive gene action.
• Fruit size, vitamin C, colour, TSS and acidity are quantitatively controlled.
• Total marketable yield is positively correlated with average berry weight, berries per
flower stem, yield per flower stem, leaf area and petiole diameter, but negatively
correlated with stolon number and flower stem number.

7. BLOSSOM BIOLOGY
• The flowers of strawberry occour in cluster.
• Two type of flowers viz. hermaphrodite (but function as either male or female)
and pistillate flowers, occur in cultivated strawberry.
Three flowers types exist among octoploid species:
• Pistillate, which is devoid of anthers (female);
• Staminate, with nonfunctional pistils (male); and hermaphrodite (perfect) or
complete, as first noted by Duschesne (1768).
• Plants may also be polygamodioecious, with the first few flowers on
predominately pistillate plants producing fruit (Hancock and Bringhurst 1979).
• Most modern cultivars have hermaphrodite flowers only and therefore must be
emasculated for controlled cross pollinations.
• Inflorescence is cymose type.
• Flower bud differentiation takes place 100 - 125 days after planting and FBD takes
place 8-10 days preceding flowering.

8. POLLINATION
• In strawberry, ovule fertility and receptivity exist for 8 to 10 days.
• Emasculation should be done 1 to 3 days before anthesis to prevent
selfing.
• Anther dehiscence occurs on the day of anthesis and mostly in afternoon.
• The major pollination insects are honey bee and various species of
Diptera.
BREEDING OBJECTIVE
• Breeding to increase fruit nutritional quality.
• High yielding cultivar with better fruit quality.
• Development of Day neutral cultivars
• Development of cultivar tolerant to salt stress.
• Breeding for resistance to fungal diseases in strawberry.

9. Albion-
• Introduced from USA.
• Released by University of
California.
• It is a day neutral variety.
• Resistant to Verticillium.
Camino Real
• Introduced from USA.
• Large fruit, very good flavor.
• Highly tolerant of rain damage.
• Tolerant to Phytophthora and
Verticillium.
BREEDING METHOD & CULTIVAR
1.INTRODUCTION

10. Alba
• Introduced from Italy.
• Very attractive and very
large size with long conical
shape.
• Bright red in color.
• Long self life.
Darselect
• Introduced from France.
• Excellent yield and
outstanding flavor despite &
ripening very early
• Robust plant, resistant to
vascular disease.

11. Festival
• Introduced from USA.
• Medium in sized, uniform
broad-conic fruit.
• Deep red external color &
medium to dark red internal
color.
• Moderately acidic but
balanced flavor.
• Resistant to rain damage.
Palomar
• Introduced from USA.
• Short day Cultivar.
• Large fruit size & improved
firmness.

12. Chandler
• It was derived from the cross
between Douglas x Cal
72.361-105.
• Fruit have exceptionally high
desert quality with
outstanding color, flavor and
texture.
Belrubi
• The Cultivar had originated in
France from a cross between
Pocahontas x Redcoat.
• Fruits are large, conical,
having red pulp and are of
good quality.
2. HYBRIDIZATION

13. Centinnial
• Derived from cross between
Twentienth Century x Gem
Seedling.
• Resistant to Verticillium spp.
Chambly
• Cross between Sparkle x
Honeoye.
• Fruits are conical in shape, firm
and medium in sized (8-10g) with
a white raised (2-3mm) neck.
• Peel is shiny and pulp is deep- red
in color.
• Resistant to powdery mildew and
leaf-scorch.

14. Elista
• Originated in Holand from a cross
between (Jacunda x self) x V.S.3763.
• Fruits are large in size and conical
shaped.
• Yield of 69g/plant under Chaubattia
condition of India.
Arking - Cross between Cardinal x Ark 5431, released from Arkansas Agriculture
Experiment Station, USA.
Florida Radiance - It is cross of Winter x FL 99-35 released from University of Florida
Strawberry Breeding Program.
Cambridge Favourite - Cross between Avant Tout x Blackmore.
Cambridge Prizewinner - Cross of Early Cambridge x Howard
17.
Cambridge Rival - Cross of Dorsette x Early Cambridge.

15. Virus elimination:
•Strawberries were one of the first horticultural crops to be routinely purified of virus
using thermotherapy.
•Shoot tips are used for virus free plantlets.
•Strawberry mottle and vein banding viruses are easily inactivated
Micropropagation:
•Strawberries have been successfully proliferated from both single meristems and
meristematic callus.
•Three deleterious mutations are particularly prevalent during micropropagation i. e.
chlorophyll mutant white stripe (WS), chlorosis (ChI) and dwarfism (Dw).
Somaclonal Variations
•Somaclonal variation in callus culture regenerants with higher concentration of BA and 2,
4-0 (20 mM each) was reported by Nehra et al (1992).
•Somaclonal variants were selected for resistance of Collectotrichum acutatum crude
culture filtrates.
Biotechnological tools

16. Protoplast culture and somatic hybridization
• Plants were regenerated from calli originating from double stained fused
protoplasts of Fragaria x ananassa and F. vesca (Wallin et al 1997).
• Most of the plants had a DNA content that exceeded the octoploid strawberry.
• The increased ploidy level could be due to somatic hybridization.
Mutation breeding
Strawberries are extremely sensitive to artificial mutation. Rybakov (1966)
obtained changes in yield, fruit quality, morphological characteristics, winter hardiness
and time of ripening on clones of two cultivars that had been treated with 0.01 to 0.1 %
solutions of ethylenimine or with gamma irradiation at dosages of 80 to 6000 rads.
• Genetic transformation
Both systems of DNA delivery, i.e. indirect through Agrobacterium mediated
transformation and direct transformation and direct transfer to the protoplasts/cells
have been successfully used in strawberry.

17. Constraints in strawberry breeding
•Strawberry is highly sensitive to mutagenic treatments.
•Viruses are a constant problem in most strawberry breeding
programmes as they cause degeneration of stocks.
•Meagre success in inter-specific crosses has been obtained.
•Being octoploid, the inheritance of all important characters is
complex.
•No success till date in anther culture, protoplast culture.

18. 18