Okra & cucumber hybrid seed production 01.03.2018

1. Dr. M. Pitchaimuthu
Principal Scientist
Division of Vegetables Crops
Indian Institute of Horticultural
Research, Bangalore-89
Advances of hybrid seed
production Techniques in Okra
and cucumber
Use of ♂st.line
Use of ♀ line
Fruits of GMS

2. An Important tropical traditional vegetable
Okra provides an important sources of vitamins,
calcium, potassium and other minerals, which are
often lacking in the diet of developing countries
Mucilaginous extracts of the green stem are
commonly employed in India for clarifying the
sugar cane juice
Dry seeds of okra contain 18 to 20 per cent oil
and 20 to 30 per cent crude protein.
The fruits are eaten mainly boiled in culinary
preparations, as sliced and fried pieces.
It is also slice dried in sun for its year-round
consumption
...
Okra [(Abelmoschus esculentus (l.) Moench)]”

3. International level
It is also cultivated in Nigeria, Sudan, Pakistan,
Ghana, Egypt, Benin, Saudi Arabia, Mexico and
Cameroon
Andhra Pradesh is the leading okra producing
state which has production of around 1184.2
thousand tons from an area of 78.90 thousand ha
The fruits are harvested when immature and
eaten as a vegetable.
Fresh leaves used in salads , soups and stews in
Africa. (Report fromKNUST-Kwamah-Nkrumah University.

4. Particular Area
(106
ha )
Production
(106
ton)
Productivity (ton
ha-1
)
World 0.83 5.44 6.52
India 0.52 5.78 11.70
Karnataka 0.20 0.26 12.50
Source : FAOSTAT (2015)
India is the largest producer of okra in the world
Major constrains in okra productionThe major growing sates of okra are U.P, Bihar,
Orissa, West Bengal, A.P, Tamilnadu and
Karnataka
Area, production and productivity

5. Okra hybrid seed and area under
production in India
States MH % of
All
India
KA % of
All
India
GJ % of
All
India
All
India
Estima
ted
Mkt
Value
Hybrid
Seed
(MT)
499.5 33.3 439.5 29.3 400.5 26.7 1500 200 Cr
Area
(Ac)
3121.8 2746.8 2503.1
- - -
SAI 2016

6. Okra Seed Produced during-2016-17
Particulars O.P Hybrids
Area 15,600 ha 100 ha
Production 10,000 tons 1500 tons
Source: Dalvi 2016

7. Okra is an Often cross pollinated crop ( 4-19 %
cross pollination )
It is perfect flower ( Both male & female part is
united together)
It takes 22-26 DAS for vegetative growth
46 DAS for flower bud initiation
Anthesis morning 9-10 am, stigma will be
receptive 2 hrs after flower opening
Bees, ants and wasp are major pollinator
Flower bud initiation, flowering, anthesis and
stigma receptivity are influenced by genotype and
climatic factors like temperature and humidity

8. Fig: Okra flower. A Side view; B longitudinal section;C longitudinal section of staminal column
Floral structure of okra
( fruit)(Seed
)

9. Okra Plant Ideotypes
Short and erect plant with more nodes,
Shorter internodal length and deeply cut
smooth leaves.
More no.of branches, fruiting in every
nodes
High fruit yield, Earliness and long
harvest duration.
Fresh market: Dark green fruit, tender,
thin, medium long(12-15 cm ) , smooth,
shiny pods, non prominent ridges, fruits
free from hairs and easy snapping

10. Advantages of Hybrids
In general, hybrids offer opportunities
for improvement in
Productivity
Earliness
Uniformity
Quality
Deployment of dominant genes
conferring resistance to pest and
disease
Higher prices for seed producer

11. Hybrid Seed Production in Okra
Points to be consider for F1 hybrid seed production
 Lab our and Capital intensive
Steps in hybrid seed production
• Emasculation (Manual)
• Pollination (Manual)
Pitchaimuthu & Dutta 2002

12. Hybrid Seed Production
Season: June – October
Pollination Period: 35 Days
Avg No. Of. Work Force/Day/0.5Acre: 5.7
Hybridization Activity: 70% of the total man days
Okra Total Man days for Hybrid seed Production: 298
Emasculation & pollination: 200
Initial 10 Days: 4 man days, Total: 40 Man days
Peak 15 Days: 8 man days, Total: 120 Man days
Last 10 Days: 4 man days, Total: 40 Man days
Grand Total: 35 Days: 200 Man Days
Pitchaimuthu et al 2012

13. Daily Minimum Wage for Agriculture
worker
under the Minimum wage Act
State Minimum
Wage
Remark
Karnataka 250.00 Notified in 2015
Maharashtra 200.00 Notified in 2015
Gujarat 200 Notified in 2015
•Children <14 Years age Rs:75-100
•On an Average 20 % Child force is involved in Hybrid seed
production
•MNC’s such as Syngenta, Nunhems, Seminis in collaboration
with Fair labour Association discourage the involvement of Child
labour in Hybrid seed production
2013-14

14. Manifestation of Heterosis
Heterosis range 38-70 % for number of
fruits, earliness and fruit weight
Flowers are perfect flower
Genetic male sterility was induced by
gamma irradiation at IIHR first report in
the world.
It is conditioned by single recessive gene
under homologous condition.
It can be utilized for hybrid seed
production.

15. In general, by conventional methods okra
hybrids were developed through hand
emasculation followed by hand pollination
Emasculate (removal of anthers ) from the
perfect flower of male part prior to
anthesis and bag them
Collect the male flower in morning 7.30
am and complete pollination before 10 am
Pollination may continue for 45 days .
It required 5 lab/ day / acre.

16. By hand pollination
It takes 9 hr, 37 mints,
Thus approximately 70 % saving
time and lab our for producing 1 kg
of hybrid seeds.
Harvesting of fruits, split start
appearing in the field.
Seed yield 800-1000 kg/ha
Plant Population : 55,000 plant/ha.

17. Emasculation Technique
1 1
2 2

18. Hand Pollination Technique
1 2
3 4

19. Okra Hybrid Seed Production
Day Before Anthesis Day of Anthesis
Flowers are Entomophillous / Facultative Autogamous
Pollinators: Beetals, Honey bees (Apis mellifera & Apis
cerana) Extant of cross pollination is 3 – 60%

20.  A field design in which alternate planting of four
rows male sterile and one fertile plant was done
keeping a ratio of 4:1
 A population of 41,666 ms plants /ha with hybrid
seed yield of 5.66 q/ha.
 For production of, time taken for emasculation,
pollinati1kg hybrid seeds on and bagging of 274
perfect flowers = 9hr and 37 min
 Time taken for pollination and bagging of 274 GMS
flowers = 2hr and 53 min
 70% saving in Time and Manual Labour
Advantages of GMS hybrids

21. Sterile Type ms
Geneic male sterile flower developed at IIHR
Dutta & Pitchaimuthu 2012

22. MUTATION BREEDINGGeneic Male sterile line
 Genetic male sterility in okra has been induced through
mutation breeding using 50 kr gamma rays.
 The trait is governed by single recessive gene msms ,
when present in homozygous condition .First report in
India and world.
 This male sterility character can be exploited for hybrid
seed production by hand pollination .
Geneic Male sterile Male fertileFruits of GMS
lines

23. Field Design for Okra Hybrid Seed
Production
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
a
b
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
O X
a
a = 30cm, b = 60cm
O = Male Fertile
X = Male Sterile
Male Fertile : Male Sterile
1 : 1
52.5% Hybrid seed yield
as compared to normal
fertile control.
Number of plants to be raised
r = number of Male Sterile plants to be recovered
p q 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15
0.95 0.5 5 8 11 13 16 18 23 28 40
0.99 0.5 7 11 14 17 19 22 27 32 45
p = Probability of recovering r plants with the trait (Sterility)
q = Probability of the occurrence of the trait (Sterility)

24. GMS lines in okra
Geneic male Sterile
Male fertile
GMS line can be maintained by sibbing
with in the line & 50 : 50 ratio (s/f)

25. Sowing time is very essential for
seed production
Temperature, RH and rainfall
It influences the seed quality and
specific gravity
South India : 1st
week of Feb-March
ideal time for sowing
Spacing : 30 x 15 cm is optimum
Seed rate : 4-8 kg/ha.
Important points for hybrid seed
production in okra

26. Since, okra is often a cross pollinated
crop, an
Foundation seeds : 400 mts
Certified seeds : 200mts required.
Rouging or culling of off types or
diseased plants is done at three critical
stage
Isolation Distance

27. Okra requires a long, warm and humid
growing condition , successfully grown in
hot humid areas but sensitive to frost and
extremely low temperature
For normal growth and development a
temperature between 24 0
C and 28 0
C is
preferred.
For seed germination optimum soil
moisture and a temperature between 25 0
C
and 35 0
C is needed with fastest
germination observed at 35 0
C.
Beyond this the germination will be
delayed.
Climatic condition

28. Physiology of okra
High night temperature favours in
plant height.
High day temperature delay in flower
development
Medium day temperature and high
R.H favours flower bud initiation
Long day light produces only
vegetative phase for nine months
Low temperature and low light
intensity reduce the pollen burst

29. Rouging
Rouging of the seed crops should be
begins with uprooting and destroying of
YVMV infected plants after they are
noticed.
This should be continuing up to the three
fruit stage. Subsequent roughing of off
type and wild species of Abelomoschous
sp should be done prior to flowering.
The off type plants are easily
distinguishable on the basis of plant
height, leaf, stem, characteristics,
pigmentation, flower size and shape of the

30. Growth regulators
To improve the seed yield , soak the seed
with GA3 or thiourea at 50-100 ppm for 24
hours at 25 o
C
Foliar application of GA3 or NAA 50-100
ppm along with two green fruit picking will
improve the seed weight and yield.
Foliar application of urea 2 % spray at 45
days after sowing will increase the seed
yield
Foliar spraying by 1.0 % water soluble
fertilizer potassium nitrate 4 times at an
interval of one week starting from 30 days
after sowing to improve seed yield &
quality.

31. Matured pod harvest
 Dry fruits are ready for
harvest
after 35 days of pollination
 Seed Yield : 6.5-7 qtl/ha by
conventional method of seed
Production.
 5.9 qtl/ha by using GMS lines
 Seed moisture content is 8-
12%

32. Developed by public –New hybrids
Hybrids Sources
VORH-7,VROH-8 IIVR, Varanasi
COBThH-1 TNAU, Coimbatore
Arka Nikita IIHR, Bengaluru

33. Okra varieties tolerant to YVMV
( Public sector)
Sl.No. Name of the
varieties
Sources
1. Arka Anamika IIHR, Bangalore
2. Arka Abhay -do-
3. Parbhani Kranti MPKV , Rahuri
4. Hissar Unath HAU, Hissar
5. Pusa A4 IARI
6. Punjab Padmini PAU, Ludhiana

34. Okra varieties tolerant to YVMV
( Public sector)
Sl.No. Name of the varieties Sources
7. Kashi Mahima IIVR, Varanasi
8 Kashi Mangala IIVR, Varanasi
9 Kashi Vibhuti IIVR, Varanasi
10 Kashi Pragati IIVR, Varanasi
11 Kashi Satdhari IIVR, Varanasi
12 Pusa Sawani
(Susceptible )
IARI, New Delhi
13 Co-1 TNAU, Coimbatore

35. Okra Hybrids tolerant to YVMV
( Public sector)
Sl.No. Name of the
varieties
Sources
1. Shitala Upahar IIVR, Varanasi
2. Shitala Jyothi IIVR, Varanasi
3. Kashi Bhairav IIVR, Varanasi
4. Kashi Rupa IIVR, Varanasi
5. GOH-3, GOH-4 GAU, Anand
6. Hybrid-7 and
Hybrid -8
TNAU,
Coimbatore

36. Okra hybrids developed by
private
Hybrids Sources
Singam Bayer
Mahyco-10,53,64 Mahyco seed
SOH-156 Syngenta
Mona, Taja Adventa seeds
Sonal, Sakthi,
Sarika
Numhems
NS-810, NS-801
NS-862
Namdhari
Sultan, Safari, Hiveg, Rasi

37. Seed transmitted diseases of okra
Disease Pathogens
Fruit blight Ascochyta abelmoschi
Fruit rot Choanephora cucurbitarum
Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
Vasinfectum
Collar rot F. Solani f.sp. Hibisci
Die back Colletotrichum gloeosporiodies
Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina
Grey mold Botrytis cinerea
Leaf blight Bogryodiplodia theobromae
Bacterial blight Pseudomonas syringae pv.
Synringae

38. Seed standard of okra seed production
Standard Foundation
(%)
Certified
(%)
Seed Purity
(Minimum
99.0 99.0
Inert matter
(Maximum)
1.0 1.0
Other crop seed
(Maximum)
None None
Total Weed seed
(Maximum)
None None
Objectionable weed
seed
None None
Germination 65-75 65-75
Moisture 10 10

39. Economics of hybrid seed production using
GMS line and traditional method in okra
Particulars GMS line (Rs /ha) Normal line (Rs /ha)
Land preparation 3000 3000
Seeds & sowing 2350 2350
FYM + Fertilizer &
application cost
16535 16535
Intercultural Operations 2800 2800
Pollination 22230 44460
Plant protection 6200 6200
Irrigation 7500 7500
Harvesting & cleaning 1200 1200
Total cost of cultivation 61,815.00 83,695.00
Seed yield 5.99 5.00 q/ha
Gross return Rs. 2,69,550 2,25 000
Procurement price @ Rs. 450/gg

40. Plant protection measures
• To control okra fruit borer as an alternative
to synthetic insecticides spray sevin (3
g/l)/ Coragen 0.3 ml/lit.
If hopper incidence increases, then only
spray Acephate (2gm/l).
If red spider mites incidence is noticed,
first remove infected leaves and burn
them, followed by spray Ecomite 0.5%
Then spray neem soap 8 g/lit
However, care should be taken to spray
lower surface of the leaves where mites
are generally found

41. If the soil is sick with root knot nematodes, apply the
250 kg of neem cake or pongamia cake and also apply
Trichoderma enriched FYM to soil before land
preparation.
For this purpose, mix 2-3 kg of Trichoderma with 1 t of
FYM, cover with polythene or dry grass and keep it
under shade for one week and then apply to soil.
Apply 5 t of FYM thus enriched with the bio-pesticide
In addition to the above, treat the seeds with bio-
pesticide Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10 g/kg seed
before sowing to manage nematodes.

42. In the initial stages of crop (before
flowering spray systemic insecticide like
thioethoxam 0.3 gm/l or imidacloprid (0.3
ml/l) for managing hoppers.
Spray neem or pongamia soaps @ 0.5 %
or pulverized neem seed powder extract
(NSPE) 4% will control hoppers

43.  Give the lower surface of the leaves
thorough spray, as the pest is
generally found there.
Collect and destroy the affected fruits
and stems.
Spray a systemic insecticide like
dimethoate 30 EC ( 2 ml/l) acetamiprid
(0.2 gm/l) for controlling aphids

Sprays wettable sulphur 50 WP @
3g/l to control powdery mildew

44. YVMV symptom ELCV symptom
White fly (Bemisia tabaci).
Insect Vector

45. Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus ( YVMV)
 In India, YVMV is the most serious disease
Yield loss 93.3 % 35 days after seed sowing
 Transmitted by Vector white fly Bemisia tabaci
 Resistance sources wild species viz., A.tetraphyllus var
tetraphyllus, A. caillei, ,IIHR-285-1-2, IIHR-296-22-4-10, IIHR-294-2-1-1
 Res. Varieties : Arka Anamika, A.Abhay, Parbhani Kranti, Pb-7
Initial symptom Severe infection

46. Identified new sources of resistance to
YVMV
Screening field for YVMV at Hot spot

47. YVMV resistant lines
Resistant line
YVMV
0 %
Susceptible
Check
1685
100%
Dark green thin fruitYVMV Screening plot
IIHR-296-22-4-10

48. Enation leaf curl Virus
 Major problems in both seed and commercial crops
 Kharif and rainy seasons in north Indian condition
 Yield loss 30-45 % in the commercial crop 65 % seed crop
 Resistance Sources : Nil
Combined YVMV + ELCV Typical symptoms of ELCV

49. New Emerging problems
Ilar Virus
Confused with YVMV + Yield loss ?

50. Fungal Diseases
Initial symptom of Fusarium wilt
 Fusarium wilt : C/o F. oxysporum f.sp. Vasinfectum
 Yield loss 40 %
 Sclerotium rot : 70-80 %
Severe condition
 Resistance sources : IIHR, 12-2, IIHR-52-2, IIHR-64-1, IIHR-81-1, IIHR-68 and IIHR-190

51. Other fungal diseases
CecosporaLeaf spot
Cercospora abelmoschi
Powdery mildew disease
Erysiphe cichoracearum
 Resistance sources: IIHR-233-1 ,African type IIHR 288 and A. caillei

52. Nematode infection in okra
Severity of Nematode infected plants Resistant Plants Susceptible plants
 Root-Knot nematode: Meloidogyne
incoginata
 Yield loss : 40-80 %
 Resistance sources : IIHR-159-1, IIHR153-1, IIHR-120-11 and IIHR-106-
13

53. GMS-1 Arka Anamika
background (Lush green )
Lush green fruits Medium tall plant with broad leaves

54.
Arka Anamika
Recommended to Eastern,southern
and central dry zones of Karnataka
and all zones of the country
Yield : 20 t/ha
Resistant to YVMV

55. Arka Abhay
Recommended to Eastern,southern
and central dry zones of Karnataka
and zone II
Yield : 18 t/ha
Tolerant to YVMV

56. Fruits of GMS line-4
Fertile and sterile flowers
Unique GMS line developed, commercialized
and revenue generated Rs. 41 Lakh
Female parent (Genetic Male sterile line-4)

57. AC 1685
( SC)
Resistant line
299-14-11-585
Yield 18.10 t/ha
Male parent IIHR-299-14-11-585 Screened for YVMV
resistant during summer 2013 at Attur Salem (TN)

58. Salient feature of Arka Nikita (F1 hybrid)
First public sector GMS
based hybrid in the world
 Yield 21-24 t/ha
Green fruits
Smooth, thin and tender
fruits
 5 ridge and easy to harvest
 Early fruiting :39-43 days
Green stem and unique
petal base (Purple colour in
inside petals )
Suitable for Kharif and
Summer seasons
Seed production is easy and
save 70 % labour cost by
avoiding emasculation.

59. Nuclear seed production of released
varieties of Arka Anamika at hotspot area
YVMV
Susceptible
Checks
YVMV resistant
var. Arka Anamika
using gifting techniqu

60. Nuclear seed production of released
varieties of Arka Abhay at IIHR
YVMV
Susceptible
Check
YVMV
Resistant
var.
A. Abhay
Check

61. Cucumber
Cucumber : Cucumis sativus
Cucurbitaceae, 118 genera, 825 sp.
2n = 14 , Genome size : 367 mb
Uses : Salads, dessert fruits, cooked ,
pickled , Cosmetics industries
Origin : Himalayan belt of Indo china
region
Area & production
India : 24,896 ha & 1,45,863 tonnes
World : 408.61 lakh ha & 24.27 lakh tones
(FAO stat ,2016

62. Productivity of cucumber in India : 6.34 t/ha
It is very low as compared to average yield of
Israel : 82.73 t/ha
China :41.17 t/ha
Turkey :29.47 t/ha FAO . 2010
USA :16.52 t/ha
World Average : 30.23 t/ha
Reason :
 Most of the commercial cucumber in other part
of the world are F1 hybrids with gynoecious
back ground and Downy mildew resisatant

63. Types of cucumber
Four types of Cucumber
Tropical slicing cucumber
Temperate European cucumber
West Indian Gherkin
Pickling cucumber

64. Slicing tropical Indian cucumber
(Cucumis sativus)

65. Pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus
var.sativus )
Plant with fruit Immature fruit
Gynoecious pickling
cucumber
Uses : Only for pickling & 100 % is exported
to other countries

66. European Cucumber (C. sativus)
Parthenocarpic gynoecious
plant
Tender fruits

67. West Indian Gherkin (Cucumis
anguria)
Gherkin with flower and fruit Cut fruit of immature
condition

68. Cucumber
Heterosis in yield : Pickling cucumber
(35-40%)and Slicing cucumber : (20-30 %)
Heterosis is manifested for earliness and
number of fruits / pl.
Sex expression and hybrid seed
production in cucumber
There are five types of sex in cucumber
- Gynoecious(♀)
- Hermaphrodite (☿)
- Monoecious(♂&♀)
- Andromonoeciuos(♂&,☿)
- Androecious(♂)

69. Requirement of seed production in
cucumber
1. Isolation Distance : As per the Indian
minimum seed standard the recommended
Foundation seed :1000 m,
Certified Seeds : 800 m
Breeder seed : 1500m
The cucumber can cross easily with its wild
relative Cucumis hardwickii found in wild form
Maintain the varietals purity

70. Floral Biology
Time of Duration of
Anthesis Dehiscence Pollen
fertility
Stigma
receptivity
4.30-7.00 hr 4.30-0.00 hr Up to 14 hrs 12 hrs before
and 6-7 hrs
after

71. Climatic requirements
Optimum temperature
requirements
RH pH range
Day Night
70-90% 6-720-25 o
C 18-20o
C
Season :
 Rainy season is preferred over summer season
for
raising seed crop.
 Locations are also important in seed production
with reference to seed yield and quality of seed.

72. Rouging
Seed crop is to be monitored at various
stages of crop growth for removal of off-type
and obviously should be carried out before
flowering to avoid natural cross-pollination.
However, fruit set and complete fruit
development stages are also important.
Fruit shape, colour, presence of spines,
spines colour, colour of ripen fruit (green,
yellow, white or orange)

73. Commonly used mechanism to
develop hybrids in Cucurbits
Mechanism Commercially
exploited crops
Gynoecism + Natural pollination Cucumber ,
PGR + Pinching of Staminate flowers
+Natural pollination
Cucumber

74. Use of PGRs to increased female
flowers in Cucurbits
PGR Conc.
(ppm)
Cucurbits
Cycocel (CCC) 250-500 Very effective in cucumber
NAA 25-100 Cucumber,
Maleic Hydrazides (MH) 50-150 Cucumber,
AgNo3 500 Induce male flower in
Gynoecious cucumber

75. Methods of F1 hybrid seed production
By artificial pollination alone
Removal of male flowers and use of
insect pollinators
Use of Gynomonoecious lines
Use of Gynoecious lines

76. The following methods are followed in cucumber to
produce seeds of F1 hybrids.
1. By artificial pollination alone.
• Since cucumber plants are monoecious
emasculation is not required.
• The female flowers of the seed parent (female
parent) can be artificially pollinated with pollen
collected from the male flowers of the pollen
parent.
• A single pollination produces a large number of
seeds and therefore, the cost of production of
hybrid seeds is not high.
Cucumber

77. 2.Removal of male flowers and use of insect
pollinators.
• In this method the male flowers in the monoecious
parent line are removed before they open and only
female flowers are left on the plant for pollination by
insects in nature.
• The seed is collected from the female parent line
only.
• Usually the 2 rows of female and pollen parent lines
are planted alternately in an isolated field.

78. 3. Use of gynomonoecious lines.
• The gynomonoecious and monoecious (pollen
parent) lines are planted alternately. The seed
is collected from the female parent line only.
• The hybrid seed is collected from the
gynoecious plants which are left for seed
production.
• The monoecious and other intermediate plants
from the gynomonoecious must be removed at
an early stage, preferably before the pistillate
flowers on gynoecious plants open.

79. 4. Use of gynoecious plants.
• spraying of GA3
2,000 ppm at the first true leaf
stage and again at 14 days later induced
about 10% male flowers in gynoecious lines
• The gynoecious plants can be selfed using the
pollen from the induced male flowers and thus
maintained in a homozygous condition.
• The homozygous gynoecious line and the
pollen parent line can be planted alternately
and the hybrid seeds collected from the
gynoecious plants.
• F1 hybrid seeds can be collected from

80. Gynoecious (a) and monoecious (b) plant in F4
population of cucumber inbred line IIHR-437
a b
Monoecious plant

81. Use of Gynoecious lines
Hybrid seeds are produced by planting
4 rows(Gyno)
:
2 rows ( Mono)
• Suppression of staminate flower on seed parent is achieved by
spraying ethrel ( 250 ppm) at two leaf stage
• Gynoecious lines are maintained by spraying silver thiosulphate
500-1500 ppm at two leaf stage.

82. .
F1 Hybrids of Cucumber
Crops Hybrids Source
Cucumber Priya
Superior
Slicer
Liberty
Aman
PCUCH-1
Malini
Pusa Sanyog
Mahyco
IAHS
Suttons
PROAGRO
GBPUAT
Seminis
IARI

83. Commercial slicing varieties
Himangi , Japanese Long Green , Straight Eight
Poinsett , Poona Khira , Pusa Sanyog
Pant Sankar Khira 1,Phule Shubhangi, Sheetal,
Phule Prachi, Phule champa,
Swarna Agethi, Swarna Seetal , Swarna Poorna,
Pusa Uday, Pusa Bharka , Co-1,
Parthenocarpic English slicing :
 Multisatr, Velly Star, Sunstar,Silyon
 Gherkin (Pickling cucumber ) : Ajax

84. Training and Pruning
operation in cucumber
I.Single stem system
19th
node
8th
node
Ratio : 4:1
Retain : 4-5 fruits/pt.
II.Branching type
-23rd
node - 23rd
node
16th
node
8th
node
19th
node-
Ratio: 4:1
Retains: 6-7 fruits/pl.
Seed yield : 300-350 kg/ha Total pl.population: 19000 pl/ha

85. Fruit
curing:
After harvest minimum
15 days kept for curing
 For physiological maturity
of the seed
Fruit peduncle should
be down

86. Harvesting,curing and seed
extraction
Harvest the fruit 35-50 days after
pollination
Cure the fruits under shade in cool and
dry place ( stalk portion touching down)
Extract the seed jelly for 24 hours ,
clean and dry the seed in shade
Seed yield 300-350 kg/ha.

87. Seed extraction of Cucumber matured fruit
Wet method is the bestMatured fruit

88. Major Diseases affecting cucumber
Powdery mildew Downy mildew
Anthracnose Bacterial wilt
Cucumber Mosaic Virus Fusarium wilt

89. Major pest affecting cucumber
Fruit fly
Red pumpkin beetle
White flies
Aphids

90. Disease/insect pest Control measures
Downey mildew(Pseudopernospora
cubensis)
Ridomil (0.2%) spray at 15 days interval
Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca
fulginiea)
Bavistin (0.2%) sprays at 15 days interval
Karathene (0.05%) spray at 10 days interval
Anthracnose Foltof (0.2%) spray at 10 days interval
Alternaria blight Kavach (0.2%) spray at 10 days interval
Fusarium wilt Drench the soil with 0.2% Bavistin
Phytophthora rot Spray Cartan (0.2%) at the time of fruit
ripening
Aphid / Jassids / Thrips Spray Demacron (.05%) or Rogor (.25%) at
10 days interval
Red pumpkin beetle/borer Spray Sevin 50 WP(0.4%) or Cymbush
(0.05%) at the seedling stage.
Fruit fly Bait traps prepared by adding 1g protein
hydrolygate and 1ml of malathion in 1 litre
of water.
Nematode Soil application of Furodon @ 8 kg/ha in
Plant protection schedule in Cucurbits and Okra

91. Thank You