The document summarizes information about mango cultivation. It discusses the origin and distribution of mango, describing that it originated in tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia. It also covers the taxonomy of mango and lists its botanical classification. The document then discusses mango production statistics in India and lists some popular mango varieties from different states, including Dashehari, Langra, and Bombay Green. It also summarizes research on the effects of rootstocks and propagation methods on mango growth and yield.

1. FSC-602 Assignment

2. INTRODUCTION
• Mango has been in cultivation in the Indian sub
continent for over 4000 years now (De Candolle,1904).
• The greatest tribute to this esteemed plant was paid by
emperor Akbar who established the Lakh Bagh (a
mango orchard having 1,00,000 plants) in
Darbhanga,Bihar.
• Ain-e-akbari has information about mango cultivation.

3. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
• Mango is believed to be originated from tropical
rain forests of South-East Asia.
• The highest concentration of Mangifera spp.is
reported to be in the Malaya Peninsula followed
by Sunda islands & the eastern peninsula.
• The genus contain 69 spp. in all but almost all the
edible cv. belongs to the single species Mangifera
indica which originated in the Indian subcontinent.

4. TAXONOMY
The taxonomic classification was given by Bompard and Kostermens
in 1993.
KINGDOM : Plantae
CLASS : Dicotyledonae
SUBCLASS : Polypetalae
SERIES : Disciflorae
ORDER : Spindales
FAMILY : Anacardiaceae
GENUS : Mangifera
SPECIES : indica
BOTANICAL NAME : Mangifera indica
2n : 40

5. AREA & PRODUCTION
• Area – 2258 (ʼ000 ha).
• Production – 21822(ʼ000 MT).
• Productivity – 9.6 MT/ha.
• Highest area – Uttar Pradesh is the leading mango
producing state followed by Andhra Pradesh and
Karnataka. (NHB statistics, 2017-2018)
• In Haryana,the total area & production of mango for
the year 2017-2018 was 9352 ha & 98,595 MT
respectively.
• Yamunagar, Ambala and Panchkula are the major
mango producing districts. (Horticulture department of
Haryana statistics, 2017-2018)

6. SPECIES
• The highest spp. diversity occur in Western Malaysia
(Malayan Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra).
• Other than M.indica, 26 spp. can produce edible fruits,
most of them are confined to South East Asia. Some of
the spp. are :-
(i) M.caesia (Binjai/Kemang) – cultivated in Java,bears
off season fruits.
(ii) M.foetida – used for pickling.
(iii) M.kemang & M.altissima – used as fresh or green as
salad.
(iv) M.pajang – largest fruit & attractive
(v) M.odorata – grown in humid lowlands of S.E.Asia.

7. (v) M.laurina – resistant to anthracnose.
(vi) M.gedebe & M.laurina – res. to water logged
conditions.
(vii) M.zeylanica – res. to salinity.
Other mango spp. Having palatable fruits are :-
M.griffithii, M.quadrifida, M.similis, M.minor,
M.monandra.

8. CULTIVARS
• About a 1000 cv. Of mango are known to exist in india.
Almost all of these are of monoembryonic type.
• About a dozen of polyembryonic types also exist in india
viz.Bappakai, Chandrakaran, Goa, Kurukkan, Olour,
Bellary, Kasargod, Mazagaon, Nileshwar Dwarf & Salem.
• Polyembryonic cv. Reported from other countries –
Combodiana, Carabao, Cecil, Higgins, Paho,
Peach/Turpentine, Pico, Sabre, Saigon, Simmonds, Samini
& Strawberry.

9. Commercial cultivars of Haryana
S.No Cultivar Characteristics
1 Dashehari Mid season ,biennial bearer, good for canning, elliptical-
oblong in shape
2 Langra Large size fruits, oblong in shape, mid season, Turpentine
flavour, most prone to fruit drop.
3 Chausa Oblong shaped fruits, Late, sweetest variety, highly
susceptible to malformation.
4 Fazli Late variety, very large fruits, biennial bearer
5 Bombay
Green
Earliest, medium size fruits, highly susceptible to
malformation
6 Shah Pasand Mid season, high shelf life.

11. Varieties released by IARI, New Delhi
s.no varieties Parents characteristics
1 Amrapali Dashehari x Neelum • Dwarf, regular.
2 Mallika Neelum x Dashehari • Highest vit. A, regular.
3 Pusa Lalima Dashehari x Sensation • Regular, fruits have red peel.
4 Pusa Shreshth Amrapali x Sensation • Regular, fruits have red peel &
orange pulp.
5 Pusa Pratibha Amrapali x Sensation •Regular, oblong shape, good shelf life,
bright red peel and orange peel.
6 Pusa Arunima Amrapali x Sensation •Late, medium size, red peel color,
regular
7 Pusa Peetambar Amrapali x Lal Sundari • Regular, good sugar : acid blend.
8 Pusa Surya Eldon •Medium size fruit, yellow peel color,
good shelf life.

12. Pusa
Surya
Pusa Lalima
Pusa Shreshtha
Pusa Peetambher

13. Varieties Parents characteristics
Varieties developed by IIHR, Banglore
1 Arka Puneet Banganapalli x Alphonso Mid season, regular, free from spongy
tissue.
2 Arka Aruna Banganapalli x Alphonso • Dwarf, early, regular, fibreless, free
from spongy tissue.
3 Arka Anmol Alphonso x Janardan Pasand • Semivigrous, regular.
4 Arka
Neelkiran
Alphonso x Neelum • Late, export quality.
Varieties developed by
1 Ratna Neelum x Alphonso • Early, regular, free from spongy
tissue.
2 Sindhu Ratna x Alphonso • Seedless, high yielding.
Varieties developed by CISH, Lucknow
1 Ambika
(CISH-M-1)
Amrapali x Janardhan Pasand • Regular bearer, export potential,
oblong oval shape, late maturity.
2 Arunika Amrapali x Vanaraj • Regular bearer, ovate-oblong in
shape.

14. Other commercial varieties of India
S.No. Varieties Region characteristics
1 Himsagar East •Biennial bearer, large size fruites, oval in shape
2 Kishenbhog East • Mid season, round shape, biennial bearer.
3 Gulabkhas East • Rose flavour, reddish blush towards the base, oblong
shape, biennial bearing
4 Alphonso West • Finest, export cv., biennial bearing, oval shape, ,
pinkish blush towards the base, highly susceptible to
spongy tissue.
5 Kesar west • Processing quality, oblong in shape, biennial bearing
6 Pairi West •Medium size, ovate shape, biennial & heavy bearer.
7 Mankurad West • Mid season.

15. S.No. Varieties Region characteristics
8 Neelum South • Regular & heavy bearer, late season, best
combiner variety.
9 Banganapalli South • Early maturing, oval shape, regular bearer.
10 Swarnarekha South • Early, attractive pinkish red fruits, ovate-oblong
11 Totapuri South • Regular & heavy bearer.
12 Mulgoa South • Excellent late cv. of south, biennial, roundish
oblique shape.

16. 1 Manjeera Rumani x Neelum • Early, regular bearer.
2 Prabha Sankar Bombai x Kalapadi • Regular bearer.
3. Saisugartha Totapuri x Kesar • Regular, free from malformation.
4 Clone C-51 Dashehari regular, free from malformation.
5 Niranjan Off- season cultivar
6 Akshay Dashehari

18. Pusa Lalima

21. Abstract: The present experiment was conducted at Fruit Research Station Kuthulia
farm Rewa (M.P.). Twenty mango varieties of different zones of India were tested in
Randomized Block Design with four replications. The result revealed that the
variety S.B. Chausa was vigorous in growth than other varieties. The maximum
plant height (8.97 m), canopy height (7.54 m) and spread (11.59 m E->W and 15.1
m N->S) were recorded in S.B. Chausa followed by Langra. The Mallika variety of
mango found at par with morphological characters. The maximum yield (116.15
kg/tree) was recorded in Bangalora followed by Langra (69.31 kg/tree), Dashehari
(62.9 kg/tree), Mallika (59.48 kg/tree) and Bombay green (53.26 kg/tree). The
physio-chemical properties like fruit weight varied from Vanraj (401.7 g/fruit) and
Banglora(326.25 g/fruit).However fruit weight was lowest in Neelam (126.68 g).
The total soluble solid content was maximum in Dashehari (23.6 B) followed by
Langra (23.45 B), Mallika (22.1 B) and Bombay green (22.1 B). On the basis of
cumulative mean of 8 years and quality parameters, the mango varieties Banglora,
Langra,Mallika, Bmbai, Beneshan, Bombay green and Fazli were found most
suitable for commercial plantation in Kymore plateau.
Performance of mango varieties in Kymore platue of Madhya Pradesh
T.K. Singh, J. Singh and D.B. Singh
JNKVV, College of Agriculture Rewa 486001(M.P.)

23. SOIL
• Grows on a wide range of well drained soil from
alluvial to lateritic, except black cotton soil.
• Deep (2-2.5m) and well drained soils are the best.
• Mango is sensitive to saline conditions.
• Favorable pH is 5.5 – 7.0 ( Whiley, 1984).

24. CLIMATE
• Mango is basically a tropical fruit according to its origin,
but performs well in subtropical condition.
• It can be grown up to 1100-1400m above the msl.
• Best temperature: 24-27 Degree Celsius (Chadha,
2001).
• Grows best in regions with rainfall between 25 cm and
30 cm

25. Commercially used propagation methods
• Veneer grafting: best method of propagation and
succesfully employed during July to August in North
India.
o Procedure:
a) Select a scion which should be matching thickness witn
rootsock preferably terminal non flowered shoots.
b) Selected scion are defoliated on the mother plant about
7-10 days prior to deattaching.
• Epicotyl/stone grafting: widely practised in konkan
region of Maharashtra.
• Inarching: this method is followed in South India

26. EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS ON VENEER GRAFTING
SUCCESS AND SURVIVAL OF MANGO GRAFTS (MANGIFERA
INDICA cv. BANGANPALLI)
B. V. Sivudu, M. L. N. Reddy , P. Baburatan and A. V. D. Dorajeerao
An experiment was carried out to study the effect of time on veneer grafting
success and survival of mango grafts at Horticultural College and Research
Institute, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Anantharajupet, Y.S.R. district of Andhra
Pradesh (India) during the year 2012-2013. The results revealed that among the
studied five structural conditions, Naturally ventilated polyhouse recorded
significantly highest increment in sprout length (6.06 cm), graft height (17.92 cm),
number of grafts sprouted (71.27%), minimum days required for sprouting of grafts
(12.11 days), number of leaves per graft (17.34) and maximum survival per centage
(67.18%) at 90 DAG (days after grafting).

27. Effect of time and propagation structure onnumber of days required for emergence of
sproutingand number of grafts sprouted in Mango cv. Banganpalli.
Effect of timeand propagation structure on graft height (cm) and survival percentage of veneer grafting in Mango cv.
Banganpalli at 90 DAG.

28. ROOTSTOCKS
1. Dwarfing Effect :-
 Rumani – Dashehari
 Olour – Himsagar & Langra
 Vellai Columban – Alphonso
2. Salt resistant :- Kurukkan
3. Salt tolerant :- 13-1,Moovandan, Nekkare, Ann &
Gomera

29. Long-term effects of rootstocks on growth and fruit yielding patterns of ‘Alphonso’
mango (Mangifera indica L.)
Yellu Narsimha Reddy, Reju M. Kurian, P. R. Ramachander, Gorakh Singh, Ruchi Kohli
less
Abstract: Results of a 21-year study on the performance of ‘Alphonso’ mango grafted on
eight rootstocks established the influence of the rootstocks on the growth and fruit yielding
patterns of ‘Alphonso’ scion. Nucellar seedlings of ‘Muvandan’ ‘Bappakai’ and ‘Olour’ were
vigorous rootstocks in decreasing order of vigour, while those of ‘Vellaikulamban’ imparted
dwarfing, in comparison with the scion grafted on its own open-pollinated zygotic seedlings.
The cumulative fruit yield per tree was higher on the vigorous rootstocks, particularly
‘Muvandan’ and ‘Olour’; the latter rootstock also resulting in early higher yields of the scion.
However, the fruit yields per unit canopy volume and per unit land area were higher with
the dwarfing ‘Vellaikulamban’ rootstock. Based on the analysis of variance and game theory
analysis of growth and yield data of several years, nucellar seedlings of ‘Vellaikulamban’ and
‘Olour’ were suggested as potential rootstocks for intensive cultivation of ‘Alphonso’ scion.
Correlation studies indicated trunk cross sectional area to be a good indicator of vigour in
mango and cumulative fruit yield during the initial 16 years was highly correlated with that
during the subsequent years. The bienniality parameters worked out with the yield data over
a number of years suggested ‘Alphonso’ to be of irregular bearing nature which was
controlled more by exogenous factors than endogenous ones and slightly influenced by the
rootstocks

30. Cumulative fruit yield of Alphonso mango on different rootstocks

31. PLANTING
• Generally, square system is followed; Spacing: (8x8)m.
• Land preparation.
• High Density Planting – 5m x 5m (CISH, Lucknow).
• Spacing for Amarpalli – 2.5m x 2.5m
• Digging of pits (1mx1mx1m).
• Pit filling: ½ top soil + 20-25kg FYM + 100g SSP + 100g
MOP+ 1kg Neem cake.
• Time of planting: July- Sept and Feb- March

32. Nutrient Management
Age (in years) FYM (kg) Urea (g) SSP (g) Potassium
Sulphate (g)
1-3 5-20 100-200 250-500 175-350
4-6 25-50 200-400 500-750 350-700
7-9 60-90 400-500 750-1000 700-1000
10 and above 100 500 1000 1000
•Application of FYM and Phosphorus in December and Nitrogen and
Potash in February
•Applied fertilizer at a distance of 1-2 metre from the main trunk.
FAL-FOOL-SABJI, CCSHAU,
HISAR

33. Effect of integrated nutrient management on vegetative growth and yield in
mango cv. Himsagar
S.R. Singh , B.C. Banik and M.A. Hasan
Department of Fruits and Orchard Management, Faculty of Horticulture
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Mohanpur, Nadia – 741252, West
Bengal, India
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to study the effect of various
combinations of integrated nutrient management schedules on vegetative
growth and yield in mango cv. Himsagar at Regional Research Station,
Gayeshpur, B.C.K.V., Nadia, West Bengal, during the years 2009-2011.
Maximum total increment in plant height (108.00 cm), plant spread in E-W
direction (123.00 cm) and N-S direction (105.00 cm), and tree volume
(85.95 m3 ) was recorded in 500:250:250g NPK/tree/year + 50kg FYM +
250g Azospirillium (T6 ) compared to that in other treatments. This
treatment (T6 ) also significantly increased total number of fruits (234.12
fruits / tree), average fruit weight (263.10g) and yield (58.56kg /tree).

34. Effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on yield in mango cv.
Himsagar
T1 : 1000:500:500g NPK/tree (Control)
T2 : T1 + Zn (0.5%) + B (0.2%) + Mn (1%) + Ca (0.6%) as foliar application, twice (Aug & Oct)
T3 : T1 + Organic mulching (10cm thick layer of dry leaves);
T4 : T2 + Organic mulching (10cm thick layer of dry leaves)
T5 : ½ T1 + 50kg FYM + 250g Azospirillium
T6 : ½ T1 + 50kg FYM + 250g Azospirillium;
T7 : ½ T1 + 250g Azotobacter + 250g Azospirillium
T8 : ½ T1 + 50kg FYM + 250g Azotobacter
T9 : ½ T1 + 50kg FYM + 250g Pseudomonas florescence
T10: ½ T1 + 50kg FYM + 250g Pseudomonas florescence + 250g Trichoderma

35. WATER MANAGEMENT
• Just after planting, very first irrigation is done.
• During summer, more water is required. It promotes
proper vegetative growth.
• Irrigation must be avoided during flowering.
• Sufficient water availability must be ensured during the
fruit development stage.

36. TRAINING & PRUNING
• Training is essential in the initial 2-3 years.
• In matured trees,pruning is generally done to remove the
diseased & criss crossed branches.
• Pruning results in the removal of additional growth
flushes, increase in the productivity & stimulate
precocity.
• Time of pruning – After Harvest ( 3rd week of July).

37. Effect of pruning on morpho-physiological parameters and microclimate under high
density planting of mango (Mangifera indica)*
SANJAY KUMAR SINGH, S K SINGH, R R SHARMA and MANISH SRIVASTAV
Indian Agricultural Research Institute Pusa, New Delhi 110 012
Stage I: one month after pruning; Stage II: at the time of fruit buds differentiation (November
and December); Stage III: during flowering
V1: Amrapali
V2: Mallika
V3: Dashehari
I0: un-pruned
I1: 30 cm from
the apex
I2: 60 cm from
the apex
I3: 90 cm from the
apex

38. ORCHARD FLOOR MANAGEMENT
• WEEDING: Mechanical method
Chemical method
• MULCHING: Organic mulch (Paddy straw)
Inorganic mulch (Black
polythene)
• INTER CROPPING: legume crops, turmeric or
short duration fruit trees

39. INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT
Insect Damage Control
Mango hopper (Amritodes
atkinsoni)
• Nymphs & adults suck sap from tender
shoots & panicles.
• Fruit set is adversely affected.
Malathion @ 0.15%, Carbaryl
@ 0.1%
Mealy bug (Drosicha
mangiferae)
• Nymphs suck juice from young shoots,
panicles & flower pedicels.
Slippery bands of Alkathane
around the tree trunk, Carbaryl
@ 0.2%
Stem borer ( Batocera
rufomaculata)
• Tunneling through the main trunk or its
branches.
Closing & plugging of entrance
of tunnels through kerosene,
formalin,etc
Shoot gall maker (Apsylla
cistellata)
• Nymphs enter the axillary & terminal
buds & turn them into hard conical galls.
Parathion @ 0.04%,Metasystox
@ 0.1%
Stone weevil (Sternochetus
mangiferae)
• Damage pulp & cotyledons of the stone General cleanliness
Fruit fly
(Bactrocera tryoni)
• Lay eggs under the fruit skin.
• Affected fruits begin to rot & drop down.
Vapour heat treatment,hot
water treatment @ 43-49
degree celsius for 8 hours.

40. DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Disease Causal organism Management
Powdery
mildew
Oidium mangiferae Kerathane @ 0.1%
Anthracnose Colletotrichum
gloesporioides
Blitox@ 0.3%, Bavistin @
0.1%
Sooty mould Cannodium mangiferae Wettable sulphur +
Metacid +Gum acacia
Blight Drechslera hawaiiensis 4 sprays of 0.3% Captan +
1% BM + Captafol @ 0.2%
+ 0.1% Carbendazim +
0.1% thiophanate-methyl

41. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Disorder Characteristics/Cause Control
Malformation Compact mass of flowers, sturdy &
bear only male flowers
NAA @ 300 ppm during Ist week of
oct & pruning of malformed shoots
Black tip Black depression at distal end of
fruit
Borax @ 0.6%
Soft nose tip Yellowing of fruit tip & pulp
softening in distal region. Occurs
due to Ca deficiency
Application of CaCO3 & Calcium
nitrate
Internal
necrosis
Water soaked spots on lower
region of fruits
Borax @ 1%
Alternate
bearing
Bearing in on-off-on-off pattern Paclobutrazol @ 5-10 g / tree
Fruit drop Competition for photosynthates,
low level of auxin,gibberellin,lack
of irrigation
Mulching & irrigation, NAA @ 50 ppm
at pea stage, 2-4,D @ 20 ppm.
Spongy tissue Convective heat, high solar
radiation & PH exposure of fruits
to sun.
Harvesting at 3/4th matured stage

42. MANGO MALFORMATION: A REVIEW
H. RYMBAI AND RAJESH A. M.
DIVISION OF FRUITS & HORTICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, INDIAN AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, NEW DELHI-12
DIVISION OF PLANT PATHOLOGY, INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE, NEW DELHI-12
• ABSTRACT: Mango malformation is a serious malady in mango production,
occurring worldwide and causing significant economic loss due to the general
incapacity of malformed vegetative and inflorescences bearing fruits. It has so far
eluded a proper diagnosis of the causative agent until recently where Fusarium
mangiferae and it association are revealed as the dominant causal agent of this
disease. However, the control is still unresolved. Hence, this review aims at
offering a lucid and complete view of the various aspects of development in
mango malformation.
• Distribution of mango malformation disease in the world: Mango malformation
was first reported in India in 1891 by Kumar and Beninwal (1991). Since then, it
has also been reported from several countries in Israel, Malaysia, Pakistan,
Bangladesh and UAE of Asia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Ugandad Egypt of
Africa, Brazil, Central America, Cuba, Mexico, USA of America and Australia

43. • Causes:
• floral and vegetative malform in mango was caused by Fusarium
moniliforme (recognized later as F. subglutinans).
• Besids, F. mangiferae, F. pallidoroseum, F. sterilihyphosum, F.
equiseti and Alternaria alternata also cause mango malformation.
• Mango bud mite, Eriophyes mangiferae, may also play an important
role in the natural development of malformation, and is often
observed in high numbers on malformed trees. It has been shown
that contaminated mites act as a vector of F. subglutinans.
• It is proposed that mango malformation may be due to stress
ethylene
• Ghosal et al., (1979) reported that accumulation of mangiferin
degraded carotenoids and toxic metabolites of Fusarium
moniliforme has been suggested to be responsible for the
malformation disease of mango

44. • Symptoms: Malformation is noticed on seedlings, saplings and floral
organs.
 Vegetatives:
 The disease infected young seedling in nurseries.
 The seedlings produce small shootlets bearing small scaly leaves with a
bunch like appearance on the shoot apices.
 Apical dominance is lost in these seedlings and numerous vegetative buds
sprout producing hypertrophied growth, which constitutes vegetative
malformation
 Inflorescence:
 Floral malformation appeared in the panicles significantly impacts fruit
production since affected inflorescences usually do not set fruit.
 The symptoms appeared in the primary, secondary and tertiary rachises
are short, thickened and are much enlarged or hypertrophied and highly
branched. Such panicles are greener and heavier with increased crowded
branching, possess numerous flowers that remain unopened, are male
and rarely bisexual

45. • Control:
 New plantings should be established with pathogen-free nursery stock.
 Breed resistant cultivars to malformation and in epidemic prone areas alternate
bearing and late flowering varieties should be grown.
 Pruning: Moderate pruning of 20 cm shoot bearing malformed panicles in the
month of January at panicle emergence stage can be effective in suppressing the
incidence of malformation in cv. Dashehari.
 The use of chemical substances as foliar application proved to be effective in
reducing Mango malformation disease, because they may delay or advance the
beginning of flowering.
 Use of PCR-based method (species-specific primers) for accurate detection of F.
mangiferae in plants, could prove useful in preventing the introduction of this
pathogen into new germplasm

47. MATURITY INDICES
• Slight colour development on the shoulders.
• When one or two ripe fruits fall from the plant
individually.
• When the specific gravity of fruits ranges
between 1.01 & 1.02

48. HARVESTING & STORAGE
• Mango is a climacteric fruit. So harvesting is done at the
physiological maturity.
• Fruits mature between 90 & 120 days after fruit set.
• Harvesting is done by plucking fruits manually or by mechanical
pluckers.
• Ripening – Starts 5 days after harvesting (Ethylene @ 100 ppm).
• According to CISH, Lucknow; for ripening of mangoes, 100 kg
mango dipped in 100L of water containing 62.5-187.5 ml ethrel at
52 ± 2° C for 5 minutes.48
• Mango is generally stored at 8-9 degree celsius temperature & 85-
90% RH for 2-3 weeks.

49. Effects of Mulching on Soil Properties and Post Harvest Quality of Mango Cv.
Himsagar Grown in New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal
Kaushik Das* and Pallab Dutta
Department of Fruits and Orchard Management, Bidhan Chandra Krishi
Viswavidyalaya, Faculty of Horticulture, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to study the effect of mulching on soil
properties and post harvest quality of Himsagar mango grown in new alluvial zone
of West Bengal at Central Research Farm, Gayeshpur, BCKV in a Randomized Block
Design (RBD) with 3 replications during two consecutive years from 2013 to 2015.
The results revealed that mulching with different materials on 15 years old mango
tree cv. Himsagar having uniform growth and vigour, significantly increased the soil
moisture content, available soil N, P and K, along with increase soil microbial
population. Among the different mulching treatments, black polythene showed
maximum soil moisture retention with improved soil properties. This treatment
also exhibited maximum physico-chemical qualities of fruits followed by paddy
straw and paddy husk. Black polythene mulch gave 80% marketable fruits on the
9th day of storage while control showed minimum storage life as evident from CO2
evolution and total soluble solids content of fruit.

50. T1 – Black polythene (gauge, 50 micron), T2 – Paddy husk, T3 – Paddy straw, T4 – Dry
banana leaves, T5 – Dry mango leaves, and T6 – Unmulched (Control).

51. POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT
• Cleaning of the fruits.
• Pre cooling.
• Sorting.
• GRADING :- According to shape, size, colour &
maturity.
• PACKAGING :- Corrugated Fibre Board Boxes,
Bamboo baskets.
• Wax coating @ 3% enhance storage life as well as
delays ripening.
• Transportation & Marketing.

53. Studies on Shelf-Life of Some Promising Mango (Mangifera
indica L.) Hybrids under Ambient Condition
K. Karuna, Mukesh Kumar, Abhay Mankar*, Dhiru Kumar Tiwari and Vishal Nirgude
• Eleven mango hybrids Alfazli, Amrapali, Jawahar, Mahmoodbahar, Mallika, Neeleshan,
Neeludin, Prabhashankar, Ratna, Sabri, Sunder Langra and Langra were taken as local check
to study their shelf life. The PLW and spoilage of fruit increased with prolongation of storage
period, regardless of cultivars. On termination day of storage (15th day) the minimum PLW
(18.65%) and spoilage (22.36%) was noted in Mallika while highest PLW (34.85%) and
spoilage (58.67%) were obtained in check variety Langra. TSS content in fruits increased up
to 12th day and further extension in storage period it declined in all the cultivars. On
concluding day of experiment (15th day) the maximum TSS was noted in Mallika (23.02°Brix)
while the lowest was obtained in Langra (18.18°Brix). The titratable acidity and ascorbic acid
content in fruits decreased progressively upto end of the experiment. On 15th day of storage
the maximum titratable acidity was recorded in Mallika (0.346%) while the lowest was
obtained in Sabri (0.132%). The highest ascorbic acid produced by Langra (92.86 mg/100g
juice) while,the lowest ascorbic acid was noticed in Mahmoodbahar (15.18 mg/100g juice).
Total sugar enhanced gradually up to 9th day of storage, except in Mallika which showed
increasing trend up to 12th day. On last day of storage the maximum total sugars was noticed
in Mallika (14.98%) however, the lowest was recorded in Langra (11.74%). On 12th day of
storage Mallika was organoleptically rated as excellent. On last day of storage,Amrapali,
Mahmoodbahar, Mallika and Neeludin were fair while rest of the cultivars were under poor
grade quality.The keeping quality of Mallika, Alfazli, Ratna and Amrapali were better than
other hybrids and check variety Langra.

54. Change in TSS during storage

55. Change in total sugars during storage

56. EXPORT POTENTIAL
• TOTAL EXPORT: 46,510.27 MT
• Total export value: 40,649.55 lakhs
• Major exporting countries: UAE, UK,
Bangladesh, Oman

57. REFERENCES
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conditions on veneer grafting success and survival of mango grafts (Mangifera indica cv.
Banganpalli). Plant Arch, 14, 71-75.
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(Mangiferaindica L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 97(2), 95-108.
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58. • Karuna, K., Mankar, A., Kumar, M., Tiwari, D. K. and Nirgude, V., 2015.Studies on
shelf-life of some promising mango (Mangifera indica L.) hybrids under ambient
condition. Journal of Postharvest Technology, 3(1): 1-13.
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Bengal. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and
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