This document summarizes information about the diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella), a major pest of cruciferous crops. It describes the moth's identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management. The moth's eggs are laid on leaves and hatch after 6-7 days. Larvae go through 4 instars over 12-16 days before pupating. Adults live 3-4 weeks. Larval feeding removes leaf tissue, damaging seedlings and heads. Pheromone traps and insecticides are used for management. The document also briefly mentions several other major insect pests that infect crucifer crops.

1. SUBMITTED BY:
T.JAYANTH (2017AGKW162)
S.VIVEK TEJA REDDY(2017AGKW146)
V.AJAY(2017AGKW169)

3. Cabbage,cauliflower,Broccoli,radish,mustard and knolkol etc
are major crucifers crops.
Many insect pests infect the crucifer crops reducing the productivity
and quality of product.

4. Diamond black moth (Plutella xylostella)
Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae)
Cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae)
Flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae)
Musturd sawfly (Athalia lugens)

5.  Painted bug (Bagrada hilaris)
 Head borer of cabbage(Hellula undalis)
 Tobbaco caterpillar(Spodoptera litura)
 Leaf eating caterpillar
 Red ant(Dorylus orientalis)

6. Scientific classification:-
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum : Euarthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order :Lepidoptera
Family : Plutellidae
Genus : Plutella
Species : P. xylostella

7. This small moth is colored gray and brown. It can potentially identified
by a cream-colored band that may be present in the shape of a diamond on its back.The diamondback
moth has a wingspan of about 15 mm and a body length of 6 mm. The forewings are narrow, brownish
gray and lighter along the anterior margin, with fine, dark speckles. A creamy-colored stripe with a wavy
edge on the posterior margin is sometimes constricted to form one or more light-colored diamond
shapes, which is the basis for the common name of this moth.
• IDENTIFICATION:-
• OVIPOSITION:-
The females lay eggs only on the leaves of the cabbage and do not
discriminate between young and more developed leaves.

8. LIFE CYCLE 0F DIAMOND BACK MOTH

9. The eggs are oval and flattened, measuring 0.44 mm long and 0.26 mm wide. They
are yellow or pale green at first, but darken later.They are laid singly or in groups of two to eight eggs in
depressions on the surface of leaves. Females may deposit up to 300 eggs in total, but average
production is probably half that amount. The larvae emerge from the eggs in about six to seven days.
• EGGS:-
The larvae have four instars, each with an average development time of about four
days. The larval body form tapers at both ends. The larvae have a few short black hairs and are colorless
in the first instar, but pale or emerald green with black heads in later instars. Of the five pairs of prolegs,
one protrudes from the posterior end, forming a distinctive "V".
• LARVAE:-
The yellowish pupae are about 8 mm long and are wrapped in a loose
silk cocoon.
• PUPA:-
• ADULT:-
The lifespan averages three to four weeks for females, but less for males.These moths
are weak fliers, seldom rising more than 2 m above the ground and not flying long distances.

10. Plant damage is caused by larval feeding. Although the larvae are very small,
they can be quite numerous, resulting in complete removal of foliar tissue except for the leaf
veins. This is particularly damaging to seedlings, and may disrupt head formation in cabbage,
broccoli, and cauliflower
Pheromone traps can be used to monitor adult
populations, and may predict larval populations 11 to 21 days later.
Insecticides: Protection of crucifer crops from damage often requires application of
insecticide to plant foliage, sometimes as frequently as twice per week
• DAMAGE:-
• MANAGEMENT:-
insecticides including some Bacillus thuringiensis products. EX:-

11. Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Aphididae
Genus: Brevicoryne
Species: B. brassicae

12. IDENTIFICATION:-
The cabbage aphid is 2.0 to 2.5 mm long and covered with
a grayish waxy covering, but the turnip aphid is 1.6 to 2.2 mm long and has no such
covering
Both Nymph and adults suck cell sap from
leaves, stem, inflorescence, or the developing pods.
DAMAGE:-
NYMPH ADULT

14. EGGS:-
In temperate climates, eggs overwinter in plant debris near the soil surface. Eggs are
not laid in warm climates; females produce female nymphs directly .
NYMPHS:-
In instances where eggs are not produced, the female gives birth to
nymphs. Nymphs differ from adults (including wingless adults, known as apterae) in
having less developed caudae and siphunculi. The nymphal period varies from seven
to ten days. Winged forms develop and start migrating to new host plants only when
plant quality deteriorates or when a plant becomes overcrowded.
Adult cabbage aphids can take on two forms: winged and wingless . Wingless adults are
1/10 inches long, oval-shaped and appear grayish-green or grayish-white due to their
waxy covering . On the upper abdominal surface, eight dark brown or black spots are
located beneath the waxy coating.
ADULT:-

15. • Early sowing the crop, preferably up to third
week of October.
• Use of balance dose of fertilizer.
• Releasing and rearing of predator like
ladybird
beetle.
• Spray Rogor (dimethoate) 30 EC @1ml/liter of
water.
MANAGEMENT:-

16. Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Euarthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Pieridae
Genus: Pieris
Species: P. brassicae

17. Identification:
The adult male and female butterflies are snow white; males generally are smaller than
females. An adult female butterfly measures about 6.5 cms across the spread wings. The
apical angle of forewings of female has black patch whereas, in male black spots are present
beneath the forewings.
Oviposition:-
These female butterflies oviposit eggs in
bunches on the undersides of leaves because
the larvae prefer the morphology of leaf
undersides over the upper surface of leaves

18. Life cycle:-
• This pest appears on cruciferous vegetables at the beginning of October
and remains active up to the end of April.
• From May to September, the pest is not found in the plain but breeding
takes place in the mountains.
• The butterfly very active in the field and lay, on an average, 164 yellowish
conical eggs in clusters of 50-90 on the upper or lower sides of the
leaves.
• The eggs hatch in 11-17 days in November- February & 3-7 days in March
– May.
• The caterpillars feed gregariously during the early instars & disperse as
they approach maturity.
• They pass through five stages & are full fed in 15-22 days during March –
April and 30-40 days during November –February.
• Pupation generally takes place in cocoon hanging in wall, branches and
other plant parts.
• The pupal stage lasts 7.7- 14.4 days in March – April and 20-28 days in
November –February.
• The butterflies live for 2.5 -12.5 days.

20. DAMAGE:-
MANAGMENT:-
1. Collection and destruction of caterpillars
from the field.
2. Biological control includes the introduction
of Apanteles glomerates, which parasitises the
larva of cabbage butterfly.
3. Crop spray with malathion (0.05%) or
diazinon (0.02%) three weeks before harvesting
can reduce the infestation of this pest.

21. Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Euarthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Chrysomelidae
Subfamily:Galerucinae

22. Flea beetles are small, 2-3 mm long, shiny black beetles
with strong hindlegs. When you approach plants infested with flea beetles, the beetles
will jump away quickly. When you see this behaviour you can understand why they are
called "flea" beetles
IDENTIFICATION:-
OVIPOSITION:-
Female lays its eggs upto 25 in the soil in the month of June
mostly

23. EGGS:-
Eggs are yellow, oval, and about 0.38-0.46 mm long by 0.18-0.25 mm
wide, and deposited singly or in groups of three or four adjacent to the
host plant’s roots
Larvae:-
Larvae are small approximately 1/8 in. or 3 mm, whitish, slender,
cylindrical worms. They have tiny legs and a brown head and anal plate.
Pupae:-
Pupae are similar in size to the adult and white in color except for the
black eyes and the free body appendages, which are visible later in the
pupal developmentAdult:-
The adult is a small,oval-shaped, blackish beetle with a bright blue sheen on
the elytra, measuring about 1/32 to 1/8 in. (2-3 mm) in length. Flea beetles
have enlarged hind femora (thighs) on their hind legs, which they use to jump
quickly when disturbed. Their name, flea beetle, arose from this behavior.

25. DAMAGE:-
Adult feeding on young seedlings & 1st true Leaves results in
reduced crop stands and plant growth, delayed maturity, and
lower seed yield.The larvae feed on the secondary root hairs, but only a
negligible effect on yield loss or vigor has been
observed.
MANAGEMENT:-
Biological Control:-
Predators known to feed on flea beetles include
lacewing larvae (Chrysopa carnea), big-eyed bugs (Geocorisbullatus),
the two-lined collops (Collops vittatus), the western damsel
bug(Nabis alternatus)
Insecticide Control:-
Use of chemical pesticides like Malathion or
cypermetrin @2-3 ml/lit of water.

26. Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Infraorder: Pentatomomorpha
Superfamily: Pentatomoidea
Family: Pentatomidae
Subfamily: Pentatominae
Genus: Bagrada
Species: B. hilaris

27. IDENTIFICATION:-
Adult bugs are black with orange and white markings; the shield-shaped body is
about 1/4 inch (5-7 mm) long and about half as wide at the broadest part.
Females lay eggs in the soil beneath host plants, but may also oviposit on
leaves.
OVIPOSITION:-

28. Eggs:-
Eggs may be laid in nearly linear clusters consisting of approximately 10 eggs. Each adult
female can produce over 100 eggs during a season
Nymphs:-
Bagrada bugs have five nymphal stages. Newly emerged first instars are bright red and
have a slightly darkened to black coloration on the pronotum, head, legs, and antennae; the
abdomen remains reddish and develops some black bands and white dots as the early nymphal
stages advance.The bodies of late instars are darker and may still have pale to dark red
markings. Similar to other plant-feeding stink bugs, the first instar nymph will remain on or near
the egg it emerged from and does not feed until after molting into a second instar.
Adults:-
The adult body is shield shaped, and ranges in size from 5-7 mm long, and 3-4 mm wide.
Females are slightly larger than males.
The pronotum (dorsal thoracic plate anteriorly positioned on the body) and the scutellum
(central triangular plate on the dorsal surface of the thorax) of adult bagrada bugs both have an
obvious longitudinal marking down the center.

30. Damage is inflicted on host plants when adults and nymphs insert their needle-like
mouth parts and suck juices from the plant. Feeding results in large stippled or wilted areas on
leaves.
DAMAGE:-
MANAGEMENT:-
CULTURALCONTROL:-Removal of crop residues after harvest in and around fields during the growing season
overwintering season may help reduce sources of infestation
BIOLOGICALCONTROL:-Beauveria bassiana,Metarhizium anisopliae,and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus are some
Of the agents of control
NATURAL ENEMIES:-Predators including spiders,flies&wasps may attack Bagrada bugs.

31. Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Crambidae
Genus: Hellula
Species: H. undalis

32. IDENTIFICATION:-
Caterpillars: Creamy yellow with a pinkish tinge and has seven purplish brown
longitudinal stripes.
Moths: Are slender, pale yellowish-brown, having grey wavy lines on the fore wings.
Hind wings are pale dusky.
CATERPILLAR MOTH
Eggs are laid singly, or in groups or chains of 2 or 3 on the leaves of
cabbage near the bud.
OVIPOSITION:-

34. Eggs:-
Newly laid eggs (0.5-0.75 mm in diameter) are oval and slightly flattened, often
being distinctly nipple-shaped at one end.
Eggs are laid singly or in small masses, usually on terminal
leaves.
Larvae:-
Early instar larvae are yellowish-gray without stripes; however, mature larvae are
grayish-yellow, with five purple or black longitudinal stripes from head to tail
Pupae:-
Larvae pupate after burrowing into the soil. Pupae are formed inside compact
cocoons made of silk webbing and surrounding soil.
Adults:-
The forewings of newly emerged males and females are light brown and gray,
respectively, but become yellowish-brown after three to four days.

35. First and second instar larvae feed between the upper and lower leaf epidermis, and the
older larvae (third and fourth instar) feed on the lower surface of leaves.
DAMAGE:-
Cabbage webworm can seriously damage crops when it attacks buds and growing tips,
which can prevent head formation, making the crop unmarketable.
Chemical control:- Carbamates and organophosphates controlled the moth when applied at first pest
appearance on plants. The moth was highly sensitive to various Bacillus thuringiensis formulations
MANAGEMENT:-
Biological control:-Parasitoids of the families Braconidae and Ichneumonidae attacked the pest in
Malaysia, as well as the ant Solenopsis geminate (F.). Infection with a Microsporidium caused 80%
mortality in the laboratory.