1. The document discusses the classification, diagnosis, and imaging appearances of various bone tumors and tumor-like lesions.
2. Key bone tumors discussed include osteosarcoma, giant cell tumor, and bone cyst. Osteosarcoma is classified based on X-ray signs into osteosclerotic, osteolytic, or mixed types.
3. Imaging findings help determine if a bone lesion is benign or malignant based on characteristics such as boundaries, destruction pattern, periosteal reaction, and surrounding soft tissues.
This is a powerpoint(case presentation) for radiology and imaging resident.There are many animations used inside this presentation so to see all the pictures which are placed layer by layer with the help of animations you simple need to download this presentation first.... Thanx.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Bone Tumor And Tumor Like Diseases
1. Bone Tumor & Tumor-like lesions Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital SYSU
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5. 2. Classification of Bone Tumor Tumor-like lesion Bone cyst, Fibrous dysplasia Primary Bone Tumor Tumor from Bone Tissue benign Osteochondroma, Giant cell tumor, Osteoma, Chondroma, Chondroblastoma malignant Osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, Fibrosarcoma Tumor from Bone Affiliated Tissue benign Osteoangioma, Odontogenic tumor (exp. Adamantinoma) malignant Ewing's sarcoma, Reticulum cell sarcoma of bone, Notochordoma, Myeloma Metastatic Tumor Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Neuroblastoma Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Neuroblastoma
6. WHO Classification of Bone Tumor & Tumor like lesions ( 2002 ) 1 . Cartilaginous tumor 2 . Osteogenic tumor 3 . Fibrogenic tumor 4 . Fibrohistiocytic tumor 5 . Ewing sarcoma/Primitive neuroectodermal tumor 6 . Blood-cell forming tissue tumor 7 . Giant cell tumor 8 . Notochord tumor 9 . Vascular tumors 10 . Myogenic tumor 11 . Lipogenic tumor 12 . Neural tumor 13 . Confounding tumor 14 . Other tumor 15 . Arthropathy synovial chondromatosis 16 . Bone and soft tissue tumor related c ongenital or hereditary syndrome
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10. 3, Steps of Diagnostic Analysis---clinical data
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18. Differential diagnosis between Benign and Malignant Bone Tumor items Benign Malignant growth Slow, compressing neightbouring tissue, no metastasis Quick, neightbouring tissue invading, metastasis Signs of the Lesion Expansive, well-defined, thin but continue tissue Invading, ill-defined, irregular destruction of cortex, tumor bone formation Periosteal reaction most of time (-), can be shown after pathological fracture, but no bony destruction Different forms of periosteal reaction, can be destructed by the tumor Surrounding soft tissue No mass, well-defined if there is Mass formation, indistinct demarcation with surrounding tissue
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23. Osteosarcoma in superior part of tibia ( Osteosclerotic type, ivory tumor bone), obvious tumor bone formation which invading into soft tissue Osteosclerotic Osteosarcoma
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25. Cotton like tumor bone, Codman’ triangle Osteosclerotic Osteosarcoma in Fibula
26. Osteosclerotic o steosarcoma in inferior femur, obvious tumor bone formation ( ) and big mass in soft tissue (M) , cortex destruction and become thinner ( ) Osteosclerotic Osteosarcoma M M
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28. Osteolytic o steosarcoma in distal metaphysis of the femur, apparent Osteolytic destruction is seen, associated with soft tissue mass and Codman’ triangle ( ) Osteolytic Osteosarcoma
29. Osteosarcoma Osteolytic destruction in sup erior tebia, soft tissue mass formation, with Codman’ triangle ( )
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32. Osteosarcoma in superior tibia, obvious bone destruction and tumor bone formation, periosteum proliferation. Codman’ triangle ( ) Mixed Osteosarcoma
38. Giant cell tumor of radius Expansive bone destruction in the distal end of L-radius, reach to the subchondral region of the joint but the bone surface is still intact, multilocular, well-defined, no sclerosis, no calcification or ossification inside
39. Giant cell tumor Expansive bone destruction in distal end of R-radius ( ), with in complete bone shell, soft tissue formation extend outside the bone shell.
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42. (A) Bone cyst of R- Humerus , develop longitudinally, slight expansive: (B) Complicate with pathologic fracture; (C): Recheck after fracture, density increase inside the cyst. A B C
43. Bone cyst of femur Radiolucent, develop longitudinally, well-defined margin, no sclerosis. CT show uniform low density inside the cyst.
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46. Osteolytic Bone Metastases Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma patient, osteolytic bone destruction in R- humerus and clavicle, unclear margin, no ossification or calcification. Clavicle mass formation ( M ) M
49. Prostatic carcinoma. Increase density in pelvis, lumbosacral vertebrae and bilateral femur . Osteoblstic Bone Metastases
50. Uniform increased density of L 2 , L 4 , L 5 vertebra, sacral vertebrae and iliac bone. Osteoblstic Bone Metastases
51. Mixed Bone Metastases Small and large patchy bone destruction area as well as increased density area in pelvis, lumbosacral vertebrae and bilateral femur.