This document provides a progress report on research being conducted on energy management in wireless sensor networks using a modified MAC protocol. The report details work done so far, including modeling MAC protocols in OMNeT++, simulation results comparing BMAC, LMAC, and XMAC, and ongoing work to avoid collisions during packet transmission to improve energy efficiency. Future work includes further optimizing the modified MAC protocol and publishing results in peer-reviewed journals.

1. VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA -590 014
PROGRESS REPORT-I & 2
(JAN 2020- JULY 2020) (Aug 2020- Dec 2020)
On
“ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
USING MODIFIED MAC PROTOCOL”
Submitted by Under the Guidance of
HARISH JOSHI DR. RAVINDRA EKLARKER
(USN: 3GN17PEA06) PRINCIPAL
GNDEC, BIDAR
RESEARCH CENTRE
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar -585403
Karnataka.

2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• Modeling and Analysis of Energy Efficient MAC Protocols in INET
Framework Using OMNet++
• Showcases And Simulation Results
• Collision Avoidance Technique In Wireless Sensor Networks
• Collision Avoidance In X-MAC Protocol
• Work Carried Out So Far
• Further Work To Be Carried Out
• Details Of Papers/Publications Out Of The Research Work
• References

3. INTRODUCTION
• Wireless Sensor Network : Refers to a group of distributed and
dedicated sensors for monitoring and recording the physical conditions of the
environment and organizing the collected data at a central location.
• Applications of WSN are such as, intrusion detection, target tracking, industrial
automation, military applications, smart building, Internet of Things, and for
environmental applications like agricultural farm monitoring, forest fire monitoring
etc.
• Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with
an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an
electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually
a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting.

4. • A wireless sensor node is designed for sensing, data acquisition, localized
processing, and wireless communication. The transceiver has been
identified as one of the units that consume the most power in the sensor
node. It dominates the power budget at 60% consumption of the total
available energy and determines the lifetime of the sensor network .
• In sensor networks, a MAC layer is primarily responsible for allocation and
distribution of shared medium and other resources of communication
among all the nodes in a network.
• Medium Access Control MAC sub-layer is part of Data Link layer in WSN's
protocol stack. The energy consumption of sensor nodes is greatly
affected by MAC protocol which controls the node radio functionalities

5. MAC Attribute and Tradeoff to
achieve Efficiency
• The following attributes reflect the characteristics of a good MAC protocol for
wireless sensor networks:
• Collision Avoidance: When and how a node can access the medium and send its
data.
• Energy Efficiency: It is very difficult to replace and recharge exhausted batteries;
hence prolonging lifetime of each node is critical issue.
• Scalability and Adaptability: A good MAC protocols should accommodate changes
in network size, node density and topology.
• Channel Utilization: How well the entire bandwidth of the channel is utilized in
communications.
• Latency: Delay in receiving packet by receiver, when a sender has a packet to sent.
• Throughput: Amount of data successfully transferred from sender to receiver in a
given time.
• Fairness: Ability of different nodes to share channel equality

6. Introduction to MAC protocols
• There are 2 types of protocols used to communicate the channels:
• TDMA based: In a TDMA based approach; time will be divided into time
slots, which will help the nodes to move their data without lavishing
energy of transmission. Only one time slot is assigned to every node [3].
• CSMA based: CSMA is a MAC convention wherein a node will check for
absence of an signal before transmitting.

7. OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK
• To Carry out Research work to improve energy efficiency at MAC layer without
degrading the packet delivery performance.
• To adapt the duty cycle of decent nodes independently in order to meet the time-
varying and/or spatially no uniform traffic loads. The proposed mechanism should
aim at improving energy efficiency while maximizing packet delivery performance
under variable traffic conditions.
• Finally, to evaluate network lifetime and understand the key factors that contribute
to energy imbalance in multi-hop wireless sensor networks.
• Furthermore, to propose an energy-aware routing protocol that is able to achieve
the right trade-off between energy efficiency and energy consumption balancing
and maximize network lifetime in heterogeneous WSNs.

8. Demonstrating the MAC protocols

9. BMac actually sends multiple shorter preambles instead of a long one, so that waking
nodes can receive the one that starts after they woke up. sensor3 starts sending
preambles, while the other nodes are asleep. All of them wake up before the end of
the preamble transmission. When the nodes are awake, they receive the preamble,
and receive the data packet as well, at the physical layer (the mac discards it if it is not
for them.) Then the gateway sends it to the server. Note that all nodes receive the
preambles and the data packet as well.

10. sensor3 starts sending preambles. sensor4 wakes up and receives one of the
preambles (hence the dotted arrow representing a successful physical layer
transmission), and goes back to sleep, as the transmission is addressed to the gateway.
Then the gateway wakes up and sends an acknowledgment after receiving one of the
preambles. sensor3 sends the data packet, and the gateway forwards it to the server.

11. Each node transmits in its own time slot; there are no collisions. Note that all nodes
receive the control message (indicated by the physical link visualizer arrows), but only
the destination node receives the data unit.

12. MAC Attribute and Tradeoff
• The following attributes reflect the characteristics of a good MAC protocol for wireless sensor
networks:
• Collision Avoidance: When and how a node can access the medium and send its data.
• Energy Efficiency: It is very difficult to replace and recharge exhausted batteries; hence
prolonging
• lifetime of each node is critical issue.
• Scalability and Adaptability: A good MAC protocols should accommodate changes in network
size,
• node density and topology.
• Channel Utilization: How well the entire bandwidth of the channel is utilized in
communications.
• Latency: Delay in receiving packet by receiver, when a sender has a packet to sent.
• Throughput: Amount of data successfully transferred from sender to receiver in a given time.
• Fairness: Ability of different nodes to share channel equality

13. Optimizing for packet loss for BMAC
The sensors send 100 packets each during the 100s, thus 400 packets total. It is
apparent from the results that the network cannot carry all traffic in this scenario. The
results also outline a smooth curve. We choose 0.19s as the best performing value
for slotDuration.

14. Optimizing LMAC
According to this, the optimal value for the gateway’s slotDuration is 0.14s (0.35s for
the sensors), so we choose that.

15. Optimizing LMAC
The best performing value for slotDuration is 50ms. Note that the
lowest slotDuration values up until 120ms yield approximately the same results (around
400 packets), with the 50ms value performing marginally better.

16. Network power consumption by BMAC,
LMAC and XMAC.

17. WORK CARRIED OUT SO FAR
• Study of Wireless sensor network (WSN) and it’s at different applications.
• Study and Analysis of Source/Cause of Energy Wastage in Wireless sensor network.
•
• A detailed Survey and Analysis Different Types of Media Access Control (MAC)
Protocols to increase the Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks.
• A detailed Survey on comparison based analysis of various network simulators.
Simulators taken into consideration are Ns-2, Ns-3, OMNeT++, NetSim, REAL,
OPNET and QualNet. Information about simulators such as features, advantages,
disadvantages, backend environment, the supporting operating system, and
minimum hardware requirement.
• Learning/Working on Network Simulators OMNeT++ to carry out the Research
Activity Further.

18. • Presented/submitted Research Related Papers in Reputed Peer Reviewed Scopus
Indexed/ UGC approved Journals and Conferences.
• Modeling and Simulation is carried out on OMNET++ based on a scope of
improvement “Implementation of a Modified Wireless Sensor Network MAC
Protocol for Critical Environments”
• Simulation on INET framework using OMNet++ carried out to minimizing Idle
Listening to achieve maximum throughput, same work published as a book
chapter in Scopus indexed Conference.
• As per the second objective of the research work further work is under process i.e.
to achieve Enhancement in energy efficiency by avoiding the collision during
packet transmission in Wireless Sensor network is going on.
• Both the results and analysis of study carried out on proposed objectives of the
research work are framed/written as papers and submitted to peer reviewed
reputed Scopus indexed journals and these papers are under review status.

19. Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance for Wireless (MACAW)
• Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance for Wireless (MACAW) is a
slotted medium access control (MAC) protocol widely used in ad hoc networks.
• Furthermore, it is the foundation of many other MAC protocols used in wireless
sensor networks (WSN).
• It uses RTS-CTS-DS-DATA-ACK frame sequence for transferring data, sometimes
preceded by an RTS-RRTS frame sequence, in view to provide solution to
the hidden node problem.
• Although protocols based on MACAW, such as S-MAC, use carrier sense in addition
to the RTS/CTS mechanism, MACAW does not make use of carrier sense.

20. COLLISION AVOIDANCE IN X-MAC
PROTOCOL
• Here we are introducing X-MAC/CA protocol combining X-MAC protocol with CA
(Collision Avoidance) algorithm with an aim to maximally randomize transmissions
in overcrowded networks. X-MAC protocol, one of typical asynchronous MAC
protocols for WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) allowing each node to
independently and periodically sleep, is characterized as sending a sequence of
short preambles until an early acknowledgement comes back.
• This feature is designed to save more energy by permitting the receiver to notify
the sender that it is awake. X-MAC/CA protocol is designed to reduce collisions,
especially when a large number of nodes in densely populated WSNs
simultaneously deliver data once they sense some events to report. For its
accurate measurement, this also extends a conventional mathematical model for
X-MAC protocol to include the effect of CA algorithm.
• The extended model predicts that X- MAC/CA protocol can improve the
throughput of X-MAC by up- to 30% in 40-node networks.

21. Flow Chart of X-MAC/CA Sender

22. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
• The conclusion is that in scenario, with the selected parameter values, XMAC
turned out to be the most energy efficient MAC protocol, although LMAC carried a
bit more traffic.
• a conventional mathematical model for X-MAC protocol to include the effect of CA
algorithm. The extended model predicts that X- MAC/CA protocol can improve the
throughput of X-MAC by up- to 30% in networks.

23. FURTHER WORK TO BE CARRIED OUT
• Working on Protocol modeling and Simulation mechanism which should aim at
improving energy efficiency while maximizing packet delivery performance under
variable traffic conditions.
• Proposing an energy-aware routing protocol that is able to achieve the right trade-
off between energy efficiency and energy consumption balancing and maximize
network lifetime in heterogeneous WSNs.

24. Number of Papers/Publications out of the
Research Work (Presented/Submitted),
• International Conference:
• Presented a paper Titled “Modeling and Analysis of Energy Efficient MAC protocols
for Wireless Sensor Networks using OMNET++” Scopus Indexed International
Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies-ICICT 2019 Dated 30th August
2019.
• Proceedings published in SPRINGER https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-
3-030-33846-6 DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33846-6_61 .

25. • International journals:
• Published a paper “Analysis of MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Network” June
2020 | International Journal Of Innovative Research In Technology | Volume 7
Issue 1 | ISSN: 2349-6002.
• Published a paper Titled, “An Analysis of Energy Efficient MAC protocols for
Wireless Sensor Networks using OMNET++” UGC Approved, Open Access
International Open Access Journal of Technologies and Innovation Research On 6th
June 2019. ISSN No: 2349-5162 Vol_6, Issue _6.
• Published a paper Titled, “MAC Protocols for Application-Specific Wireless Sensor
Networks: A Study” UGC Approved International journal of research in
Engineering, Science and Management On 10th October 2018 ISSN No: 2581-5782, Vol_1,
Issue _10.
• Published a paper Titled, “Energy Issues and solutions using Renewable Energy
Resources for Wireless Sensor Networks: A survey” in International Journal for
Scientific Research & Development On 22nd & 23rd October 2016.

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29. •THANK YOU