This document provides a progress report on research being conducted on energy management in wireless sensor networks using a modified MAC protocol. The report details work done so far, including modeling MAC protocols in OMNeT++, simulation results comparing BMAC, LMAC, and XMAC, and ongoing work to avoid collisions during packet transmission to improve energy efficiency. Future work includes further optimizing the modified MAC protocol and publishing results in peer-reviewed journals.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Energy efficient mac protocols for wireless sensor networkijcsa
Wireless sensor network are the collection of individual nodes which are able to interact with physical
environment statically or dynamically by sensing or controlling physical parameter. Wireless sensor network
become a leading solution in many important applications such as intrusion detection, target tracking,
industrial automation etc. A major problem with WSN is to determining a most efficient protocol for
conserving energy of power source. The design of an energy- efficient Medium Access efficient Control
(MAC) protocol is one of the major issues in wireless sensor networks (WSN). In this paper we study some
characteristics of WSN that are important for the design of MAC layer protocols and give a brief introduction
of some newly come MAC protocols with reference to energy efficiency for WSN. In accordance with channel
access policies, MAC protocols are classified into four types, which are cross layer protocols, TDMA-based,
contention-based and hybrid, these are discussed in this paper.
Introduction
Background
WSN Design Issues: MAC Protocols, Routing Protocols, Transport Protocols
Performance Modeling of WSNs: Performance Metrics, Basic Models, Network Models
Case Study: Simple Computation of the System Life Span
Practical Example.
Optimization of Transmission Schemes in Energy-Constrained Wireless Sensor Ne...IJEEE
This paper reviews medium access control
(MAC) in wireless sensor network (WSN),and different
management methods to save energy.MAC protocol
controls how sensors access a shared radio channel to
communicate with neighbours.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Energy efficient mac protocols for wireless sensor networkijcsa
Wireless sensor network are the collection of individual nodes which are able to interact with physical
environment statically or dynamically by sensing or controlling physical parameter. Wireless sensor network
become a leading solution in many important applications such as intrusion detection, target tracking,
industrial automation etc. A major problem with WSN is to determining a most efficient protocol for
conserving energy of power source. The design of an energy- efficient Medium Access efficient Control
(MAC) protocol is one of the major issues in wireless sensor networks (WSN). In this paper we study some
characteristics of WSN that are important for the design of MAC layer protocols and give a brief introduction
of some newly come MAC protocols with reference to energy efficiency for WSN. In accordance with channel
access policies, MAC protocols are classified into four types, which are cross layer protocols, TDMA-based,
contention-based and hybrid, these are discussed in this paper.
Introduction
Background
WSN Design Issues: MAC Protocols, Routing Protocols, Transport Protocols
Performance Modeling of WSNs: Performance Metrics, Basic Models, Network Models
Case Study: Simple Computation of the System Life Span
Practical Example.
Optimization of Transmission Schemes in Energy-Constrained Wireless Sensor Ne...IJEEE
This paper reviews medium access control
(MAC) in wireless sensor network (WSN),and different
management methods to save energy.MAC protocol
controls how sensors access a shared radio channel to
communicate with neighbours.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CHANNEL ACCESS MODEL FOR MAC IN RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED ...IJCNCJournal
Medium Access control (MAC) is one of the fundamental problems in wireless sensor networks. The performance of wireless sensor network depends on it. The main objective of a medium access control method is to provide high throughput, minimize the delay, and conservers the energy consumption by avoiding the collisions. In this paper, a general model for MAC protocol to reduce the delay, maximize throughput and conserve the energy consumption in channel accessing in high density randomly distributed wireless sensor network is presented. The proposed model is simulated using MATLAB. The simulation results show that the average delay for sensors with sufficient memory is lower than sensors without
memory. Further, the throughput of the channel access method with memory is better than without memory.
Evaluation of Energy Consumption using Receiver–Centric MAC Protocol in Wirel...IJECEIAES
At present day’s wireless sensor networks, obtain a lot consideration to researchers. Maximum number of sensor nodes are scattered that can communicate with all others. Reliable data communication and energy consumption are the mainly significant parameters that are required in wireless sensor networks. Many of MAC protocols have been planned to improve the efficiency more by enhancing the throughput and energy consumption. The majority of the presented medium access control protocols to only make available, reliable data delivery or energy efficiency does not offer together at the same time. In this research work the author proposes a novel approach based on Receiver Centric-MAC is implemented using NS2 simulator. Here, the author focuses on the following parametric measures like - energy consumption, reliability and bandwidth. RC-MAC provides high bandwidth without decreasing energy efficiency. The results show that 0.12% of less energy consumption, reliability improved by 20.86% and bandwidth increased by 27.32% of RC-MAC compared with MAC IEEE 802.11.
A WSN primary outline issue for a sensor system is protection of the vitality accessible at every sensor node. We propose to convey different, versatile base stations to delay the lifetime of the sensor system. We split the lifetime of the sensor system into equivalent stretches of time known as rounds. Base stations are migrated toward the begin of a round. Our strategy utilizes a whole number straight program to focus new areas for the base stations and in view of steering convention to guarantee vitality proficient directing amid every round. We propose four assessment measurements and look at our answer utilizing these measurements. Taking into account the reproduction results we demonstrate that utilizing various, versatile base stations as per the arrangement given by our plans would altogether expand the lifetime of the sensor system.
Survey on energy efficiency in wireless sensor network using mac protocol wit...Editor Jacotech
Dynamic feature evaluation and concept evaluation is major challenging task in the field of data classification. The continuity of data induced a new feature during classification process, but the classification process is predefined task for assigning data into class. Data comes into multiple feature sub-set format into infinite length. The infinite length not decided the how many class are assigned. Support vector machine is well recognized method for data classification. For the process of support vector machine evaluation of new feature during classification is major problem. The problem of feature evaluation decreases the performance of Support Vector Machine (SVM). For the improvement of support vector machine, particle of swarm optimization technique is used. Particle of swarm optimization controls the dynamic feature evaluation process and decreases the possibility of confusion in selection of class and increase the classification ratio of support vector machine. Particle of swarm optimization work in two phases one used as dynamic population selection and another are used for optimization process of evolved new feature.
Energy-efficient MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a surveyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
MAC Protocols enables sensor nodes of the same WSN to access a common shared
communication channel. Many researchers have proposed different solutions explaining how to design and
implement these protocols. The main goal of most MACs protocols is how to prolong lifetime of the WSN
as long as possible by reducing energy consumption since it is often impossible to change or to recharge
sensors’ batteries. The majority of these protocols designed for WSN are based on “duty-cycle” technique.
Every node of the WSN operates on two periods: active period and sleep period to save energy. Until now
(to our knowledge) there is no ideal protocol for this purpose. The main reason relies on the lack of
standardization at lower layers (physical layer) and (physical) sensor hardware. Therefore, the MAC
protocol choice remains application-dependent. A useful MAC protocol should be able to adapt to network
changes (topology, nodes density and network size). This paper surveys MAC protocols for WSNs and
discusses the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of currently popular protocols.
SLOTTED CSMA/CA BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT MAC PROTOCOL DESIGN IN NANONETWORKSijwmn
Devices in a beacon-enabled network use slotted CSMA/CA to contend for channel usage. Each node in the network competes for the channels when ready to transmit data. The slotted CSMA/CA mechanism based on the super-frame structure fairly provides communication chance for each node and makes a reasonable usage of the available energy in beacon-enabled Zigbee networks. When wireless nano-sensor nodes are implanted into the target human body area for detecting disease symptoms or virus existence, each node also requires a similar characteristic in channel sharing and in the transmission of event-driven data with a short length. In this paper, we suggest a wireless network model with nano-sensor nodes for the in-body application. We propose a novel MAC protocol derived from an existing Zigbee MAC protocol scheme and analyze the performance of energy usage with variable super-frame durations and packet sizes.
SLOTTED CSMA/CA BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT MAC PROTOCOL DESIGN IN NANONETWORKSijwmn
Devices in a beacon-enabled network use slotted CSMA/CA to contend for channel usage. Each node in the
network competes for the channels when ready to transmit data. The slotted CSMA/CA mechanism based
on the super-frame structure fairly provides communication chance for each node and makes a reasonable
usage of the available energy in beacon-enabled Zigbee networks. When wireless nano-sensor nodes are
implanted into the target human body area for detecting disease symptoms or virus existence, each node
also requires a similar characteristic in channel sharing and in the transmission of event-driven data with
a short length. In this paper, we suggest a wireless network model with nano-sensor nodes for the in-body
application. We propose a novel MAC protocol derived from an existing Zigbee MAC protocol scheme and
analyze the performance of energy usage with variable super-frame durations and packet sizes.
With the increase of usage of wireless networks for purposes where the nodes are either stationary or minimally mobile, focus is also on increasing the network capacity of wireless networks. One such way is to use non-overlapping multiple channels provided by 802.11 by using multiple interfaces per node. Multiple non overlapped channels exist in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz spectrum. Under this scenario, several challenges need to be addressed before all the available channels can be fully utilized.
A Cross Layer Based Scalable Channel Slot Re-Utilization Technique for Wirele...csandit
Due to tremendous growth of the wireless based application services are increasing the demand
for wireless communication techniques that use bandwidth more effectively. Channel slot reutilization
in multi-radio wireless mesh networks is a very challenging problem. WMNs have
been adopted as back haul to connect various networks such as Wi-Fi (802.11), WI-MAX
(802.16e) etc. to the internet. The slot re-utilization technique proposed so far suffer due to high
collision due to improper channel slot usage approximation error. To overcome this here the
author propose the cross layer optimization technique by designing a device classification
based channel slot re-utilization routing strategy which considers the channel slot and node
information from various layers and use some of these parameters to approximate the risk
involve in channel slot re-utilization in order to improve the QoS of the network. The simulation
and analytical results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach in term of channel slot
re-utilization efficiency and thus helps in reducing latency for data transmission and reduce
channel slot collision.
A CROSS-LAYER BASED SCALABLE CHANNEL SLOT RE-UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR WIRELE...cscpconf
Due to tremendous growth of the wireless based application services are increasing the demand for wireless communication techniques that use bandwidth more effectively. Channel slot reutilization in multi-radio wireless mesh networks is a very challenging problem. WMNs have been adopted as back haul to connect various networks such as Wi-Fi (802.11), WI-MAX (802.16e) etc. to the internet. The slot re-utilization technique proposed so far suffer due to high collision due to improper channel slot usage approximation error. To overcome this here the author propose the cross layer optimization technique by designing a device classification based channel slot re-utilization routing strategy which considers the channel slot and node information from various layers and use some of these parameters to approximate the risk involve in channel slot re-utilization in order to improve the QoS of the network. The simulation and analytical results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach in term of channel slot re-utilization efficiency and thus helps in reducing latency for data transmission and reduce
channel slot collision.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CHANNEL ACCESS MODEL FOR MAC IN RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED ...IJCNCJournal
Medium Access control (MAC) is one of the fundamental problems in wireless sensor networks. The performance of wireless sensor network depends on it. The main objective of a medium access control method is to provide high throughput, minimize the delay, and conservers the energy consumption by avoiding the collisions. In this paper, a general model for MAC protocol to reduce the delay, maximize throughput and conserve the energy consumption in channel accessing in high density randomly distributed wireless sensor network is presented. The proposed model is simulated using MATLAB. The simulation results show that the average delay for sensors with sufficient memory is lower than sensors without
memory. Further, the throughput of the channel access method with memory is better than without memory.
Evaluation of Energy Consumption using Receiver–Centric MAC Protocol in Wirel...IJECEIAES
At present day’s wireless sensor networks, obtain a lot consideration to researchers. Maximum number of sensor nodes are scattered that can communicate with all others. Reliable data communication and energy consumption are the mainly significant parameters that are required in wireless sensor networks. Many of MAC protocols have been planned to improve the efficiency more by enhancing the throughput and energy consumption. The majority of the presented medium access control protocols to only make available, reliable data delivery or energy efficiency does not offer together at the same time. In this research work the author proposes a novel approach based on Receiver Centric-MAC is implemented using NS2 simulator. Here, the author focuses on the following parametric measures like - energy consumption, reliability and bandwidth. RC-MAC provides high bandwidth without decreasing energy efficiency. The results show that 0.12% of less energy consumption, reliability improved by 20.86% and bandwidth increased by 27.32% of RC-MAC compared with MAC IEEE 802.11.
A WSN primary outline issue for a sensor system is protection of the vitality accessible at every sensor node. We propose to convey different, versatile base stations to delay the lifetime of the sensor system. We split the lifetime of the sensor system into equivalent stretches of time known as rounds. Base stations are migrated toward the begin of a round. Our strategy utilizes a whole number straight program to focus new areas for the base stations and in view of steering convention to guarantee vitality proficient directing amid every round. We propose four assessment measurements and look at our answer utilizing these measurements. Taking into account the reproduction results we demonstrate that utilizing various, versatile base stations as per the arrangement given by our plans would altogether expand the lifetime of the sensor system.
Survey on energy efficiency in wireless sensor network using mac protocol wit...Editor Jacotech
Dynamic feature evaluation and concept evaluation is major challenging task in the field of data classification. The continuity of data induced a new feature during classification process, but the classification process is predefined task for assigning data into class. Data comes into multiple feature sub-set format into infinite length. The infinite length not decided the how many class are assigned. Support vector machine is well recognized method for data classification. For the process of support vector machine evaluation of new feature during classification is major problem. The problem of feature evaluation decreases the performance of Support Vector Machine (SVM). For the improvement of support vector machine, particle of swarm optimization technique is used. Particle of swarm optimization controls the dynamic feature evaluation process and decreases the possibility of confusion in selection of class and increase the classification ratio of support vector machine. Particle of swarm optimization work in two phases one used as dynamic population selection and another are used for optimization process of evolved new feature.
Energy-efficient MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a surveyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
MAC Protocols enables sensor nodes of the same WSN to access a common shared
communication channel. Many researchers have proposed different solutions explaining how to design and
implement these protocols. The main goal of most MACs protocols is how to prolong lifetime of the WSN
as long as possible by reducing energy consumption since it is often impossible to change or to recharge
sensors’ batteries. The majority of these protocols designed for WSN are based on “duty-cycle” technique.
Every node of the WSN operates on two periods: active period and sleep period to save energy. Until now
(to our knowledge) there is no ideal protocol for this purpose. The main reason relies on the lack of
standardization at lower layers (physical layer) and (physical) sensor hardware. Therefore, the MAC
protocol choice remains application-dependent. A useful MAC protocol should be able to adapt to network
changes (topology, nodes density and network size). This paper surveys MAC protocols for WSNs and
discusses the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of currently popular protocols.
SLOTTED CSMA/CA BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT MAC PROTOCOL DESIGN IN NANONETWORKSijwmn
Devices in a beacon-enabled network use slotted CSMA/CA to contend for channel usage. Each node in the network competes for the channels when ready to transmit data. The slotted CSMA/CA mechanism based on the super-frame structure fairly provides communication chance for each node and makes a reasonable usage of the available energy in beacon-enabled Zigbee networks. When wireless nano-sensor nodes are implanted into the target human body area for detecting disease symptoms or virus existence, each node also requires a similar characteristic in channel sharing and in the transmission of event-driven data with a short length. In this paper, we suggest a wireless network model with nano-sensor nodes for the in-body application. We propose a novel MAC protocol derived from an existing Zigbee MAC protocol scheme and analyze the performance of energy usage with variable super-frame durations and packet sizes.
SLOTTED CSMA/CA BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT MAC PROTOCOL DESIGN IN NANONETWORKSijwmn
Devices in a beacon-enabled network use slotted CSMA/CA to contend for channel usage. Each node in the
network competes for the channels when ready to transmit data. The slotted CSMA/CA mechanism based
on the super-frame structure fairly provides communication chance for each node and makes a reasonable
usage of the available energy in beacon-enabled Zigbee networks. When wireless nano-sensor nodes are
implanted into the target human body area for detecting disease symptoms or virus existence, each node
also requires a similar characteristic in channel sharing and in the transmission of event-driven data with
a short length. In this paper, we suggest a wireless network model with nano-sensor nodes for the in-body
application. We propose a novel MAC protocol derived from an existing Zigbee MAC protocol scheme and
analyze the performance of energy usage with variable super-frame durations and packet sizes.
With the increase of usage of wireless networks for purposes where the nodes are either stationary or minimally mobile, focus is also on increasing the network capacity of wireless networks. One such way is to use non-overlapping multiple channels provided by 802.11 by using multiple interfaces per node. Multiple non overlapped channels exist in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz spectrum. Under this scenario, several challenges need to be addressed before all the available channels can be fully utilized.
A Cross Layer Based Scalable Channel Slot Re-Utilization Technique for Wirele...csandit
Due to tremendous growth of the wireless based application services are increasing the demand
for wireless communication techniques that use bandwidth more effectively. Channel slot reutilization
in multi-radio wireless mesh networks is a very challenging problem. WMNs have
been adopted as back haul to connect various networks such as Wi-Fi (802.11), WI-MAX
(802.16e) etc. to the internet. The slot re-utilization technique proposed so far suffer due to high
collision due to improper channel slot usage approximation error. To overcome this here the
author propose the cross layer optimization technique by designing a device classification
based channel slot re-utilization routing strategy which considers the channel slot and node
information from various layers and use some of these parameters to approximate the risk
involve in channel slot re-utilization in order to improve the QoS of the network. The simulation
and analytical results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach in term of channel slot
re-utilization efficiency and thus helps in reducing latency for data transmission and reduce
channel slot collision.
A CROSS-LAYER BASED SCALABLE CHANNEL SLOT RE-UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR WIRELE...cscpconf
Due to tremendous growth of the wireless based application services are increasing the demand for wireless communication techniques that use bandwidth more effectively. Channel slot reutilization in multi-radio wireless mesh networks is a very challenging problem. WMNs have been adopted as back haul to connect various networks such as Wi-Fi (802.11), WI-MAX (802.16e) etc. to the internet. The slot re-utilization technique proposed so far suffer due to high collision due to improper channel slot usage approximation error. To overcome this here the author propose the cross layer optimization technique by designing a device classification based channel slot re-utilization routing strategy which considers the channel slot and node information from various layers and use some of these parameters to approximate the risk involve in channel slot re-utilization in order to improve the QoS of the network. The simulation and analytical results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach in term of channel slot re-utilization efficiency and thus helps in reducing latency for data transmission and reduce
channel slot collision.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
1. VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA -590 014
PROGRESS REPORT-I & 2
(JAN 2020- JULY 2020) (Aug 2020- Dec 2020)
On
“ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
USING MODIFIED MAC PROTOCOL”
Submitted by Under the Guidance of
HARISH JOSHI DR. RAVINDRA EKLARKER
(USN: 3GN17PEA06) PRINCIPAL
GNDEC, BIDAR
RESEARCH CENTRE
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar -585403
Karnataka.
2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• Modeling and Analysis of Energy Efficient MAC Protocols in INET
Framework Using OMNet++
• Showcases And Simulation Results
• Collision Avoidance Technique In Wireless Sensor Networks
• Collision Avoidance In X-MAC Protocol
• Work Carried Out So Far
• Further Work To Be Carried Out
• Details Of Papers/Publications Out Of The Research Work
• References
3. INTRODUCTION
• Wireless Sensor Network : Refers to a group of distributed and
dedicated sensors for monitoring and recording the physical conditions of the
environment and organizing the collected data at a central location.
• Applications of WSN are such as, intrusion detection, target tracking, industrial
automation, military applications, smart building, Internet of Things, and for
environmental applications like agricultural farm monitoring, forest fire monitoring
etc.
• Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with
an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an
electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually
a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting.
4. • A wireless sensor node is designed for sensing, data acquisition, localized
processing, and wireless communication. The transceiver has been
identified as one of the units that consume the most power in the sensor
node. It dominates the power budget at 60% consumption of the total
available energy and determines the lifetime of the sensor network .
• In sensor networks, a MAC layer is primarily responsible for allocation and
distribution of shared medium and other resources of communication
among all the nodes in a network.
• Medium Access Control MAC sub-layer is part of Data Link layer in WSN's
protocol stack. The energy consumption of sensor nodes is greatly
affected by MAC protocol which controls the node radio functionalities
5. MAC Attribute and Tradeoff to
achieve Efficiency
• The following attributes reflect the characteristics of a good MAC protocol for
wireless sensor networks:
• Collision Avoidance: When and how a node can access the medium and send its
data.
• Energy Efficiency: It is very difficult to replace and recharge exhausted batteries;
hence prolonging lifetime of each node is critical issue.
• Scalability and Adaptability: A good MAC protocols should accommodate changes
in network size, node density and topology.
• Channel Utilization: How well the entire bandwidth of the channel is utilized in
communications.
• Latency: Delay in receiving packet by receiver, when a sender has a packet to sent.
• Throughput: Amount of data successfully transferred from sender to receiver in a
given time.
• Fairness: Ability of different nodes to share channel equality
6. Introduction to MAC protocols
• There are 2 types of protocols used to communicate the channels:
• TDMA based: In a TDMA based approach; time will be divided into time
slots, which will help the nodes to move their data without lavishing
energy of transmission. Only one time slot is assigned to every node [3].
• CSMA based: CSMA is a MAC convention wherein a node will check for
absence of an signal before transmitting.
7. OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK
• To Carry out Research work to improve energy efficiency at MAC layer without
degrading the packet delivery performance.
• To adapt the duty cycle of decent nodes independently in order to meet the time-
varying and/or spatially no uniform traffic loads. The proposed mechanism should
aim at improving energy efficiency while maximizing packet delivery performance
under variable traffic conditions.
• Finally, to evaluate network lifetime and understand the key factors that contribute
to energy imbalance in multi-hop wireless sensor networks.
• Furthermore, to propose an energy-aware routing protocol that is able to achieve
the right trade-off between energy efficiency and energy consumption balancing
and maximize network lifetime in heterogeneous WSNs.
9. BMac actually sends multiple shorter preambles instead of a long one, so that waking
nodes can receive the one that starts after they woke up. sensor3 starts sending
preambles, while the other nodes are asleep. All of them wake up before the end of
the preamble transmission. When the nodes are awake, they receive the preamble,
and receive the data packet as well, at the physical layer (the mac discards it if it is not
for them.) Then the gateway sends it to the server. Note that all nodes receive the
preambles and the data packet as well.
10. sensor3 starts sending preambles. sensor4 wakes up and receives one of the
preambles (hence the dotted arrow representing a successful physical layer
transmission), and goes back to sleep, as the transmission is addressed to the gateway.
Then the gateway wakes up and sends an acknowledgment after receiving one of the
preambles. sensor3 sends the data packet, and the gateway forwards it to the server.
11. Each node transmits in its own time slot; there are no collisions. Note that all nodes
receive the control message (indicated by the physical link visualizer arrows), but only
the destination node receives the data unit.
12. MAC Attribute and Tradeoff
• The following attributes reflect the characteristics of a good MAC protocol for wireless sensor
networks:
• Collision Avoidance: When and how a node can access the medium and send its data.
• Energy Efficiency: It is very difficult to replace and recharge exhausted batteries; hence
prolonging
• lifetime of each node is critical issue.
• Scalability and Adaptability: A good MAC protocols should accommodate changes in network
size,
• node density and topology.
• Channel Utilization: How well the entire bandwidth of the channel is utilized in
communications.
• Latency: Delay in receiving packet by receiver, when a sender has a packet to sent.
• Throughput: Amount of data successfully transferred from sender to receiver in a given time.
• Fairness: Ability of different nodes to share channel equality
13. Optimizing for packet loss for BMAC
The sensors send 100 packets each during the 100s, thus 400 packets total. It is
apparent from the results that the network cannot carry all traffic in this scenario. The
results also outline a smooth curve. We choose 0.19s as the best performing value
for slotDuration.
14. Optimizing LMAC
According to this, the optimal value for the gateway’s slotDuration is 0.14s (0.35s for
the sensors), so we choose that.
15. Optimizing LMAC
The best performing value for slotDuration is 50ms. Note that the
lowest slotDuration values up until 120ms yield approximately the same results (around
400 packets), with the 50ms value performing marginally better.
17. WORK CARRIED OUT SO FAR
• Study of Wireless sensor network (WSN) and it’s at different applications.
• Study and Analysis of Source/Cause of Energy Wastage in Wireless sensor network.
•
• A detailed Survey and Analysis Different Types of Media Access Control (MAC)
Protocols to increase the Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks.
• A detailed Survey on comparison based analysis of various network simulators.
Simulators taken into consideration are Ns-2, Ns-3, OMNeT++, NetSim, REAL,
OPNET and QualNet. Information about simulators such as features, advantages,
disadvantages, backend environment, the supporting operating system, and
minimum hardware requirement.
• Learning/Working on Network Simulators OMNeT++ to carry out the Research
Activity Further.
18. • Presented/submitted Research Related Papers in Reputed Peer Reviewed Scopus
Indexed/ UGC approved Journals and Conferences.
• Modeling and Simulation is carried out on OMNET++ based on a scope of
improvement “Implementation of a Modified Wireless Sensor Network MAC
Protocol for Critical Environments”
• Simulation on INET framework using OMNet++ carried out to minimizing Idle
Listening to achieve maximum throughput, same work published as a book
chapter in Scopus indexed Conference.
• As per the second objective of the research work further work is under process i.e.
to achieve Enhancement in energy efficiency by avoiding the collision during
packet transmission in Wireless Sensor network is going on.
• Both the results and analysis of study carried out on proposed objectives of the
research work are framed/written as papers and submitted to peer reviewed
reputed Scopus indexed journals and these papers are under review status.
19. Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance for Wireless (MACAW)
• Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance for Wireless (MACAW) is a
slotted medium access control (MAC) protocol widely used in ad hoc networks.
• Furthermore, it is the foundation of many other MAC protocols used in wireless
sensor networks (WSN).
• It uses RTS-CTS-DS-DATA-ACK frame sequence for transferring data, sometimes
preceded by an RTS-RRTS frame sequence, in view to provide solution to
the hidden node problem.
• Although protocols based on MACAW, such as S-MAC, use carrier sense in addition
to the RTS/CTS mechanism, MACAW does not make use of carrier sense.
20. COLLISION AVOIDANCE IN X-MAC
PROTOCOL
• Here we are introducing X-MAC/CA protocol combining X-MAC protocol with CA
(Collision Avoidance) algorithm with an aim to maximally randomize transmissions
in overcrowded networks. X-MAC protocol, one of typical asynchronous MAC
protocols for WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) allowing each node to
independently and periodically sleep, is characterized as sending a sequence of
short preambles until an early acknowledgement comes back.
• This feature is designed to save more energy by permitting the receiver to notify
the sender that it is awake. X-MAC/CA protocol is designed to reduce collisions,
especially when a large number of nodes in densely populated WSNs
simultaneously deliver data once they sense some events to report. For its
accurate measurement, this also extends a conventional mathematical model for
X-MAC protocol to include the effect of CA algorithm.
• The extended model predicts that X- MAC/CA protocol can improve the
throughput of X-MAC by up- to 30% in 40-node networks.
22. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
• The conclusion is that in scenario, with the selected parameter values, XMAC
turned out to be the most energy efficient MAC protocol, although LMAC carried a
bit more traffic.
• a conventional mathematical model for X-MAC protocol to include the effect of CA
algorithm. The extended model predicts that X- MAC/CA protocol can improve the
throughput of X-MAC by up- to 30% in networks.
23. FURTHER WORK TO BE CARRIED OUT
• Working on Protocol modeling and Simulation mechanism which should aim at
improving energy efficiency while maximizing packet delivery performance under
variable traffic conditions.
• Proposing an energy-aware routing protocol that is able to achieve the right trade-
off between energy efficiency and energy consumption balancing and maximize
network lifetime in heterogeneous WSNs.
24. Number of Papers/Publications out of the
Research Work (Presented/Submitted),
• International Conference:
• Presented a paper Titled “Modeling and Analysis of Energy Efficient MAC protocols
for Wireless Sensor Networks using OMNET++” Scopus Indexed International
Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies-ICICT 2019 Dated 30th August
2019.
• Proceedings published in SPRINGER https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-
3-030-33846-6 DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33846-6_61 .
25. • International journals:
• Published a paper “Analysis of MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Network” June
2020 | International Journal Of Innovative Research In Technology | Volume 7
Issue 1 | ISSN: 2349-6002.
• Published a paper Titled, “An Analysis of Energy Efficient MAC protocols for
Wireless Sensor Networks using OMNET++” UGC Approved, Open Access
International Open Access Journal of Technologies and Innovation Research On 6th
June 2019. ISSN No: 2349-5162 Vol_6, Issue _6.
• Published a paper Titled, “MAC Protocols for Application-Specific Wireless Sensor
Networks: A Study” UGC Approved International journal of research in
Engineering, Science and Management On 10th October 2018 ISSN No: 2581-5782, Vol_1,
Issue _10.
• Published a paper Titled, “Energy Issues and solutions using Renewable Energy
Resources for Wireless Sensor Networks: A survey” in International Journal for
Scientific Research & Development On 22nd & 23rd October 2016.
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