A WSN primary outline issue for a sensor system is protection of the vitality accessible at every sensor node. We propose to convey different, versatile base stations to delay the lifetime of the sensor system. We split the lifetime of the sensor system into equivalent stretches of time known as rounds. Base stations are migrated toward the begin of a round. Our strategy utilizes a whole number straight program to focus new areas for the base stations and in view of steering convention to guarantee vitality proficient directing amid every round. We propose four assessment measurements and look at our answer utilizing these measurements. Taking into account the reproduction results we demonstrate that utilizing various, versatile base stations as per the arrangement given by our plans would altogether expand the lifetime of the sensor system.
Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Networkijtsrd
Efficient design and implementation of wireless sensor networks has become a hot area of research in recent years, due to the vast potential of sensor networks to enable applications that connect the physical world to the virtual world. By networking large numbers of tiny sensor nodes, it is possible to obtain data about physical phenomena that was difficult or impossible to obtain in more conventional ways. In future as advances in micro-fabrication technology allow the cost of manufacturing sensor nodes to continue to drop, increasing deployments of wireless sensor networks are expected, with the networks eventually growing to large numbers of nodes.Potential applications for such large-scale wireless sensor networks exist in a variety of fields, including medical monitoring, environmental monitoring, surveillance, home security, military operations, and industrial machine monitoring etc. G. Swarnalatha | R. Srilalitha"Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd4688.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/4688/design-issues-and-applications-of-wireless-sensor-network/g-swarnalatha
Optimization of Transmission Schemes in Energy-Constrained Wireless Sensor Ne...IJEEE
This paper reviews medium access control
(MAC) in wireless sensor network (WSN),and different
management methods to save energy.MAC protocol
controls how sensors access a shared radio channel to
communicate with neighbours.
Design Issues and Challenges in Wireless Sensor NetworksKhushbooGupta145
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are composed self-organized wireless ad hoc networks which comprise of a large number of resource constrained sensor nodes. The major areas of research in WSN is going on hardware, and operating system of WSN, deployment, architecture, localization, synchronization, programming models, data aggregation and dissemination, database querying, architecture, middleware, quality of service and security. This paper study highlights ongoing research activities and issues that affect the design and performance of Wireless Sensor Network.
A WSN primary outline issue for a sensor system is protection of the vitality accessible at every sensor node. We propose to convey different, versatile base stations to delay the lifetime of the sensor system. We split the lifetime of the sensor system into equivalent stretches of time known as rounds. Base stations are migrated toward the begin of a round. Our strategy utilizes a whole number straight program to focus new areas for the base stations and in view of steering convention to guarantee vitality proficient directing amid every round. We propose four assessment measurements and look at our answer utilizing these measurements. Taking into account the reproduction results we demonstrate that utilizing various, versatile base stations as per the arrangement given by our plans would altogether expand the lifetime of the sensor system.
Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Networkijtsrd
Efficient design and implementation of wireless sensor networks has become a hot area of research in recent years, due to the vast potential of sensor networks to enable applications that connect the physical world to the virtual world. By networking large numbers of tiny sensor nodes, it is possible to obtain data about physical phenomena that was difficult or impossible to obtain in more conventional ways. In future as advances in micro-fabrication technology allow the cost of manufacturing sensor nodes to continue to drop, increasing deployments of wireless sensor networks are expected, with the networks eventually growing to large numbers of nodes.Potential applications for such large-scale wireless sensor networks exist in a variety of fields, including medical monitoring, environmental monitoring, surveillance, home security, military operations, and industrial machine monitoring etc. G. Swarnalatha | R. Srilalitha"Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd4688.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/4688/design-issues-and-applications-of-wireless-sensor-network/g-swarnalatha
Optimization of Transmission Schemes in Energy-Constrained Wireless Sensor Ne...IJEEE
This paper reviews medium access control
(MAC) in wireless sensor network (WSN),and different
management methods to save energy.MAC protocol
controls how sensors access a shared radio channel to
communicate with neighbours.
Design Issues and Challenges in Wireless Sensor NetworksKhushbooGupta145
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are composed self-organized wireless ad hoc networks which comprise of a large number of resource constrained sensor nodes. The major areas of research in WSN is going on hardware, and operating system of WSN, deployment, architecture, localization, synchronization, programming models, data aggregation and dissemination, database querying, architecture, middleware, quality of service and security. This paper study highlights ongoing research activities and issues that affect the design and performance of Wireless Sensor Network.
A Review on - Comparative Study of Issues in Cellular, Sensor and Adhoc Networkscscpconf
A cellular network is an asymmetric radio network which is made up of fixed transceivers or
nodes, maintain the signal while the mobile transceiver which is using the network is in the
vicinity of the node. An ad-hoc network is a local area network (LAN) that is built
spontaneously as devices connect.
Instead of relying on a base station to coordinate the flow of messages to each node in the
network, the individual network nodes forward packets to and from each other.
This paper focuses on various issues in cellular, adhoc and sensor network. As issues proves helpful for forthcoming research, this paper work as a backbone to elaborate the various research areas.
EFFECT OF HASH FUNCTION ON PERFORMANCE OF LOW POWER WAKE UP RECEIVER FOR WIRE...IJNSA Journal
Next generation network will consist of different types of wireless networks like WSN, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, UMTS, LTE and etc. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) finds unique and special application as compared to the said networks because sensors are deployed in a very secret, awkward and hostile environment like battle field etc. Various wireless sensor nodes are interconnected and form a Wireless Sensor Network. Sensor nodes once deployed in a region, can’t be repaired thus the power system deployed in the nodes becomes a major key issue i.e. how long its battery life can be utilised. Another major issue of WSN is to have a more secured network which is a function of hash keys. Increase usage of hash key means enhanced security but at the cost of power and area. Sensor systems must utilize the minimal possible energy while operating over secured and wide range of operating scenarios. In this paper, we have proposed a novel ID matching mechanism that uses a Bloom filter to realize wake-up wireless communication. Paper uses hash function for uniquely recognizing particular sensor- node- cluster among all clusters. Paper also shows the effect of number of hash functions on performance of wireless sensor node. The design and implementation of a wireless wake-up receiver module simulation reveals
that proposed model consume 724nW dynamic power and with bloom filter, the proposed model consumes dynamic power 85% less than the consumption cited in “Takiguchi” model[1]. Dynamic power is further reduced by 10% when parallel processing is implemented. Finally paper provides a novel approach to save the dynamic power and subsequently increases the battery life of wireless sensor node and network as a whole.
Spread Spectrum Based Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is
considered to be one of the most promising emerging
technologies. However one of the main constraints which
is holding back its wide range of applications is the
battery life of the sensor node and thus effecting the
network life. A new approach to this problem has been
presented in this paper. The proposed method is suitable
for event driven applications where the event occurrence
is very rare. The system uses spread spectrum as a means
of communication.
Wireless Sensor Networks UNIT-1
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Comparison of Routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Detailed Surveytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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1. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a corporate
network. Each node consists of processing capability (one or more
microcontrollers, CPUs or DSP chips), may contain multiple types of memory
(program, data and flash memories), have a RF transreceiver (usually with a
single Omni directional antenna), have a power source (e.g., batteries and solar
cells), and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes
communicate wirelessly and even self organize after being deployed in an ad
hoc fashion. Systems of 1000s or even 10000s nodes are anticipated. Such
systems can revolutionize our live and work.
Currently wireless networks are beginning to be deployed at an accelerated
pace. It is not un reasonable to expect that in 10-15 years that the world will be
covered with wireless sensor networks with access to them via the Internet.
This can be considered as the Internet becoming physical network. This new
technology is exciting with unlimited potential for numerous application areas
including environmental, medical, military, transportation, entertainment, crisis
management homeland defense, and smart spaces.
In computer science and telecommunications, wireless sensor networks are an active
research area with numerous workshops and conferences arranged each year. The
topology of the wireless sensor networks can vary from a simple star network to an
advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network.
2. CHARACTERISTICS:
The main characteristics of a WSN include:
Power consumption constrains for nodes using batteries or energy harvesting
Ability to cope with node failures
Mobility of nodes
Communication failures
Heterogeneity of nodes
Scalability to large scale of deployment
Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions
Ease of use
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE:
One of the major challenge in a Wireless Sensor Network is to produce low cost and
tiny sensor nodes. Now a days, many companies are producing WSN and the
commercial situation can be compared to home computing in 1970s. Most of the
nodes are still in the research and development stage particularly their software.
To determine the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks, energy is the scarcest
resource for the Wireless Sensor nodes. The key component for the software of a
Wireless Sensor Network is ad-hoc communications.
3. The algorithms and protocols need to address the following issues:
Life time Maximization
Robustness and fault tolerance
Self-configuration
The lifetime of a Wireless Sensor Network is based upon the limited energy resource.
In order to conserve power the node should shut off the radio power supply when
not in use.
APPLICATIONS:
Area monitoring
Environmental/Earth monitoring
Air Quality monitoring includes Interior monitoring and Exterior monitoring
Air pollution monitoring
Forest fire detection
Landslide detection
Water quality monitoring
Agriculture
Industrial monitoring which includes machine health monitoring
4. Simulation of Wireless Sensor Networks:
At present, agent-based modeling and simulation is the only paradigm which allows
the simulation of complex behavior in the environments of wireless sensors
(such as flocking). Agent-based simulation of wireless sensor and ad-hoc networks
is a relatively new paradigm. Agent-based modeling was originally based on social
simulation.
Network simulators like OPNET, NetSim and NS2 can be used to simulate a wireless
sensor network.
Standards:
The prominent standards of Wireless Sensor networks include:
Wireless HART
IEEE 1451
Zigbee/802.15.4
Zigbee IP
6LowPAN
The IEEE focuses on the physical and MAC layers and the Internet Engineering task
force works on the layer 3. Standards are not used much i.e. used very less in the case
of Wireless Sensor Networks.
5. MAC:
A medium access control (MAC) protocol coordinates actions over a shared channel.
The most commonly used solutions are contention-based. One general contention-
based strategy is for a node which has a message to transmit to test the channel to
see if it is busy, if not busy then it transmits, else if busy it waits and tries again later.
After colliding, nodes wait random amounts of time trying to avoid re-colliding. If two
or more nodes transmit at the same time there is a collision and all the nodes
colliding try again later. Many wireless MAC protocols also have a doze mode where
nodes not involved with sending or receiving a packet in a given timeframe go into
sleep mode to save energy. Many variations exist on this basic scheme.
MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks must consume little power, avoid
collisions, be implemented with a small code size and memory requirements, be
efficient for a single application, and be tolerant to changing radio frequency and
networking conditions.
One example of a good MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks is B-MAC.
B-MAC is highly configurable and can be implemented with a small code and
memory size. It has an interface that allows choosing various functionality and only
that functionality as needed by a particular application.
6. B-MAC contains four main parts :
Clear Channel Assessment (CCA)
Packet backoff
Link layer acks
Low power listening.
For CCA, B-MAC uses a weighted moving average of samples when the channel is idle
in order to assess the background noise and better be able to detect valid packets
and collisions.
The packet backoff time is configurable and is chosen from a linear range as opposed
to an exponential backoff scheme typically used in other distributed systems. This
reduces delay and works because of the typical communication patterns found in a
wireless sensor network. B-MAC also supports a packet by packet link layer
acknowledgement. In this way only important packets need pay the extra cost.
A low power listening scheme is employed where a node cycles between awake and
sleep cycles. While awake it listens for a long enough preamble to assess if it needs to
stay awake or can return to sleep mode. This scheme saves significant amounts of
energy.
7. TYPES OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS:
1.Unstructured Wireless Sensor Network 2.Structured Wireless Network
Dense collection of nodes Few and scarcely distributed nodes
Ad-hoc deployment Pre planned deployment
Difficulty in network maintenance Lower network maintenance
Diagramatically a Wireless sensor Network can be represented as
FUTURE SCOPE:
The Wireless sensor networks helps the present technology to Blend and
interconnect individual smart devices, Enable access to information about the real
world and also interact and influence the real world. Also this Wireless Sensor
Network receives live information from the road authority about the state of the
Roads including traffic jams, road accident and weather. The capability and
accessibility of the networks can also be increased to a large extent with the help of
8. this Wireless Sensor Networks.
REFERENCES:
Jennifer Yick, Biswanath Mukherjee, Dipak Ghosal, Wireless Sensor networks Survey,
Elsevier, 2008.