Blood Transfusion Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. Safe blood transfusion should be safe to both the donor and the recipient. Blood transfusions can be life saving in some situations such as -Massive blood loss due to trauma or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery.BT may also be used to treat a severe anemia orThrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease.People suffering from hemophilia or sickle disease may require frequent transfusion.

1. Presented By
Zeeshan Ahmad
University Of Science and Technology Bannu
Deportment of Biotechnology
Medical Biotechnology
Topics :
BloodTransfusion

2. Introduction:
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or
blood based products from one person into the circulatory system
of another. Safe blood transfusion should be safe to both the donor
and the recipient. Blood transfusions can be life saving in some
situations such as –
i. Massive blood loss due to trauma or can be used to replace
blood lost during surgery.
ii. BT may also be used to treat a severe anemia or
iii. Thrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease.

3. iv. People suffering from hemophilia or sickle disease may require
frequent transfusion.
• Blood transfusion usually done as a lifesaving maneuver to
replace blood cells or blood products lost through severe
bleeding

4. Functions of Blood in body

5. History
» Human blood replacement therapy was accepted in the late 19th
century
» This was followed by introduction of blood grouping by
Landsteiner who identified the major A,B & O groups in 1900,
resulting in widespread use of blood products in world war 1.
» Levine & Stetson in 1939 followed with the concept of Rh
grouping.
» Whole blood was considered the standard in transfusion in late
1970s when component therapy began to take prominence.

6. GENERAL INDICATIONS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION
1. External bleeding
2. Internal bleeding (i) non-traumatic
(ii) traumatic
3. RBC lysis : e.g. malaria, HIV
4. Anemia
5. Bleeding disorders
6. Burns
7. Anticipated need for blood

7. Pre-operative autologous
Transfusion
• Donating your own blood before surgery.
The blood bank draws your blood and stores
it until you need it during or after surgery.

8. Intra-operative autologous
transfusion
Recycling your blood
during surgery. Blood
lost during surgery is
filtered, and put back
into your body during
surgery.

9. Post-operative autologous
transfusion
• Recycling your blood after
surgery.
• Blood lost after surgery is
collected, filtered and
returned to your body.

10. For safe blood transfusions to prevent immediate reaction the
following steps mustbe taken.
1. Age: not less than 17 years.
2. Pulse: between 50-100 beat /minute without irregularities.
3. Blood pressure: systole<180mmHg, diastolic <100mmHg.
4. Temperature: <37.5C
5. Hemoglobin:>12g/dl, Hct>38%
6. Site of vein puncture must be free of lesions and infections.
7. ABO grouping.
8. Rh typing.
9. Cross matching
10. Laboratory screening test for:- HBsAg, HCV Ab, HIV, HTLV1, HTLV2.

11. BLOODGROUPING
Because blood types are responsible for the interactions between
cells such as red blood cells and the immune system, it is
important that the blood types of the donor and the recipient of
red blood cells match. If the donor and recipient's blood types are
not matched, the recipient's immune system will destroy the
donor's cells.
Blood grouping means:-
• the determination of the antigens of a
specific group on the red cells
• and the antibodies relevant to this
group in the normal serum.

12. BLOODGROUPING

13. BLOODGROUPING
Blood group Antibodies in serum Antigens on red cells
A A Antig B
B B Antig A
AB AB Non
O O Antig AB

14. RHESUS(Rh) BLOOD GROUP
 The Rh system, which includes the D, C, c, E, and e
antigens, differs from the ABO system in several ways
 It is second only to the ABO system in importance in
transfusion medicine.
 The Rh antigens are highly immunogenic, especially the D
antigen since these antigens are membrane-spanning proteins,
in contrast to polysaccharide moieties.
 In the Rh system the antibodies are of IgG type and antigen
–antibody reaction occurs best at body temperature .[warm
antibodies]
 In Rh negative individuals , anti – D antibodies are not
naturally present in the plasma

16. CROSS MATCHING
 Blood matching between a patient and a donor is a direct
compatibility test
 RBCs and plasma are crossmatched through major and minor
crossmatching process
 A compatible donor blood
is chosen. As a final
check, a blood bank
technologist will mix a
small sample of your blood
with a small sample of the
donor blood to confirm
they are compatible.

18. Whole blood

19. Packed red cell(PRC)
Can prepare from whole blood by put
out plasma 85 %

20. BLOOD COMPONENTS

21. 1. Use of Sterile Apparatus.
2. Blood bag should be checked
3. Temperature of blood to be
transfused must be same as body
temperature.
4. Transfusion rate must be slow in
order to prevent increase load on
heart.
5. Care full watch on the recipients
condition for 10 mins
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN DURING BLOOD TRANSFUSION

22.  The interval b/w 2 donations : at least 12 weeks.
 At least 48 hours must elapse after
plasmapheresis or cytapheresis before whole
blood is collected from a donor.
 Apheresisshould be done only after 90 days
of whole blood collection or in an event
when red cells are not returned at the
end of apheresis
DONATIONINTERVAL

23. Transfusion Reactions

25. Thanks for paying
attention