This document provides information on initiating, maintaining, and terminating a blood transfusion using a Y-set. It discusses blood groups, blood typing and crossmatching to avoid incompatible transfusions. It outlines the selection process for blood donors and potential transfusion reactions along with nursing interventions. Finally, it provides step-by-step procedures for administering a blood transfusion and terminating the transfusion safely.
Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body.
Hypovolemic shock symptoms include:
Breathing faster than normal.
Feeling confused or anxious.
Sweating a lot.
Passing out.
Having skin that feels cool.
Feeling weak.
Having a low temperature and low blood pressure.
Having a fast pulse.
The most common cause of hypovolemic shock is blood loss when a major blood vessel bursts or when you're seriously injured. This is called hemorrhagic shock. You can also get it from heavy bleeding related to pregnancy, from burns, or even from severe vomiting and diarrhea.
Fluid resuscitation is the mainstay of therapy in patients with severe hypovolemia.
This presentation can help you understand the concept of Cardiogenic Shock more. It contains Definition, Causes, Risk Factors, Signs and Symptoms, Prevention, Prognosis, and Pathophysiology.
Cardiogenic Shock is a type of Shock wherein the main cause of problem is the inability of the heart itself to pump out the blood making the heart's workload and pressure increase.
Define blood transfusion
Enlist the purpose of blood transfusion
Brief the history of blood transfusion
Describe various component of blood
Understand types of blood transfusion
Perform the steps of the procedure
Recognize the adverse reaction of blood transfusion
Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body.
Hypovolemic shock symptoms include:
Breathing faster than normal.
Feeling confused or anxious.
Sweating a lot.
Passing out.
Having skin that feels cool.
Feeling weak.
Having a low temperature and low blood pressure.
Having a fast pulse.
The most common cause of hypovolemic shock is blood loss when a major blood vessel bursts or when you're seriously injured. This is called hemorrhagic shock. You can also get it from heavy bleeding related to pregnancy, from burns, or even from severe vomiting and diarrhea.
Fluid resuscitation is the mainstay of therapy in patients with severe hypovolemia.
This presentation can help you understand the concept of Cardiogenic Shock more. It contains Definition, Causes, Risk Factors, Signs and Symptoms, Prevention, Prognosis, and Pathophysiology.
Cardiogenic Shock is a type of Shock wherein the main cause of problem is the inability of the heart itself to pump out the blood making the heart's workload and pressure increase.
Define blood transfusion
Enlist the purpose of blood transfusion
Brief the history of blood transfusion
Describe various component of blood
Understand types of blood transfusion
Perform the steps of the procedure
Recognize the adverse reaction of blood transfusion
Blood transfusion -procedure,precaution and complicationPRANATI PATRA
medical and surgical,introduction,blood and blood products,GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR GIVING BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS,Nursing Implications -Before transfusion:
Check physician’s orders
Review hospital policy
Ensure informed and written consent is provided
Check laboratory values
Understand the indications and rationale
Verification procedure occurs with
two nurses
Before transfusion (con’t):
Compatibility of blood type and Rh factor
Inspect the blood product for discolouration, clots, leaking, or presence of bubbles
Check the unit number on the unit of blood and on the form
Check the expiration date and time on unit of blood
Ask client to state first and last name
Check patient’s identification number on wristband and record
Nursing Implications in a Reaction
Stop transfusion
Remove tubing that contains blood product
Infuse with 0.9% normal saline
Monitor vital signs
Notify physician
Notify blood bank and return blood component
Administer medication depending on type of reaction
Epinephrine, antihistamines, antibiotics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, corticosteroids
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. Blood transfusions can be life-saving in some situations, such as massive blood loss due to trauma, or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe anaemia or thrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease. People suffering from hemophilia or sickle-cell disease may require frequent blood transfusions. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Blood transfusion -procedure,precaution and complicationPRANATI PATRA
medical and surgical,introduction,blood and blood products,GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR GIVING BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS,Nursing Implications -Before transfusion:
Check physician’s orders
Review hospital policy
Ensure informed and written consent is provided
Check laboratory values
Understand the indications and rationale
Verification procedure occurs with
two nurses
Before transfusion (con’t):
Compatibility of blood type and Rh factor
Inspect the blood product for discolouration, clots, leaking, or presence of bubbles
Check the unit number on the unit of blood and on the form
Check the expiration date and time on unit of blood
Ask client to state first and last name
Check patient’s identification number on wristband and record
Nursing Implications in a Reaction
Stop transfusion
Remove tubing that contains blood product
Infuse with 0.9% normal saline
Monitor vital signs
Notify physician
Notify blood bank and return blood component
Administer medication depending on type of reaction
Epinephrine, antihistamines, antibiotics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, corticosteroids
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. Blood transfusions can be life-saving in some situations, such as massive blood loss due to trauma, or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe anaemia or thrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease. People suffering from hemophilia or sickle-cell disease may require frequent blood transfusions. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
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1. INITIATING,MAINTAINING ANDTERMINATING
A BLOOD TRANSFUSIONUSING A Y-SET
DefinitionofBlood Transfusion
A bloodtransfusionisthe transferof
bloodor bloodproductsfromone
person(donor) intoanotherperson's
bloodstream(recipient).
Thisis usuallydone asa life saving
procedure toreplace bloodcellsor
bloodproductslostthroughsevere
bleeding,duringsurgerywhenblood
lossoccurs or to increase the blood
count inan anemicpatient
BLOOD GROUPS
Human bloodiscommonlyclassified
intofourmain groups
• Type A
• Type B
• Type AB
• Type O
> The surface of an individual’sredbloodcells
containsa numberof proteinsknownas
antigenand consideredasunique for each
person
Antigenspromote agglutinationor
clumpingof bloodcells,theyare also
knownas agglutinogens
The A antigenispresentonthe RBCs of
people withbloodgroupA
The B antigenispresentinpeoplewith
bloodgroupB
Both A and B antigensare foundonthe
RBC on the RBC surface inpeople with
groupAB blood.
Neitherantigenispresentinpeople
withgroupO blood
People withbloodgroupA have B
antibodies(agglutinins);A antibodies
are presentinpeople withbloodgroup
B and people bloodgroupOhave
antibodiestobothA and B antigens
• Type O -Type O bloodisthe universal
bloodtype andis the onlybloodtype
that can be transfusedtopatientswith
otherbloodtype
BLOOD TYPING AND CROSSMATCHING
To avoidtransfusionincompatible red
bloodcells,bothblooddonorand
recipientare typedandtheirblood
crossmatched
Bloodtypingisdone to determinethe
ABO bloodgroupandRh factor (
RHESUS) status.
Thistestis alsoperformedonpregnant
womenandneonatestoassessfor
possible intrauterine exposure of either
to an incompatiblebloodtype
Crossmatchingisalsonecessary
because bloodtypingonlydetermines
the presence of the majorABO andRH
antigens.
SELECTION OF BLOOD DONORS:
Selectionisrigorous
Criteriahave beenestablishedto
protectthe donor frompossible ill
effectsof donationandtoprotectthe
recipientfromexposure todiseases
transmittedthroughthe blood
Donorsare eliminatedbyahistoryof:
Hepatitis
HIV infection
Heart disease,mostcancers
Severe asthma
2. Bleedingdisorders
Convulsion
Historyof malaria
Highor lowbloodpressure
Pregnant
Takingcertaindrugs
6. ClottingFactorsand Cryoprecipitate
> Usedfor clientswithclottingfactor
deficiencies.Eachprovidesdifferent
factors involvedinthe clottingpathway;
cyoprecipitate alsocontainsfibrinogen
REACTION:CAUSE
HemolyticReaction:
Incompatibilitybetweenclient’sbloodand
donor’sblood
CLINICAL SIGNS
> Chills,fever,headache,backache dyspnea,
cyanosis,chestpain,tachycardia,hypotension
NURSING INTERVENTION
1. Discontinue the transfusion
immediately.
REACTION:CAUSE
Febrile reaction:sensitivityof the client’sblood
to white bloodcells,plateletsorplasma
proteins
CLINICAL SIGNS
> Fever,chills,warm, flushedskin;headache,
anxiety,muscle pain
NURSING INTERVENTION
2. Maintainvascular accesswithnormal saline,
or accordingto agency protocol
3. Notifythe primarycare provider
immediately.
Monitorvital signs.
Sendthe remainingblood,bag,filtertubing,a
sample of the client’sbloodandaurine sample
to the laboratory
4. Documentthe findingsandactionstakenon
the client’schart.
1. Discontinue the transfusion
immediately
2. Give antipyreticsasordered.
3. Notifythe primarycare giver
immediately
4. Keepthe veinopenwithanormal saline
solution
3. REACTION:CAUSE
Allergicreaction(mild);sensitivityto
infusedplasmaproteins
Allergicreaction(severe);
Antibody-antigenreaction
CLINICAL SIGNS
Flushing,itching,urticaria,bronchialwheezing
Dyspnea,chestpain,circulatorycollapse,
cardiac arrest
NURSING INTERVENTION
1. Stopor slowthe transfusiondepending
on agencyprotocol
2. Notifythe primarycare provider
3. Administermedication( antihistamine)
as ordered
1.Stop the infusion.
2.Keepthe veinopenfornormal saline.
3.Notifythe primarycare provider.
4. Monitor vital signs. Administer
cardiopulmonaryresuscitationif needed
5. Administermedicationsandor/oxygenas
ordered
REACTION:CAUSE
CirculatoryOverload
Sepsis;contaminatedblood
administered
CLINICAL SIGNS
Cough,dyspnea,crackles(rales),distendedneck
veins,tachycardia,hypertension
Highfever,chills,vomiting,diarrhea,
hypotension
NURSING INTERVENTION
1. Place the clientupright,withfeet
dependent.
2. Stopor slow the infusion.
3. Notifythe Primarycare provider
4. Administerdiureticsasordered.
1.Stop the infusion.
2.Keepthe veinopenwithanormal saline
infusion.
3.Notifythe primarycare provider.
4.AdministerIV fluids,antibiotics
5.Obtaina bloodspecimenfromthe clientfor
culture.
6.Sendthe remainingbloodandtubingtothe
laboratory
ADMINISTERING BLOOD
Special precautions:
1. Once transfusionisordered,obtainthe
bloodfromthe bloodbankjustbefore
startingthe transfusion.
2. Administerbloodwithin4hours.
3. Use #18 to #20 gauge IV needle or
catheter
4. A Y-type bloodtransfusionsetwith an
inline or addon filterisused
5. One arm of the administrationset
connectsto the blood;normal saline
(0.9% NaCl) isattachedto the otherarm
of the Y-type set.
6. Checkthe client’svital signs15minutes
before the infusion.
Assessment:
4. 1. Verify/Check the doctor’sorqualified
practitioner’sorderforthe transfusion.
Rationale:
Bloodmustbe orderedbya physician
or qualifiedpractitioner
To ensure thatthe rightorderis carried
out at the right time forthe right
patient
2. Client’slevel of consciousnessandlevelof
knowledge andunderstanding
Rationale: To determine the client’sabilityto
followinstructionsandpromote cooperation
duringthe procedure
3. If the clienthasalreadysignedthe consent
form.
Rationale: Providesastructure fora patientto
make an informedchoice regardingthe
indications,risks,possiblealternativesand
benefitsof abloodtransfusion
4. Client’spotential riskstobleedingdisorders.
Rationale: To avoidlocal ecchymosesand
hemorrhagiccomplications.
5. Disease orinjuryto extremity
Rationale: Patientswithvasculardisease or
dehydrationmayhave limitedvenousaccess.
6.Checkthe client’svital signs.
Rationale:
To serve as a baseline dataforfurther
medical managementforboththe
doctor’sand nurse.
Allows detectionof areactionbyany
change in vital signsduringthe
transfusion.
7.Healthworker’sandclient’sallergytolatex.
Rationale: To helpthe nurse toselecttype of
materialsandto preventallergicreactions.
8. Availability,sterilityandintegrityof the
neededmaterials
Rationale: To save the nurse’stime andenergy
and to preventinfection.
PROCEDURE IMPLEMENTATION
1.Obtainthe bloodproductfrom the bloodbank
within30 minutesof initiation.
Rationale: Preventsbacterial growthand
destructionof redbloodcells
2.Wash handsand wearcleanglovesandother
Personal ProtectiveEquipment.
Rationale: To protectthe nurse and clientby
reducingthe transmissionof bacteriaand
microorganisms.
3.Identifythe clientwithanothernurse taking
notesof the following:
a.Client’sname,blood,group,Rhtype
b.Cross-matchcompatibility
c.Donor’sbloodgroupand Rh type
d.Unitand hospital number/casenumber
e.Expirationdate andtime onbloodbag
f.Type of bloodproductcomparedwith
physician’sorqualifiedpractitioner’sorder
g.Presence of clotsinthe blood.
Note:This should be done at the client’sbed
side.
Rationale: Strictverificationprocedureswill
reduce the riskof administeringbloodproduct
to the wrongpatient.If there isan error during
thisprocedure,notifythe bloodbankanddo
not administerthe product.
5. 4.Gather the necessarymaterialsandarrange at
the client’sbedside table.
Rationale:
>Savestime andeffort.
>Avoidsleavingthe clientunattendedto
retrieve missingmaterials.
>Promotesclient’ssafety.
a.Hypotray to holdthe materials
b. Bloodproduct
Close the doorand draw the curtaindivider.
Rationale: To promote client’sprivacy.
6.Raise the bedto its’comfortable level and
lowerthe siderailswhere youwill workandput
away call light.
Rationale:
>Helpsthe nurse to workat ease.
>Preventsstrainatthe nurse’sback.
7.Do hand rub andwear cleangloves.
Rationale: Preventscontaminationand
transmissionof microorganism.
8.Openbloodadministrationkit,invertthe
bloodbag gentlyseveral timestomix the cell
withinthe plasmaandmove rollerclampto
“off”position.
Rationale: Closedrollerclampsprevent
accidental spillingof blood.
9.Spike bloodunitwiththe plasticspike
Rationale: Itwill attach the tubingtobloodunit.
10.Hang the bloodunitonthe IV stand/pole 3ft
(1meter) above the client.
Rationale: To ensure there isenoughpressure
to keepthe bloodrunningata constant rate.
11.Squeeze dripchamberandallow the filterto
fill withblood.
Rationale: A correctlyfilleddripchamber
enablesanaccurate drip count.
12.Openrollerclampand allow tubingtofill
withbloodtothe hub.
Rationale: Preventsairfrombeingforcedinto
the vein
13.Prime anotherIV tubingwithnormal saline
and piggybackitto the bloodadministrationset
witha needle andsecure all connectionswith
tape.
Rationale: The bloodproductshouldnotbe
piggybackedintothe normal saline line toavoid
forcingbloodcellsthroughbotha needle anda
venouscatheter.
14.Attach tubingto venouscatheterusing
sterile precautionsandopenrollerclamp.
Rationale: Allowsthe bloodproducttobe
infusedintothe client’svein
15.Infuse the bloodat the followingrate:2-5
ml/minaccordingtothe physician’sorqualified
practitioner’sorder.
Rationale: Packedredbloodcellsusuallyrun
over1 ½ to 2 hours,whole bloodover2-3
hours.
16. Stay withthe clientforfirst15 to 30
minutes,monitoringvital signsevery5minutes
for 15 minutes,then every 15 minutesfor1
hour thenhourlyuntil 1hour afterthe infusion
iscompleted.
Rationale: If a reactionoccurs, itgenerally
happensduringthe first15 to 30 minutes.
Changesto vital signscanwarn of a transfusion
reaction.
17.Afterbloodhas infused,allow the tubingto
clearwithnormal saline.
6. Rationale: The clientwill receive all of the blood
that isleftinthe tubing.
Termination/Removal of Blood Tranfusion:
1. Planning:
1.Checkthe doctor’s order.
Rationale:Toensure thatthe right
orderis carriedout at the righttime for
the right patient
2.Gather the neededmaterials:
Rationale:
>Savestime andeffort.
>Avoidsleavingthe clientunattendedto
retrieve missingmaterials.
Procedure:
1.Identifythe patient,introduce self and explain
the procedure.
Rationale:
>To preventerrorsinperformingprocedureson
the wrong patient
>To preventclient’sanxietyandgainclient’s
trust andcooperation
2.Put the hypotray on the client’sbedside table
3.Close the dooror draw the curtains
Rationale: To promote client’sprivacy.
4.Raise the bed,lowerthe siderailswhere you
will workandput awaythe call light
Rationale:
>Helpsthe nurse to workat ease.
>Preventsstrainatthe nurse’sback.
5. Do handrub and wearcleangloves
Rationale: Preventscontaminationand
transmissionof microorganism.
6. Close the rollerclamp.
Rationale:Closedrollerclampsprevent
accidental spillingof blood.
7. Gentlyrub the plasteronthe client’sskin
usingcottonball withalcohol,liftthe plaster
one by one.Discardthe usedcotton ballsona
waste receptacle.
Raionale:To minimizeskinirritationduring
removal of plaster.
8. Remove the needle bypressingitwithapiece
of sterile gauze,avoidtouchingthe surface that
comesincontact withthe IV site,andgently
pull off the needle withyourdominanthand.
Put the needle ontopof the hypotray with
lining.
Rationale: Applyingpressure dressingcan
minimize painandpossible bleedingfromthe IV
site duringandafterremoval of the needle
9.Secure the gauze with3 stripsof plaster.
Rationale: To secure the dressingsinplace.
10. Lowerthe bed,raise the siderailsandplace
the call lightwithinclient’sreach.
Rationale: To promote client’scomfort,safety
and privacy/
11. Gather the nonreusable materialsand
discardproperly,rearrange the reusable onesto
itsproperplaces.Usedneedlesshouldbe
placedinneedle receptacles.
Rationale:
To maintainthe orderlinessand
cleanlinessof the area.
12.Bring back the emptybloodbag,BT set and
needles tothe bloodbank.
Rationale: Thisisbasedon the hospital’spolicy
regardingthe properdisposal of useditems.
7. 13. Remove gloves,discardproperlyandwash
hands.
Rationale:Topreventthe spreadof micro
organism.
14.Evaluate client’sresponsetothe procedure
15.Documentthe procedure onthe client’s
chart as well asotherpertinentdata.
Rationale
>Timelydocumentationhelpstoensure patient
safety.
>Providesrecordof the client’scare andserves
as a baseline forfurthermanagement.
Include inthe Documentation:
• Time infusionstarted
• Vital signs
• Bloodtype
• Bloodunitserial number
• Site of venipuncture
• Needle gauge
• Drip rate
• Patientassessmentfindingsand
tolerance toprocedure