Teaching, learning, and assessment must be aligned so that students achieve the intended learning outcomes. The teacher develops teaching methods and assessment tasks that support learning activities aimed at achieving the course objectives. Assessment provides students information on what is important to learn, how they are spending their time, and how they see themselves as learners. Student-centered learning shifts the focus from teaching to learning, emphasizing students' mastery of skills and content through cooperative and inquiry-based instructional methods with the teacher as guide. Intended learning outcomes describe what students can do after a course that they could not do before. Reflection is also important for learning as it allows students to relate experiences to decision making and problem solving.

1. Alignment ofteaching, learning and assessment
Teaching, learning and assessment are the three important components in the teaching system. The three
components have to be aligned so that learners achieve the level of understanding that supposed to be
achieved. The key is that, the teacher will develop and use the appropriate teaching methods and
assessment tasks that align with the setup learning environment that supports the learning activities and
appropriate in achieving the desired learning objectives.
Assessment
Assessment is a tool to tell the learners four (4) important elements in learning activities: (1) What is
important?; (2) What to be assessed?; (3) How the learners spent their time?; (4) How the learners see
themselves as learners.
Student-centered learning (SCL)
SCL is the shift from teachers teaching to students learning. It is a process of learning in which the main
focus is the students’ mastery/deep understanding of content, knowledge, and skills upon finishing the
courses and to produce students who are good critical thinkers, problem solvers, and creative. Some
indicators that may involve in SCL:
1. Instructional methods include cooperative learning (working in groups), inquiry (hands on), debates
and simulations;
2. Teacher is the guide, helping students to make meaning, anticipating and correcting misconceptions;
3. Conversation pattern is teacher-student-student-student-teacher;
4. Multiple texts at various reading levels provided on the same topic or theme;
5. Multiple options for assessment.
Intended learning outcomes
It is about student performance. A descriptive list which highlights what students should know or be able
to do at the end of the course that they couldn't do before.
Reflection as part of learning
It is about learning through reflection in which student can relate the experiences gaining during learning
process with the decision making process and solving complex problems.