This document summarizes a research paper that implements reactive power compensation on a long (750 km) transmission line using a shunt Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device with fuzzy logic control. The paper:
1. Simulates a 750 km transmission line in MATLAB and observes voltage fluctuations at the receiving end under different load conditions.
2. Implements a Static VAR Compensator (SVC) using a fixed capacitor and thyristor-controlled reactor (FC-TCR) at the receiving end to maintain a constant voltage.
3. Designs a fuzzy logic controller to vary the firing angle of the thyristor-controlled reactor and automatically regulate the receiving end voltage for different loads.
This paper presents investigation and performance analysis of novel down sampling based clamping SV PWM technique for diode and cascaded Multi-level Invereter fed to Induction motor drive. A novel down sampling based clamping SVPWM has developed by adding triangular off set to sinusoidal fundamental waveform is modified by down sampling the reference wave by order of 10 so this technique is called clamping space vector pulse width modulation techniques such as PD, POD and APOD. so as to shift the lower order harmonics to higher order side. This novel carrier is compared with the offset injected space vector reference waveform to generate the required PWM pulses to the inverter. To analyze the performance of the proposed PWM technique it is implemented on seven level diode and cascaded Multi-level Inverter using Matlab/Simulink software tool for output line, phase voltage, currents, speed, torque and Total harmonic distortion analysis.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Method Of Compensation Instability Of Frequency Modulators In The Absence Of ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Harmonic comparisons of various PWM techniques for basic MLISaquib Maqsood
Cascaded inverters are ideal for connecting renewable energy sources with an AC grid, because of the need for separate dc sources, which is the case in applications such as photovoltaic or fuel cells. The inverter could be controlled to either regulate the power factor of the current drawn from the source or the bus voltage of the electrical system where the inverter was connected. The modulation techniques are crucial in operating any inverter at desired conditions. In this work different PWM techniques are implemented for five level cascaded multilevel inverter and THD variation is analyzed.
This paper presents investigation and performance analysis of novel down sampling based clamping SV PWM technique for diode and cascaded Multi-level Invereter fed to Induction motor drive. A novel down sampling based clamping SVPWM has developed by adding triangular off set to sinusoidal fundamental waveform is modified by down sampling the reference wave by order of 10 so this technique is called clamping space vector pulse width modulation techniques such as PD, POD and APOD. so as to shift the lower order harmonics to higher order side. This novel carrier is compared with the offset injected space vector reference waveform to generate the required PWM pulses to the inverter. To analyze the performance of the proposed PWM technique it is implemented on seven level diode and cascaded Multi-level Inverter using Matlab/Simulink software tool for output line, phase voltage, currents, speed, torque and Total harmonic distortion analysis.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Method Of Compensation Instability Of Frequency Modulators In The Absence Of ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Harmonic comparisons of various PWM techniques for basic MLISaquib Maqsood
Cascaded inverters are ideal for connecting renewable energy sources with an AC grid, because of the need for separate dc sources, which is the case in applications such as photovoltaic or fuel cells. The inverter could be controlled to either regulate the power factor of the current drawn from the source or the bus voltage of the electrical system where the inverter was connected. The modulation techniques are crucial in operating any inverter at desired conditions. In this work different PWM techniques are implemented for five level cascaded multilevel inverter and THD variation is analyzed.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Introduction
Working Principle
Step Down and Step Up Cycloconverter
Single phase to single phase cycloconverter
Mid-Point and Bridge type cycloconverter
Advantages and disadvantages
Applications
Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Schemes for Two-Level Voltage Source Inve...IDES Editor
Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM)
method is an advanced, computation intensive PWM method
and possibly the best among all the PWM techniques for
variable frequency drive applications. The SVPWM is an
alternative method for the determination of switching pulse
width and their position. The major advantage of SVPWM
stem from the fact that, there is a degree of freedom of space
vector placement in a switching cycle. This feature improves
the harmonic performance of this method. This method has
been finding widespread application in recent years because
of the easier digital realization and better dc bus utilization.
In this paper, three SVPWM schemes, called 7-segment space
vector modulation (SVM), 7-segment SVM with even-order
harmonic elimination and 5-segment (discontinuous) SVM
are studied in detail. The theoretical analysis, design,
switching sequence and SIMULINK implementation of these
three SVM schemes is presented in step-by-step manner
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Introduction
Working Principle
Step Down and Step Up Cycloconverter
Single phase to single phase cycloconverter
Mid-Point and Bridge type cycloconverter
Advantages and disadvantages
Applications
Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Schemes for Two-Level Voltage Source Inve...IDES Editor
Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM)
method is an advanced, computation intensive PWM method
and possibly the best among all the PWM techniques for
variable frequency drive applications. The SVPWM is an
alternative method for the determination of switching pulse
width and their position. The major advantage of SVPWM
stem from the fact that, there is a degree of freedom of space
vector placement in a switching cycle. This feature improves
the harmonic performance of this method. This method has
been finding widespread application in recent years because
of the easier digital realization and better dc bus utilization.
In this paper, three SVPWM schemes, called 7-segment space
vector modulation (SVM), 7-segment SVM with even-order
harmonic elimination and 5-segment (discontinuous) SVM
are studied in detail. The theoretical analysis, design,
switching sequence and SIMULINK implementation of these
three SVM schemes is presented in step-by-step manner
Analysis of a Batch Arrival and Batch Service Queuing System with Multiple Va...IJMER
This paper concerns the queuing system MX
/G1, B/1, to which the customers are assumed
to arrive in batches of random size X according to a compound Poisson process and also are served in
batches. As soon as the system becomes empty, the server leaves for a vacation of random length V. If
no customers are available for service after returning from that vacation, the server keeps on taking
vacations till he finds at least one customer in the queue, then immediately begins to serve the
customers up to the service capacity B. If more than B customers are present when the server returns
from a vacation, the first B customers are taken into service. If fewer than B customers are present, all
waiting customers go into service. Late arrivals are not allowed to join the ongoing service. The steady
state behavior of this queuing system is derived by an analytic approach to study the queue size
distribution at a random point as well as a departure point of time under multiple vacation policy. It
may be noted that the results in [5] and [7] can be obtained as special cases from the results in this
paper.
An Effective Tea Leaf Recognition Algorithm for Plant Classification Using Ra...IJMER
A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant, as identified in botanical terms, and in particular in plant morphology. Naturally a leaf is a thin, flattened organ bear above ground and it is mainly used for photosynthesis. Recognition of plants has become an active area of research as most of the plant species are at the risk of extinction. Most of the leaves cannot be recognized easily since some are not flat (e.g. succulent leaves and conifers), some does not grow above ground (e.g. bulb scales), and some does not undergo photosynthetic function (e.g. cataphylls, spines, and cotyledons).In this paper, we mainly focused on tea leaves to identify the leaf type for improving tea leaf classification. Tea leaf images are loaded from digital cameras or scanners in the system. This proposed approach consists of three phases such as preprocessing, feature extraction and classification to process the loaded image. The tea leaf images can be identified accurately in the preprocessing phase by fuzzy denoising using Dual Tree Discrete Wavelet Transform (DT-DWT) in order to remove the noisy features and boundary enhancement to obtain the shape of leaf accurately. In the feature extraction phase, Digital Morphological Features (DMFs) are derived to improve the classification accuracy. Radial Basis Function (RBF) is used for efficient classification. The RBF is trained by 60 tea leaves to classify them into 6 types. Experimental results proved that the proposed method classifies the tea leaves with more accuracy in less time. Thus, the proposed method achieves more accuracy in retrieving the leaf type.
Theoretical and graphical analysis of abrasivewater jetturningIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Development of Algorithm for Voice Operated Switch for Digital Audio Control ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
An Experimental Investigation of Capacity Utilization in Manufacturing Indus...IJMER
In the modern day competitive world, every organization demands an effective utilization of
capacity. Capacity Utilization means the maximum amount of output that can be produced in the short run of time. A lot of planning is necessary for the proper management of capacity. Capacity planning is one side of a coin and capacity management is the other. The capacity plans needs to be executed flawlessly, with unpleasant surprises avoided. A managerial problem is to match the capacity with the plans. Companies whether labour or machine intensive have a CI trend that remains fairly constant in
that particular sector. For example a company will have a monthly cumulative CI trend that could be compared with any other company trend within the same market. The present paper makes an attempt to study the most important parameter of the organization i.e capacity utilization of a company
Electrical Engineering is the Branch of Engineering. Electrical Engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Thermal and Hydraulics Prime Movers, Analog Electronic Circuits, Network Analysis and Synthesis, DC Machines and Transformers, Digital Electronic Circuits, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Control System Engineering, Engineering Electromagnetics, Microprocessor and Microcontroller. Ekeeda offers Online Mechanical Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus Visit : https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electrical-Engineering
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Abstract:-This paper deals with open loop study of fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR) system simulation using Matlab/Simulink for various loading. The modelling of the FC-TCR is verified using the Matlab/Simulink. First power flow results are obtained and power profile have been studied for an uncompensated then results are compared with the results obtained after compensating using the FC-TCR.Its observed that current drawn by FC-TCR is varied by changing firing angle. In compensation without FC-TCR, load increases and power factor become less and in compensation with FC-TCR, load increases and power factor become near to the unity.Hence by providing compensation Voltage, power profile of system will be improved and system losses are reduced.
This paper proposed a new sparce matrix converter with Z-source network to provide unity voltage transfer ratio. It is an ac-to-ac converter with diode-IGBT bidirectional switches. The limitations of existing matrix converter like higher current THD and less voltage transfer ratio issues are overcome by this proposed matrix converter by inserting a Z-source. Due to this Z-source current harmonics are totally removed. The simulation is performed for different frequencies. The simulation results are presented to verify the THD and voltage transfer ratio and compared with the existing virtual AC/DC/AC matrix converter. The experimental output voltage amplitude can be varied with the variable frequencies.
A DC-DC converter topology is presented
combining the soft switching effects of the Snubber Assisted Zero
Voltage and Zero Current Transition (SAZZ) topology and the
increased inductor frequency of the dual interleaved boost
converter with interphase transformer. The snubber capacitors
and output capacitances of the main devices are discharged prior
to turn on using a single auxiliary inductor, eliminating turn on
losses. Furthermore, the turn off losses are significantly reduced
since the energy stored in the device output capacitance at turn
off is recovered at turn on. The effectiveness of the topology is
demonstrated on a SiC prototype operating at 12.5 kW, 112 kHz,
reducing the switching losses by 50%.
Enhancing Power Quality in Transmission System Using Fc-TcrIJMER
FACTS methodology is totally based on power electronics devices which are used to increase the transmission capability. To make the power system flexible, FACTS technology is used to attain entire control of power system i.e. transmission, distribution and generation. This paper is mainly concerned about the significance of Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Control Reactor (FC-TCR) acquiring automatic power and steady state voltage stability with the help of fuzzy logic controller. In transmission systems, the fuzzy rules are set to generate the required firing angle of FC-TCR to maintain a flat profile of steady state voltage and stability. The fundamental model is simulated in MATLAB along with the fuzzy logic control strategy. The results obtained are trust worthy and it can be used for controlling the voltage and reactive power in any electrical transmission system.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One Prey
Bk31212217
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Implementing Re-Active Power Compensation Technique in Long
Transmission System (750 Km) By Using Shunt Facts Control
Device with Mat Lab Simlink Tool
Dabberu.Venkateswara Rao, 1 Bodi.Srikanth2
1, 2(Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, KL University, India
ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to implementation and controller is designed to achieve the firing angles for SVC
simulation of the Fuzzy logic control of firing angle for SVC such that it maintains a flat voltage profile. All the results
in order to achieve better, smooth and adaptive control of thus obtained, were verified and were utilized in framing of
reactive power by using facts technology, Flexible AC fuzzy rule base in order to achieve better reactive power
transmission system (FACTS) is a technology, The FACTS compensation for the long Transmission line. Based on
technology is a promising technology to achieve complete observed results for load voltage variations for different
deregulation of Power System i.e. Generation, values of load resistance, inductance and capacitance a
Transmission and Distribution as complete individual fuzzy controller is designed which controls the firing angle
units,which is based on power electronic devices, used to of SVC in order to automatically maintain the receiving end
enhance the existing transmission capabilities in order to voltage constant.
make the transmission system flexible and independent
operation. The loading capability of transmission system II. OPERATING PRINCIPLES And
can also be enhanced nearer to the thermal limits without implementing Of Static var compensator
affecting the stability. Complete close-loop smooth control An elementary single phase thyristor controlled
of reactive power can be achieved using shunt connected reactor [1] (TCR) shown in Fig.1 consists of a fixed
FACTS devices. Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is one of (usually air core) reactor of inductance L and a two anti
the shunt connected FACTS device, which can be utilized parallel SCRs. The device brought into conduction by
for the purpose of reactive power compensation. Intelligent simultaneous application of gate pulses to SCRs of the
FACTS devices make them adaptable and hence it is same polarity. In addition, it will automatically block
emerging in the present state of art..Implementing re-active immediately after the ac current crosses zero, unless the
power compensation technique is carried out for long gate signal is reapplied. The current in the reactor can be
Transmission line and the compensation is placed at the controlled from maximum (SCR closed) to zero (SCR
receiving end (load end). open) by the method of firing delay angle control. That is,
the SCR conduction delayed with respect to the peak of the
Keyword: FACTS, Tcr, and Tsr, Fuzzy Logic applied voltage in each half-cycle, and thus the duration of
the current conduction interval is controlled.
I. INTRODUCTION This method of current control is illustrated
He reactive power generation and absorption in separately for the positive and negative current cycles in
power T system is essential since the reactive power is very Fig.2 where the applied voltage V and the reactor current
precious in keeping the voltage of power system stable. The iL(α) at zero delay angle (switch fully closed) and at an
main elements for generation and absorption of reactive arbitrary α delay angle are shown. When α =0, the SCR
power are transmission line, transformers and alternators. closes at the crest of the applied voltage and evidently the
The transmission line distributed parameters throughout the resulting current in the reactor will be the same as that
line, on light loads or at no loads become predominant and obtained in steady state with a permanently closed switch.
consequently the line supplies charging VAR (generates
reactive power). In order to maintain the terminal voltage at III. Indentations and Equations
the load bus adequate, reactive reserves are needed. FACTS When the gating of the SCR is delayed by an angle α (0 ≤
devices like SVC can supply or absorb the reactive power at α ≤ /2) with respect to the crest of the voltage, the current
receiving end bus or at load end bus in transmission system, in the reactor can be expressed [1] as follows
which helps in achieving better economy in power transfer.
In this paper long Transmission line is simulated V(t)=Vcosωt. (1)
using 4π line segments by keeping the sending end voltage
constant. The receiving end voltage fluctuations were iL=(1/L)α∫ωtV(t)dt = (V/ωL)(sin ωt –sin α) (2)
observed for different loads. In order to maintain the
receiving end voltage constant, shunt inductor and capacitor Since the SCR, by definition, opens as the current
is added for different loading conditions. SVC is simulated reaches zero, is valid for the interval α ≤ ωt ≤ –α. For
by means of fixed capacitor and thyristor controlled reactor subsequent negative half-cycle intervals, the sign of the
(FC-TCR) which is placed at the receiving end. The firing terms in equation (1) becomes opposite.
angle control circuit is designed and the firing angles are In the above equation (1) the term (V/ωL) sin α = 0 is
varied for various loading Conditions to make the receiving offset which is shifted down for positive and up for
end voltage equal to sending end voltage. Fuzzy logic negative current half-cycles obtained at α = 0, as illustrated
in Fig.2. Since the SCRs automatically turns off at the
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instant of current zero crossing of SCR this process actually Where V is the amplitude of the applied voltage, L
controls the conduction intervals (or angle) of the SCR. is the inductance of the thyristor-controlled reactor and ω is
That is, the delay angle α defines the prevailing conduction the angular frequency of the applied voltage. The variation
angle σ (σ = -2α). Thus, as the delay angle α increases, the of the amplitude ILF (α), normalized to the maximum
corresponding increasing offset results in the reduction of current ILFmax, (ILFmax= V/ωL), is shown plotted against
the conduction angle σ of the SCR, and the consequent delay angle α shown in Fig.4.
reduction of the reactor current. At the maximum delay of α
= /2, the offset also reaches its maximum of V/ωL, at
which both the conduction angle and the reactor current
becomes zero. The two parameters, delay angle α and
conduction angle σ are equivalent and therefore TCR can be
characterized by either of them; their use is simply a matter
of preference. For this reason, expression related to the
TCR can be found in the literature both in terms of α and σ
[1].
Fig.4. Amplitude variation of the fundamental TCR current
with the delay angle (α)
It is clear from Fig.4 the TCR can control the
fundamental current continuously from zero (SCR open) to
a maximum (SCR closed) as if it was a variable reactive
Fig. 1. Basic Thyristor Controlled Reactor admittance. Thus, an effective reactance admittance, BL(α),
for the TCR can be defined. This admittance, as a function
of angle α is obtained as:
BL(α)=1/ωL(1–(2/)α–(1/)sin(2α)) (4)
Evidently, the admittance BL(α) varies with α in
the same manner as the fundamental current ILF(α).The
meaning of equation (4) is that at each delay angle α an
effective admittance BL(α) can be defined which determines
the magnitude of the fundamental current, ILF(α), in the
TCR at a given applied voltage V. In practice, the maximal
Fig.2. firing delay angle magnitude of the applied voltage and that of the
corresponding current limited by the ratings of the power
components (reactor and SCRs) used. Thus, a practical
TCR can be operated anywhere in a defined V-I area, the
boundaries of which are determined by its maximum
attainable admittance, voltage and current ratings as
illustrated in the Fig.5a. The TCR limits are established by
design from actual operating requirements. If the TCR
Fig. 3. Operating waveforms switching is restricted to a fixed delay angle, usually α = 0,
then it becomes a thyristor switched reactor (TSR). The
It is evident that the magnitude of the current in TSR provide a fixed inductive admittance and thus, when
the reactor varied continuously by delay angle control from connected to the ac system, the reactive current in it will be
maximum (α=0) to zero (α=/2) shown in Fig.3, where the proportion to the applied voltage as the V - I plot in the
reactor current iL(α) together with its fundamental Fig.5b.
component iLF(α) are shown at various delay angles α [1].
However the adjustment of the current in reactor can take
place only once in each-half cycle, in the zero to /2
interval [1]. This restriction result in a delay of the
attainable current control. The worst-case delay, when
changing the current from maximum to zero (or vice versa),
is a half-cycle of the applied ac voltage. The amplitude ILF
(α) of the fundamental reactor current i LF(α) can be
expressed as a function of angle α [1]. Fig.5. Operating V-I area of (a) For TCR and (b) For
TSR
ILF (α) = V/ωL (1 – (2/) α – (1/) sin (2α)) (3) VLmax = voltage limit, ILmax = current limit
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BLmax = max admittance of TCR,
BL = admittance of reactor
A basic VAR generator arrangement using a fixed
capacitor with a thyristor-controlled reactor (FC-TCR)
shown in Fig.6 [1].The current in the reactor is varied by
the previously discussed method of firing delay angle
control. A filter network that has the necessary capacitive Fig.8. V-I characteristics of the FC-TCR type VAR
impedance at the fundamental frequency to generate the Generator
reactive power required usually substitutes the fixed
capacitor in practice, fully or partially, but it provides low In Fig.8 the voltage defines the V-I operating area of the
impedance at selected frequencies to shunt the dominant FC-TCR VAR generator and current rating of the major
harmonics produced by the TCR. power components. In the dynamic V-I Characteristics of
The fixed capacitor thyristor-controlled reactor SVC along with the Load lines showed in the Fig.9 the load
type VAR generator may be considered essentially to characteristics assumed straight lines for Dynamic studies
consist of a variable reactor (controlled by a delay angle α) as easily seen that the voltage improved with compensation
and a fixed capacitor. With an overall VAR demand versus when compared without compensation.
VAR output characteristic as shown in Fig.7 in constant
capacitive VAR generator (Qc) of the fixed capacitor is
opposed by the variable VAR absorption (QL) of the
thyristor controlled reactor, to yield the total VAR output
(Q) required. At the maximum capacitive VAR output, the
thyristor-controlled reactor is off (α= 900). To decrease the
capacitive output, decreasing delay angle α. At zero VAR
output increases the current in the reactor, the capacitive
and inductive current becomes equal and thus the capacitive
and inductive VARs cancel out. With a further decrease of Fig.9. Dynamic V-I Characteristics of SVC with Load lines
angle α, the inductive current becomes larger than the
capacitive current, resulting in a net inductive VAR output. VCmax = voltage limit of capacitor
At zero delay angle, the thyristor-controlled reactor BC = admittance of capacitor
conducts current over the full 180o interval, resulting in VLmax = voltage limit of TCR
maximum inductive VAR output that is equal to the ICmax = capacitive current limit
difference between the VARs generated by the capacitor ILmax = inductive current limit
and those absorbed by the fully conducting reactor. BLmax = max inductive admittance
IV. FIGURES and Tables
IV.I SVC WITH OUT FUZZY
This bellow implementation block diagram gives clear
explanation of svc without fuzzy logic, this experiment
result is use to refer reactive power compensation
technique, after that same test is conducted with fuzzy and
take the readings of table III respectively.
Fig.6. basic FC-TCR type static generator
Fig.7. VAR demand versus VAR output characteristic
Fig.10. svc for 750 kv transmission line without fuzzy
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IV.2 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER distributed parameters were used in this study. The line
Fuzzy logic is a new control approach with great inductance 0.1mH /km, capacitance 0.01μf/km and the line
potential for real time applications [2] [3]. Fig.10 shows resistance 0.001Ω were used. Each π section is of 187km,
the structure of the fuzzy logic controller (FIS-Fuzzy 187km, 188km and 188 km. Supply voltage is 230V - 50
inference system) in MATLAB Fuzzy logic toolbox. Hz having source internal resistance of 1 Ω connected to
[5][6].Load voltage and load current taken as input to fuzzy node A. Static load is connected at receiving end B .The
system. For a closed loop control, error input can be load resistance was varied to obtain the voltage variations at
selected as current, voltage or impedance, according to the receiving end. A shunt branch consisting of inductor
control type. To get the linearity triangular membership and capacitor is added to compensate the reactive power of
function is taken with 50% overlap. The output of fuzzy transmission line. With the change of load and due to
controller taken as the control signal and the pulse Ferranti effect, the variations in voltages are observed at
generator provides synchronous firing pulses to thyristors receiving end B of transmission line. The practical values of
as shown in fig.12. The Fuzzy Logic is a rule based shunt elements are varied for different loading conditions to
controller, where a set of rules represents a control decision get both sending and receiving end voltages equal. As
mechanism to correct the effect of certain causes coming shown in Table II.
from power system. In fuzzy logic, the five linguistic
variables expressed by fuzzy sets defined on their Table II compensated practical values
respective universes of discourse. Table-I shows the Of inductor and capacitor
suggested membership function rules of FC-TCR
controller. The rule of this table can be chosen based on S.N Load Compen Compens
practical experience and simulation results observed from O Resis sating ating
the behavior of the system around its stable equilibrium tance Inductan Capacitan
points. Ω ce ce
(μf)
1. 500 0.8 H 1
2. 400 0.9H 1
3. 300 0.19H 2
4. 200 0.18 H 5
5 150 0.19H 5
6 100 0.22H 8
7 50 0.14 8.5
8 40 0.14 9.0
9 30 0.14 10
10 20 0.14 12
A. FIRING CIRCUIT DESIGN
Fig.11. Structure of fuzzy logic controller
Table I. Membership function rules
Load voltage
NL NM P PM PB
NL PB PB NM NM NL
Load
Fig 12 firing pulse generating circuit
NM PB PB NM P NL
current P P PM NM NM P
PM NM P NM NM PM Table III TEST RESULT
PB NL NM NM NL NL Load voltage before and after compensation The
transmission line without any compensation was not
IV. 3 LONG TRANSMISSION LINE satisfying the essential condition of maintaining the voltage
An available simple two-bus artificial transmission (750 within the reasonable limits. The effect of increasing load
km) line model of 4π line segments with 750 km, was to reduce the voltage level at the load end. At light
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loads, the load voltage is greater than the sending end 400
voltage as the reactive power generated is greater than
300
absorbed. At higher loads the load voltage drops, as the
reactive power absorbed is greater than generated, as shown 200
in Table III. Fig.13 and Fig.14 indicates unequal voltage 100
profiles. Fig.16 clearly shows the firing angle and inductor 0
current control.
-100
-200
-300
-400
0 5000 10000 15000
Fig.14. Uncompensated voltage for light load
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0 5000 10000 15000
Fig.15. Inductor Current for firing angle 165 deg
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
4
x 10
Fig.16. Compensated VR =VS (RMS voltage) for
R=200Ω
400
300
200
Simulation Results 100
0
-100
-200
-300
0 5000 10000 15000
Fig17. Compensated VR=VS (instantaneous
voltage) For R=200 Ω
V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents an “online Fuzzy control scheme for
Fig.13. Uncompensated voltage for heavy load SVC” and it can be concluded that the use of fuzzy
controlled SVC (FC-TCR) compensating device with the
firing angle control is continuous, effective and it is a
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simplest way of controlling the reactive power of Chapters in Books:
transmission line. It is observed that SVC device was able [3] Timothy J Ross, Fuzzy Logic with Engineering
to compensate both over and under voltages. Compensating Applications (McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York, 1997).
voltages are shown in Fig.17 and Fig.18. The use of fuzzy Theses:
logic has facilitated the closed loop control of system, by [4] Bart Kosko, Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems A
designing a set of rules, which decides the firing angle Dynamical Systems Approach to Machine Intelligence
Prentice-Hall of India New Delhi, June 1994.
given to SVC to attain the required voltage. With
Proceedings Papers:
MATLAB simulations and actual testing it is observed that [5] Chuen Chien Lee “Fuzzy Logic in Control Systems: Fuzzy
SVC (FC-TCR) provides an effective reactive power Logic Controller”. Part I and Part II. IEEE R. IEEE
control irrespective of load variations. transactions on system, man, and cybernetics, vol.20
March/April11990 Electrical Engineering Dept Pontifica
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Universidad Catolica De CHILE
use of fuzzy controlled SVC (FC-TCR) compensating
device with the firing angle control is continuous, effective AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY
and it is a simplest way of controlling the reactive power of
transmission line.
REFERENCES
Journal Papers:
[1] S.M.Sadeghzadeh M. Ehsan Improvement of Transient
Stability Limit in Power System Transmission Lines Using
Fuzzy Control of FACTS Devices ,IEEE Transactions on
Power System Vol.13 No.3 ,August 1998Books:
[2] Understanding FACTS Concepts and Technology Of
flexible AC Transmission Systems by (Narain. G. Hingorani
IEEE Press USA 1980).
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