Bituminous pavement recycling is an effective and worldwide proven technique of conserving Energy, Environment and Economy while ensuring maintenance and preservation of roadway network. In the pavement recycling process, the materials from deteriorated pavements known as Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), is partially or fully reused in fresh construction. The concept of RAP lies in restoring the physico-chemical properties of the aged bitumen to its original and at the same time to enhance the mechanical properties and strength of the aged binder. This paper gives a brief overview of various recycling methods of bituminous pavement including (1) Hot mix recycling, (3) Hot-in-place recycling, (3) Cold central plant recycling, (4) Coldin-place recycling, and (5) Full depth reclamation, their advantages, selection considerations, review of mix design procedure, unresolved issues related to their use and future scope in Indian context.
IRJET- Review on Mix Design of Emulsion Treated Reclaimed Asphalt PavementIRJET Journal
This document reviews different methods for recycling reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and discusses the mix design of emulsion treated RAP. It begins by describing five common RAP recycling methods: hot mix plant recycling, hot in-place recycling, cold mix plant recycling, cold in-place recycling, and full depth reclamation recycling. It then discusses a specific project in India that used full depth reclamation to recycle existing asphalt up to 200mm depth, treating it with emulsion in a warm mix asphalt plant. The objectives of the project were to replace virgin aggregates and preserve the environment through a cost-effective and environmentally friendly mix. Finally, the document reviews several other studies that examined mix designs using
This document summarizes the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in flexible pavement constructions. It discusses that RAP is a component of modern waste management involving recycling old pavement materials. The document then outlines different methods of using RAP, including in hot and cold mix asphalt, full depth reclamation, and other pavement recycling techniques. It also reviews properties of RAP mixtures and highlights the economic and environmental benefits of using recycled asphalt pavement in road constructions.
Eco friendly construction techniques are gaining immense importance nowadays. Many innovations have
come in pavement construction and design. The use of reclaimed aggregates in constructing pavements is
one among them. Reclaimed aggregates come mainly from two sources - construction & demolition waste
and asphalt pavements. The optimized use of reclaimed aggregates along with fresh aggregates helps
decrease construction cost without compromising strength and durability. It also minimizes the use of
virgin aggregate and helps decrease crude oil import for producing paving bitumen. Reclaimed material is
first crushed and screened before using. Tests are then conducted to analyse its properties. Only those
batches which satisfy standard conditions are used. Reclaimed aggregate pavements hence help pavement
rehabilitation with minimum energy expenditure. This paper deals with the tests on reclaimed aggregate
and their property study. The various sources and means of retrieving aggregate from reclaimed material
are also dealt with.
This whitepaper discusses cold in-place recycling with expanded asphalt mix (CIR EAM/FOAM) technology. Some key points:
- CIR EAM/FOAM involves milling off a portion of an existing asphalt layer, mixing it with a recycling agent (like asphalt emulsion or foamed asphalt) and additives, then compacting it to form a new base layer.
- It has significant environmental benefits like reusing existing materials, reducing waste and transportation needs. It also uses less energy than other rehabilitation methods.
- Structurally, it improves the recycled layer and helps prevent reflective cracking. Strength develops quickly when using foamed asphalt.
This document discusses recycling asphalt pavements. It begins by noting the increased demand for aggregates due to growth in infrastructure and the benefits of recycling asphalt pavements from an economic and environmental perspective by reducing waste and preserving resources. The document then reviews different methods of recycling asphalt pavements, including hot mix recycling using new aggregates and asphalt cement or recycling agents. It discusses the need to study recycling demolished asphalt materials in India to optimize natural resource use. The objectives are outlined as using recycled material for various purposes after testing. Future work is aimed at evaluating the effects of using recycled asphalt material compared to virgin materials.
This document discusses innovative road construction products and methods from Iterchimica, including additives, emulsifiers, polymers, and other chemicals. The products are used to modify and improve the physical properties of bitumen and asphalt mixes. They allow for production of mixes with high percentages of recycled materials, reduced temperatures, and improved durability, adhesion and other performance properties for applications like roads, highways, bridges and more.
Barry McKeon presented on full depth reclamation (FDR) at an APWA conference. FDR is an economical recycling technique that uniformly pulverizes and stabilizes the full flexible pavement section and a portion of the underlying base with an emulsion or foamed asphalt. The presentation covered the FDR process, advantages like using 100% existing materials and increased load bearing strength, equipment overview, project applications, quality control, and environmental and economic benefits. FDR results in a more moisture tolerant base course that can resist cracking and widening projects.
Going Green With Sustainable Asphalt Rap Recycling Energy & The Carbon ...wknopf
This document discusses how asphalt pavement is a sustainable material. It can be recycled and reused through practices like reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) to construct new pavements. Asphalt also has a lower carbon footprint compared to other pavement materials since it requires less energy to produce and construct. Additional sustainable practices for asphalt pavements include warm mix asphalt, which further reduces energy usage and emissions, and porous asphalt, which helps manage stormwater runoff. These sustainable features make asphalt pavement a perpetual material that can be rehabilitated and reused multiple times over its lifetime.
IRJET- Review on Mix Design of Emulsion Treated Reclaimed Asphalt PavementIRJET Journal
This document reviews different methods for recycling reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and discusses the mix design of emulsion treated RAP. It begins by describing five common RAP recycling methods: hot mix plant recycling, hot in-place recycling, cold mix plant recycling, cold in-place recycling, and full depth reclamation recycling. It then discusses a specific project in India that used full depth reclamation to recycle existing asphalt up to 200mm depth, treating it with emulsion in a warm mix asphalt plant. The objectives of the project were to replace virgin aggregates and preserve the environment through a cost-effective and environmentally friendly mix. Finally, the document reviews several other studies that examined mix designs using
This document summarizes the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in flexible pavement constructions. It discusses that RAP is a component of modern waste management involving recycling old pavement materials. The document then outlines different methods of using RAP, including in hot and cold mix asphalt, full depth reclamation, and other pavement recycling techniques. It also reviews properties of RAP mixtures and highlights the economic and environmental benefits of using recycled asphalt pavement in road constructions.
Eco friendly construction techniques are gaining immense importance nowadays. Many innovations have
come in pavement construction and design. The use of reclaimed aggregates in constructing pavements is
one among them. Reclaimed aggregates come mainly from two sources - construction & demolition waste
and asphalt pavements. The optimized use of reclaimed aggregates along with fresh aggregates helps
decrease construction cost without compromising strength and durability. It also minimizes the use of
virgin aggregate and helps decrease crude oil import for producing paving bitumen. Reclaimed material is
first crushed and screened before using. Tests are then conducted to analyse its properties. Only those
batches which satisfy standard conditions are used. Reclaimed aggregate pavements hence help pavement
rehabilitation with minimum energy expenditure. This paper deals with the tests on reclaimed aggregate
and their property study. The various sources and means of retrieving aggregate from reclaimed material
are also dealt with.
This whitepaper discusses cold in-place recycling with expanded asphalt mix (CIR EAM/FOAM) technology. Some key points:
- CIR EAM/FOAM involves milling off a portion of an existing asphalt layer, mixing it with a recycling agent (like asphalt emulsion or foamed asphalt) and additives, then compacting it to form a new base layer.
- It has significant environmental benefits like reusing existing materials, reducing waste and transportation needs. It also uses less energy than other rehabilitation methods.
- Structurally, it improves the recycled layer and helps prevent reflective cracking. Strength develops quickly when using foamed asphalt.
This document discusses recycling asphalt pavements. It begins by noting the increased demand for aggregates due to growth in infrastructure and the benefits of recycling asphalt pavements from an economic and environmental perspective by reducing waste and preserving resources. The document then reviews different methods of recycling asphalt pavements, including hot mix recycling using new aggregates and asphalt cement or recycling agents. It discusses the need to study recycling demolished asphalt materials in India to optimize natural resource use. The objectives are outlined as using recycled material for various purposes after testing. Future work is aimed at evaluating the effects of using recycled asphalt material compared to virgin materials.
This document discusses innovative road construction products and methods from Iterchimica, including additives, emulsifiers, polymers, and other chemicals. The products are used to modify and improve the physical properties of bitumen and asphalt mixes. They allow for production of mixes with high percentages of recycled materials, reduced temperatures, and improved durability, adhesion and other performance properties for applications like roads, highways, bridges and more.
Barry McKeon presented on full depth reclamation (FDR) at an APWA conference. FDR is an economical recycling technique that uniformly pulverizes and stabilizes the full flexible pavement section and a portion of the underlying base with an emulsion or foamed asphalt. The presentation covered the FDR process, advantages like using 100% existing materials and increased load bearing strength, equipment overview, project applications, quality control, and environmental and economic benefits. FDR results in a more moisture tolerant base course that can resist cracking and widening projects.
Going Green With Sustainable Asphalt Rap Recycling Energy & The Carbon ...wknopf
This document discusses how asphalt pavement is a sustainable material. It can be recycled and reused through practices like reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) to construct new pavements. Asphalt also has a lower carbon footprint compared to other pavement materials since it requires less energy to produce and construct. Additional sustainable practices for asphalt pavements include warm mix asphalt, which further reduces energy usage and emissions, and porous asphalt, which helps manage stormwater runoff. These sustainable features make asphalt pavement a perpetual material that can be rehabilitated and reused multiple times over its lifetime.
The document discusses the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in stone matrix asphalt mixes, with RAP replacements of 10%, 30%, and 50% tested. Laboratory tests such as the Marshall test and indirect tensile strength test were conducted on specimens to evaluate the performance of mixes with different RAP contents. The results of the tests were analyzed to determine the optimum RAP percentage for stone matrix asphalt based on strength and economic considerations.
IRJET- Utilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Ceramic Waste in Pav...IRJET Journal
This document discusses utilizing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and ceramic waste in pavement construction. It begins by introducing the environmental and economic benefits of recycling materials. It then describes how RAP and ceramic waste were used to replace aggregates and asphalt in hot mix asphalt. Samples with varying ratios of RAP and ceramic waste replacing virgin aggregates were tested following the Marshall design method. Test results found that a sample with 70% ceramic waste and 30% RAP replacing aggregates performed better than other mixtures in terms of Marshall stability values. Further testing included adding some virgin aggregates to improve stability. In conclusion, using appropriate ratios of RAP and ceramic waste was found to be a viable way to construct pavement while providing environmental
A Novel idea of Maha-Metro Rail Corporation (Pune Metro Rail Project) that has reclaimed the dumpsite legacy waste and reused the received soil in backfilling to conserve the virgin soil resource.
A Novel idea of Maha-Metro Rail Corporation (Pune Metro Rail Project) that has reclaimed the dumpsite legacy waste and reused the received soil in backfilling to conserve the virgin soil resource
The document presents the results of a study investigating the use of shredded scrap tires as an alternative to gravel in the drainage layer of a landfill leachate collection system. Mathematical models were developed to predict the effluent-influent ratios of various physico-chemical parameters of leachate after passing through combined beds of scrap tire shreds and gravel. The models showed good agreement with experimental data. The study found that a combination of scrap tire shreds and gravel improved the reduction of leachate parameters compared to using either material alone. This supports the potential use of scrap tires as a beneficial material in leachate treatment and management of tire waste.
IRJET- Stabilization of Expansive and Weak Subgrade by using Waste Generated ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used fine quarry dust, a waste material from M-sand industry, to stabilize expansive black cotton subgrade soil. Key findings include:
1) When 50% of fine quarry dust is mixed with subgrade soil, the soil classification changes from highly expansive (CH) to low compressibility (CL), indicating reduced expansiveness.
2) Mixing 50% fine quarry dust decreases the subgrade soil's liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and differential free swell, further demonstrating reduced expansiveness.
3) Mixing 50% fine quarry dust increases the maximum dry density and soaked CBR of the subgrade soil. CBR
IRJET- Utilization of Waste Materials in Flexible Pavement ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on utilizing waste materials like plastics and tires in flexible pavement construction. The study examined replacing a portion of bitumen binder with waste plastic (PET) and waste rubber in bitumen mixes. The physical properties of mixes with 10-40% plastic and 10-40% rubber replacement were tested. Mixes with 30% equal replacement of plastic and rubber showed improved strength, binding, water resistance, and durability. Using waste materials reduced costs by up to 25% compared to conventional bitumen mixes. The research aims to provide an environmentally friendly way to dispose of plastic and tire waste while improving road quality and reducing construction costs.
IRJET- Design of Bituminous Mix using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the design of bituminous mixes using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). It begins with an introduction describing the importance of roads and issues with current road construction practices. The aim of the study is then presented as using RAP aggregates along with new aggregates to reduce material usage and construction costs. A literature review is provided on previous studies analyzing the suitability and performance of mixes containing RAP. The methodology section describes the materials used including RAP, aggregates and binders. It outlines the objectives of mix design and Marshall mix design process. Tables show recommended binder grades, RAP properties, and aggregate gradations for mixes containing 15% and 25% RAP. The results analysis section
This document provides a summary of the professional experience and qualifications of B.B. Prasad, a Mechanical Engineer with 33 years of experience in the operations and maintenance of petroleum pipelines. Some of his major roles and responsibilities included overseeing the operations of over 11,000 km of pipelines transporting crude oil and petroleum products. He has experience in pipeline construction, operations, maintenance, and technical services. Selected accomplishments highlighted include modifications to pumping units that increased throughput, commissioning pumps, and developing operation philosophies and procedures.
IRJET- Effects of Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash on Index Properties of Black Cott...IRJET Journal
1. The document presents the results of an experimental study investigating the effects of using industrial waste fly ash and rice husk ash to improve the strength and index properties of expansive black cotton soil.
2. Samples were prepared by mixing soil with 5-25% fly ash and rice husk ash. Tests performed included liquid limit, plastic limit, compaction, direct shear, and CBR.
3. The results showed that mixing soil with 15% fly ash and rice husk ash significantly increased strength and index properties, with the liquid limit decreasing by 17.47% and plasticity index decreasing by 30.40%.
asphalt Pavement rehabilitation through recyclingAbubakar Khalid
This document discusses various methods for rehabilitating asphalt pavements through recycling. It begins with an introduction to asphalt recycling and its advantages such as conservation of resources and reduced traffic disruption. Different recycling techniques are then outlined, including cold planning, full depth reclamation, cold in-place recycling, and hot in-place recycling. For each method, the key steps of the process are described. Examples of recycling projects in Pakistan are also provided.
Erik Updyke with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works, and a member of the Greenbook Committee, gives an update at the CalAPA Spring Conference & Equipment Expo April 12-13, 2017 in Ontario, Calif. The topic is on the latest update of the Greenbook specification book for public works agencies in California.
This document discusses different methods of soil stabilization, including mechanical and chemical stabilization. It provides details on two primary stabilization methods - mechanical and chemical/additive. The document also lists the advantages of soil stabilization and describes the basic ingredients and process for cement stabilization of soils for pavement construction. It gives an overview of a project rehabilitating roads in Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka after the 2004 tsunami, including photos showing the road construction and stabilization process.
Experimental study on strength characteristics of concrete with recycled aggr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of providing eco-friendly concrete is gaining hike in the global construction industry. The depleting resources have made the researchers to focus on sustainable development in all areas and more particularly in concrete production, due to the high rate of growth of industries and their infrastructure development, which increase the rate of consumption of concrete. The practice of recycling of demolished concrete for use in sub grades has already been set up. However a new concrete that is produced with such a recycled concrete seems to have higher porosity, lower strength and modulus of elasticity when compared to normal conventional concrete. Some of the earlier studies have attempted to improve the recycled material so as to reduce its high porosity. From review of literature it is found that studies under rural roads using recycled aggregates was done. This project deals with the use of recycled aggregates for rigid pavements replacing natural aggregates in rural roads. The tests are conducted for various proportion mix of Recycled aggregates and Natural aggregates.M30 grade of concrete is being used for the design .Aggregates at maximum size of 20mm is taken. The required strength for rigid pavements under recycled aggregates is being evaluated in this project. The ultimate aim is to attain a suitable strength on usage of recycled aggregates for rigid pavements in rural roads thus to implement cost effective nature and durability.
Keywords: sustainable development, rigid pavements, recycled aggregates etc..
The document discusses an advanced haul road and compound solution from Geotech Soil Stabilisation that uses a binder called Geobind to stabilize soils. The solution provides a 30% cost reduction over traditional methods, significantly reduces vehicle movements and aggregate imports, and allows for 3000 square meters of road/compound to be completed per day. After use, a soil regeneration program returns the land to optimum fertility levels.
IRJET- Stabilisation of Gravel Soil by using Plastic Bottle WasteIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing gravel soil using plastic bottle waste. The study aimed to increase the density and bearing capacity of soil while providing an alternative solution for disposing plastic waste. Various tests were conducted including standard proctor compaction, California bearing ratio, and plate load tests. The optimum plastic content was found to be 0.6% by weight, as higher percentages decreased strength. CBR values increased from 1.967 for plain soil to 2.479 with 0.6% plastic addition. The study demonstrates using plastic waste to stabilize soil can improve engineering properties in an economical way while reducing plastic disposal problems.
Application of Coconut Coir and Fly ash in Sub grade strengtheningtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
IRJET-A Study on the Properties of Bitumen & Aggregate by Replacing Waste Tyr...IRJET Journal
The document discusses replacing bitumen and aggregate used in road pavement construction with waste tire rubber in various percentages. It first provides background on the large and growing quantities of waste tires generated annually and the various environmental issues caused by stockpiling and dumping tires. The study then examines previous research on using waste tire rubber in road construction. It outlines the methodology used, which involves cutting tire rubber into aggregate sizes and mixing it with bitumen and stone aggregate at various percentages. Various tests are conducted on the mixtures to analyze properties. The advantages discussed are increased strength and drainage of the road pavement while providing an economic use for the waste tires and reducing related environmental hazards.
An Analysis of the E-Agriculture Research Field Between 2005 and 2015theijes
In this study, research papers featured in the following peer reviewed journals and conference were analysed: The African Journal of Information Systems (AJIS), The African Journal of Information and Communication Techn ology (AJICT), the Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC) and the IST-Africa Conference series. These papers are those which covered the e-government field, and they were released between 2005 and 2015 with the African context. The intention of the analysis was to establish research patterns characterising the publications in a period of 10 years. The results show the increase of published papers on e-agriculture over the years. Most of the papers were conducted in East Africa and were assessing the potential of available ICTs for agriculture. Moreover, the predominant scope of analysis was the country level, while descriptive research questions featured more. Furthermore, the most adopted research paradigm was the critical theory, and the knowledge contribution was the best practise. Lastly, the most adopted technology-object (of many papers) was the infrastructure, while the large per cent of recommendations were on planning.
The Characteristics of Traffic Accidents Caused by Human Behavior on the Road...theijes
The document summarizes a study analyzing characteristics of traffic accidents caused by human behavior on Mayjen Sungkono Road in Malang City, Indonesia from 2008 to 2012. Some key findings include:
1) 87% of accidents were caused by private individuals.
2) Over 50% of accident perpetrators came from Malang district.
3) Nearly 50% of accident perpetrators and over 35% of pedestrian victims involved were between 26-45 years old.
The document discusses the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in stone matrix asphalt mixes, with RAP replacements of 10%, 30%, and 50% tested. Laboratory tests such as the Marshall test and indirect tensile strength test were conducted on specimens to evaluate the performance of mixes with different RAP contents. The results of the tests were analyzed to determine the optimum RAP percentage for stone matrix asphalt based on strength and economic considerations.
IRJET- Utilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Ceramic Waste in Pav...IRJET Journal
This document discusses utilizing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and ceramic waste in pavement construction. It begins by introducing the environmental and economic benefits of recycling materials. It then describes how RAP and ceramic waste were used to replace aggregates and asphalt in hot mix asphalt. Samples with varying ratios of RAP and ceramic waste replacing virgin aggregates were tested following the Marshall design method. Test results found that a sample with 70% ceramic waste and 30% RAP replacing aggregates performed better than other mixtures in terms of Marshall stability values. Further testing included adding some virgin aggregates to improve stability. In conclusion, using appropriate ratios of RAP and ceramic waste was found to be a viable way to construct pavement while providing environmental
A Novel idea of Maha-Metro Rail Corporation (Pune Metro Rail Project) that has reclaimed the dumpsite legacy waste and reused the received soil in backfilling to conserve the virgin soil resource.
A Novel idea of Maha-Metro Rail Corporation (Pune Metro Rail Project) that has reclaimed the dumpsite legacy waste and reused the received soil in backfilling to conserve the virgin soil resource
The document presents the results of a study investigating the use of shredded scrap tires as an alternative to gravel in the drainage layer of a landfill leachate collection system. Mathematical models were developed to predict the effluent-influent ratios of various physico-chemical parameters of leachate after passing through combined beds of scrap tire shreds and gravel. The models showed good agreement with experimental data. The study found that a combination of scrap tire shreds and gravel improved the reduction of leachate parameters compared to using either material alone. This supports the potential use of scrap tires as a beneficial material in leachate treatment and management of tire waste.
IRJET- Stabilization of Expansive and Weak Subgrade by using Waste Generated ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used fine quarry dust, a waste material from M-sand industry, to stabilize expansive black cotton subgrade soil. Key findings include:
1) When 50% of fine quarry dust is mixed with subgrade soil, the soil classification changes from highly expansive (CH) to low compressibility (CL), indicating reduced expansiveness.
2) Mixing 50% fine quarry dust decreases the subgrade soil's liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and differential free swell, further demonstrating reduced expansiveness.
3) Mixing 50% fine quarry dust increases the maximum dry density and soaked CBR of the subgrade soil. CBR
IRJET- Utilization of Waste Materials in Flexible Pavement ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on utilizing waste materials like plastics and tires in flexible pavement construction. The study examined replacing a portion of bitumen binder with waste plastic (PET) and waste rubber in bitumen mixes. The physical properties of mixes with 10-40% plastic and 10-40% rubber replacement were tested. Mixes with 30% equal replacement of plastic and rubber showed improved strength, binding, water resistance, and durability. Using waste materials reduced costs by up to 25% compared to conventional bitumen mixes. The research aims to provide an environmentally friendly way to dispose of plastic and tire waste while improving road quality and reducing construction costs.
IRJET- Design of Bituminous Mix using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the design of bituminous mixes using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). It begins with an introduction describing the importance of roads and issues with current road construction practices. The aim of the study is then presented as using RAP aggregates along with new aggregates to reduce material usage and construction costs. A literature review is provided on previous studies analyzing the suitability and performance of mixes containing RAP. The methodology section describes the materials used including RAP, aggregates and binders. It outlines the objectives of mix design and Marshall mix design process. Tables show recommended binder grades, RAP properties, and aggregate gradations for mixes containing 15% and 25% RAP. The results analysis section
This document provides a summary of the professional experience and qualifications of B.B. Prasad, a Mechanical Engineer with 33 years of experience in the operations and maintenance of petroleum pipelines. Some of his major roles and responsibilities included overseeing the operations of over 11,000 km of pipelines transporting crude oil and petroleum products. He has experience in pipeline construction, operations, maintenance, and technical services. Selected accomplishments highlighted include modifications to pumping units that increased throughput, commissioning pumps, and developing operation philosophies and procedures.
IRJET- Effects of Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash on Index Properties of Black Cott...IRJET Journal
1. The document presents the results of an experimental study investigating the effects of using industrial waste fly ash and rice husk ash to improve the strength and index properties of expansive black cotton soil.
2. Samples were prepared by mixing soil with 5-25% fly ash and rice husk ash. Tests performed included liquid limit, plastic limit, compaction, direct shear, and CBR.
3. The results showed that mixing soil with 15% fly ash and rice husk ash significantly increased strength and index properties, with the liquid limit decreasing by 17.47% and plasticity index decreasing by 30.40%.
asphalt Pavement rehabilitation through recyclingAbubakar Khalid
This document discusses various methods for rehabilitating asphalt pavements through recycling. It begins with an introduction to asphalt recycling and its advantages such as conservation of resources and reduced traffic disruption. Different recycling techniques are then outlined, including cold planning, full depth reclamation, cold in-place recycling, and hot in-place recycling. For each method, the key steps of the process are described. Examples of recycling projects in Pakistan are also provided.
Erik Updyke with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works, and a member of the Greenbook Committee, gives an update at the CalAPA Spring Conference & Equipment Expo April 12-13, 2017 in Ontario, Calif. The topic is on the latest update of the Greenbook specification book for public works agencies in California.
This document discusses different methods of soil stabilization, including mechanical and chemical stabilization. It provides details on two primary stabilization methods - mechanical and chemical/additive. The document also lists the advantages of soil stabilization and describes the basic ingredients and process for cement stabilization of soils for pavement construction. It gives an overview of a project rehabilitating roads in Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka after the 2004 tsunami, including photos showing the road construction and stabilization process.
Experimental study on strength characteristics of concrete with recycled aggr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of providing eco-friendly concrete is gaining hike in the global construction industry. The depleting resources have made the researchers to focus on sustainable development in all areas and more particularly in concrete production, due to the high rate of growth of industries and their infrastructure development, which increase the rate of consumption of concrete. The practice of recycling of demolished concrete for use in sub grades has already been set up. However a new concrete that is produced with such a recycled concrete seems to have higher porosity, lower strength and modulus of elasticity when compared to normal conventional concrete. Some of the earlier studies have attempted to improve the recycled material so as to reduce its high porosity. From review of literature it is found that studies under rural roads using recycled aggregates was done. This project deals with the use of recycled aggregates for rigid pavements replacing natural aggregates in rural roads. The tests are conducted for various proportion mix of Recycled aggregates and Natural aggregates.M30 grade of concrete is being used for the design .Aggregates at maximum size of 20mm is taken. The required strength for rigid pavements under recycled aggregates is being evaluated in this project. The ultimate aim is to attain a suitable strength on usage of recycled aggregates for rigid pavements in rural roads thus to implement cost effective nature and durability.
Keywords: sustainable development, rigid pavements, recycled aggregates etc..
The document discusses an advanced haul road and compound solution from Geotech Soil Stabilisation that uses a binder called Geobind to stabilize soils. The solution provides a 30% cost reduction over traditional methods, significantly reduces vehicle movements and aggregate imports, and allows for 3000 square meters of road/compound to be completed per day. After use, a soil regeneration program returns the land to optimum fertility levels.
IRJET- Stabilisation of Gravel Soil by using Plastic Bottle WasteIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing gravel soil using plastic bottle waste. The study aimed to increase the density and bearing capacity of soil while providing an alternative solution for disposing plastic waste. Various tests were conducted including standard proctor compaction, California bearing ratio, and plate load tests. The optimum plastic content was found to be 0.6% by weight, as higher percentages decreased strength. CBR values increased from 1.967 for plain soil to 2.479 with 0.6% plastic addition. The study demonstrates using plastic waste to stabilize soil can improve engineering properties in an economical way while reducing plastic disposal problems.
Application of Coconut Coir and Fly ash in Sub grade strengtheningtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
IRJET-A Study on the Properties of Bitumen & Aggregate by Replacing Waste Tyr...IRJET Journal
The document discusses replacing bitumen and aggregate used in road pavement construction with waste tire rubber in various percentages. It first provides background on the large and growing quantities of waste tires generated annually and the various environmental issues caused by stockpiling and dumping tires. The study then examines previous research on using waste tire rubber in road construction. It outlines the methodology used, which involves cutting tire rubber into aggregate sizes and mixing it with bitumen and stone aggregate at various percentages. Various tests are conducted on the mixtures to analyze properties. The advantages discussed are increased strength and drainage of the road pavement while providing an economic use for the waste tires and reducing related environmental hazards.
An Analysis of the E-Agriculture Research Field Between 2005 and 2015theijes
In this study, research papers featured in the following peer reviewed journals and conference were analysed: The African Journal of Information Systems (AJIS), The African Journal of Information and Communication Techn ology (AJICT), the Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC) and the IST-Africa Conference series. These papers are those which covered the e-government field, and they were released between 2005 and 2015 with the African context. The intention of the analysis was to establish research patterns characterising the publications in a period of 10 years. The results show the increase of published papers on e-agriculture over the years. Most of the papers were conducted in East Africa and were assessing the potential of available ICTs for agriculture. Moreover, the predominant scope of analysis was the country level, while descriptive research questions featured more. Furthermore, the most adopted research paradigm was the critical theory, and the knowledge contribution was the best practise. Lastly, the most adopted technology-object (of many papers) was the infrastructure, while the large per cent of recommendations were on planning.
The Characteristics of Traffic Accidents Caused by Human Behavior on the Road...theijes
The document summarizes a study analyzing characteristics of traffic accidents caused by human behavior on Mayjen Sungkono Road in Malang City, Indonesia from 2008 to 2012. Some key findings include:
1) 87% of accidents were caused by private individuals.
2) Over 50% of accident perpetrators came from Malang district.
3) Nearly 50% of accident perpetrators and over 35% of pedestrian victims involved were between 26-45 years old.
Initial and Boundary Value Problems Involving the Inhomogeneous Weber Equatio...theijes
Initial and boundary value problems of the inhomogeneous Weber differential equation are treated in this work. General solutions are expressed in terms of the parametric Nield-Kuznetsov functions of the first and second kinds, and are computed when the forcing function is a constant or a variable function of the independent variable
A Study of the Root Causes of High Failure Rate of Distribution Transformer -...theijes
A distribution transformer is one of major electrical equipment that links the power utility and power consumers. It is what enables the power utility to supply electricity to consumers. In recent time, there has been an upsurge of distribution transformers premature failure before reaching the desired and designed service life. Consequently, the power utility has been incurring huge economical losses in replacing the faulty transformers or repairing them. On the other hand, failure of transformer inconveniencies power end users by interrupting the power supplies for prolonged period of time before the faulty transformer is replaced. In this paper, an effort is made to investigate the root causes of premature failure of distribution transformers. Research has revealed that line surges and switching transients are among the main causes of the transformers failures as this accelerates deterioration of insulation materials. This has been aggravated by lack of lightning arrestors and vandalism of low voltage and high voltage earthing systems. It is also noted that a transformer is usually ‘killed’ by unusual stresses that usually break down its weak insulation and hence leading to reduced transformer life. Use of concrete poles with earth wire appended is proposed to deter vandalism of earthing wire. In addition, proper fuse grading, installation of High Voltage (HV) expulsion fuses and regular Operational and Maintenance (O&M) has been recommended to reduce the premature failure of distribution transformers.
Diagnostic Reference Level in Lumbar Radiography in Abidjan, Côte d’ivoiretheijes
This study aims to determine the diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for posterior-anterior lumbar and profile lumbar examinations in order to optimize the entrance dose (De) and the dose area product (DAP) of patient in Abidjan. A total of 240 patients undergoing conventional radiology in four hospitals of the city were considered. The device used to measure De and DAP values is a DAP-meter, model Diamentor M4 KDK and of type 11017. The DRLs in terms of De and DAP values were determined by applying the 75th percentile method. These values were compared to DRLs values obtained in other countries and to those recommended by international institutions. The values of De measured are encouraging, however for the DAP; many efforts are needed to be made to reduce the DRLs values
Analysis of Economic Growth Quality to Improve Society Welfare in Southeast S...theijes
This study entitled "Analysis of Economic Growth Quality to Improve Society Welfare in Southeast Sulawesi". The research activities carried out as an effort to help the government of Southeast Sulawesi in solving economic problems is based on the economic growth achieved over the value of the national average but has not been able to provide overall welfare for the people. The aims to be achieved in this research is to investigate and analyze the impact economic growth quality to improve society welfare in Southeast Sulawesi. The research was conducted by taking samples at six districts and two cities in Southeast Sulawesi. The data used is quantitative data that is processed by the research model that had been developed by using statistical analysis econometric approach with panel data regression.The results showed that economic growth quality have significant impact with a positive direction to rate of society welfare in several districts / cities in Southeast Sulawesi. This means that economic growth quality that proxy with the pace of GDP growth, Gini Ratio Index , Williamson Index, the percentage decline in poverty and unemployment were able to improve society welfare in some districts / cities in Southeast Sulawesi which proxy with income per capita and Human Development Index during the period from 2006 until 2015
The Effect of Arm Stiffness on the Elasto-Kinematic Properties of Single-Axle...theijes
The paper is focused on the stiffness analysis of the longitudinal arm of single-axle suspension on elastokinematic behaviour of the vehicle axle which is highly important when considering the handling characteristics related tovehicle safety.The elasto-kinematic behaviour of the axle determines the course of the geometrical parameters of wheel suspension, the toe angle and camber as the function of wheel movement during force loading. This paper presents the complex MBS (Multi-Body Simulation)model of the wheel suspension with nonlinear characteristics of rubber-metal bushings. The model also comprises force elements such as springs, shock absorbers, stops and the transverse stabilizer. The model of flexible arm is implemented in the MBS model using the Craig-Bampton method, which represents a flexible body based on the synthesis of its own modal shapes. Subsequently,elasto-kinematic simulations are performed with the help ofthe computational system Hyperwork. The computational part of the paper presents the results of the elasto-kinematic behaviour of wheel axle for the flexible arm with different sheet metal thicknesses (2, 3 and 4 mm) and different materials (steel and aluminium alloy AlSi7Mg). Individual calculation models are compared to each other and also to the model of suspension with therigidarm. Elasto-kinematic analyses are also validated by the measurement inthe testing stage.
Turbofan Engine Modelling and Control Design using Linear Quadratic Regulator...theijes
There are many applications in which gas turbine engine is used today, including aircraft propulsion for both commercial and military purposes, and power generation and in all these Control systems technology has played a fundamental role in enhancing performance. Modelling plays a significant role in the development of the entire engine system performance. This paper investigated Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) model-based control method to obtain estimates of performance parameters. The main control variable selected is the fuel flow to control the rotational speed of high-pressure spool speed of the turbofan engine. Firstly a suitable mathematical model of the engine is developed in MATLAB Simulink environment with both the intercomponent volume and the constant mass flow methods used. Equations of the mass flow rate and the torque balance are incorporated in the steady state and dynamic state of the thermodynamic engine model. This represents the engine model by a set of first-order differential and algebraic equations and a linearized model is extracted for the analysis and design of a controller by LQR. It is demonstrated that LQR based controllers can perform better than conventional PID controllers. The settling time, rise time and maximum overshoot for LQR based controller are all less than those for PID based controller. The input also changes more accurately for LQR than the PID controller compared.
E-Governance and the ICT Legislative Frameworktheijes
This study assesses the effect of ICT policies and practices toward ensuring the governance supported by information sharing in Tanzania. Logically, the work is organized in four main categories. The first category introduces the study through providing the background, statement of the problem and objectives. This part is followed by a research method. The study was based on interpretive principles, and it used secondary data to arrive to its conclusions. The analysis is conducted through grouping elements, which responds to the same pattern of the study, under the same section. The last part of the study provides the conclusion and recommendations to the local legislative framework
Non-woven fabric filters integrated with decentralized system for domestic wa...theijes
Pilot plant composed of fabric filters integrated with the decentralized treatment plant ZECUwas tested for its ability to remove the suspended solids and organic matters presented as TSS, CODt and CODs from wastewater. The filters were made from scrim polyester non-woven fabrics and were tested on gravity driven pressure. The investigation was executed on two phases. In the first phase; the flux rates were changed from 3.5-15 L/m2 /hr and the differential hydraulic head was 1.5 m, average TSS, CODt and CODs effluent concentrations 40 mg/l, 177 mg/l and 119 mg/l respectively. In the second phase the differential hydraulic head was changed to be 2.5 m, average TSS, CODt and CODs effluent concentrations were 43.6 mg/l, 133.7 mg/l and 105.3 mg/l respectively. The potential removal mechanism for the suspended solids by fabric filters is straining or sieving by filter pores. The potential removal mechanism for dissolved organic matters is dynamic membrane layer formed on the fabric filters surface and was able to remove soluble organic matters with CODs average removal efficiencies of 21.25% and 18.9%inphase (1) andphase (2) respectively.
Quantum Current in Graphene Nano Scrolls Based Transistortheijes
Graphene based material application as a new centuery material are growing rappidly its carrier transport phenomenon with fast mobility have been focused resently. In the graphene family nanoscrolls because of their especial structure need to be explored. In the presented work a theoretical model for carrier transport in the arcemedus graphene nanoscrolls is reported. Graphene nanoscroll chairal dependent electrical property is considered and then schottky transistor based platform is modeled. The transport coeficient as a fundamental transport factor is discussed. The geometrical paprameter effect on the working phenomenon is considered as well.
Retrospective and Prospective Studies of Gastro-Intestinal Helminths of Human...theijes
A five-year retrospective and one-year prospective studies of gastrointestinal (GIT) helminths was carried out in humans and dogs in Makurdi, Nigeria. Data from 534 individuals presented at the Federal Medical Centre (FMC) and 103 faecal samples from dogs at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Agriculture, Makurdi from 2007 to 2014 were used. The overall prevalence of zoonotic GIT helminths in humans was 76.21% (407/534) and 56.31% (58/103) in dogs. The differences in the prevalences in humans based on sex,ethnicity and age were not statistically significant (χ2 , P< 0.05). However, the test of individual factor (coefficient) on GIT helminthes in humans showed that hookworms prevalence was dependent on age (P = 0.001), Ascaris lumbricoides was dependent on ethnicity and age (P = 0.000 and 0.005), Taenia spp. prevalence was dependent on age and sex (P = 0.007 and 0.005), and Strongyloides stercoralis prevalence was dependent on age (P = 0.04). The prevalence in dogs depended on age and breed (χ2 ,P < 0.05) but not on sex (χ2 ,P > 0.05). Hookworms, Taenia spp and Trichuris vulpisoccurred in humans and dogs. Hookworms were the most common helminth of both humans and dogs. Individual factor (coefficient) on the effect of risk factors on specific helminths is essential in understanding the epidemiology of each helminth. Attention should be paid to control measures in man anddogs.
A Case Study of Teaching the Concept of Differential in Mathematics Teacher T...theijes
In high schools of Viet Nam, teaching calculus includes the knowledge of the real function with a real variable. A mathematics educator in France, Artigue (1996) has shown that the methods and approximate techniques are the centers of the major problems (including number approximation and function approximation...) in calculus. However, in teaching mathematics in Vietnam, the problems of approximation almost do not appear. With the task of training mathematics teachers in high schools under the new orientations, we present a part of our research with the goal of improving the contents and methods of teacher training
The Investigation of Primary School Students’ Ability to Identify Quadrilater...theijes
In Vietnamese mathematics curricula, primary school students explicitly learn the concept of quadrilaterals such as parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle, square and trapezoid in the Grades 3, 4 and 5. They are presented individually, and there is no comparison between their characteristics. Therefore, the students will be difficult to recognize the relationships among kinds of quadrilaterals. The results of an investigation of 186 primary school students revealed that most of them found it easy to identify squares and rectangles but many of them asserted that “a square is not a rectangle”
The Effect of Personality Traits on Social Identification, Transformational L...theijes
This study aims to establish the role model the effect of personality traits on social identification, transformational leadership and employees performance. To examine the patterns of the effect between the variables used inferential analysis tool that Software SPSS version 21.0. The results of this study indicate that, personality traits that can improve employees performance when incorporating the variables that come into play, namely social identification and transformational leadership in Provincial Government Southeast Sulawesi.
Effects of Self Compacting Concrete Using the Discrete Models as Binary & Ter...theijes
The effect of using nanosized[4],[5] pozzolanic materials [1], [12], 14] like Fly ash(FA) [3], Metakeolin (MK) [8],Silica fume(SF)[6],Rise husk ash(RHA)[14],Ground granulated blust furnace slag (GGBFS)[2] etc. as partial replacement with dry weight of Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC) to enhance the strength, durability, workability of concrete. The test results of fresh and the hardened properties of Self compacting concrete (SCC)[8],[19] incorporating pozzolanic materials at various percentage by fixing the Water to Binder (i.e. powder)ratio(w/b) of 0.45. The effects of pozzolanic materials properties of SCC were investigated by comparing the test results. Various tests [4],[5],[9] were conducted on fresh SCC like the slump flow, L-box passing ability of the SCC mixtures and T500mm slump flow time were also done. Compressive strength test [9] along with the Initial surface absorption test(ISAT) and the Capillary suction test(CST)[7] were also performed on the hardened SCC[8]
A General-Purpose Architectural Approach to Energy Efficiency for Greendroid ...theijes
Mobile application processors are soon to replace desktop processors as the focus of innovation in microprocessor technology. Already, these processors have largely caught up to their more power hungry cousins, supporting out-of order execution and multicore processing. In the near future, the exponentially worsening problem of dark silicon is going to be the primary force that dictates the evolution of these designs. We have argued that the natural evolution of mobile application processors is to use this dark silicon to create hundreds of automatically generated energy-saving cores are called conservation cores, which can reduce energy consumption by an order of magnitude. Conservation cores(C-cores) try to solve utilization wall and consequently Dark Silicon issues.Greendroid is a development library for the android platform. It is intended to make UI developments easier and consistent through your applications. This paper describes Greendroid, a research prototype that demonstrates the use of such cores to save energy broadly across the hotspots in the android mobile phone software stack.
Production of CH4 and C2 hydrocarbons by axial and radial pulse H2/CO2 discha...theijes
Production of methane CH4 from a mixture gas of carbon dioxide CO2 and hydrogen H2 has been established by two types of pulse discharges. One is an axial discharge with a use of thin pair Ni wire electrodes separated by a narrow gap, and the other is a coaxially radial discharge with a use of inner rod and outer tube electrodes made of stainless steel (SUS). The former provides an intense gap discharge, while the latter provides a gentle discharge in the annular region. Decomposition of CO2 is enhanced in the former case when Ni (nickel) mesh disc electrode is placed behind the gap. Ni is known as catalysis. When the radial discharge proceeds in a closed gas system, 2C hydrocarbons such as ethane and ethylene are generated in case that a cylindrical mesh electrode made of Ni is attached to the powered SUS tube electrode. Both of the CH4 production and the energy efficiency for CH4 production are enhanced in case of Ni mesh electrodes, without a use of additional heating for the Ni catalysis. Synergy effect of plasma and Ni catalyst is observed
Availability of a Redundant System with Two Parallel Active Componentstheijes
This paper considers a redundant system which consists of two parallel active components. The time-to-failure
and the time-to-repair of the components follow an exponential and a general distribution, respectively. The
repairs of failed components are randomly interrupted. The time-to-interrupt is taken from an exponentially
distributed random variable and the interrupt times are generally distributed. We obtain the availability for the
system
Experimental Determination of Fracture Energy by RILEM Methodtheijes
This paper deals with investigation of fracture energy (GF) of concrete. The study involves experimental determination of fracture energy (GF) by testing three point bend concrete beams of same size but varying notch to depth ratios. RILEM fracture energy (GF) and Stress Intensity factor values is determined
Experimental investigations on the performance of bituminous mixes with recla...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on recycling asphalt pavements. It discusses various recycling methods including hot in-place recycling, cold in-place recycling, hot central plant recycling, and cold central plant recycling. It also reviews literature on pavement recycling and concludes that recycling reduces construction time and costs while lowering environmental impacts through reduced use of virgin materials.
Behavior of Hot Asphalt Mixture Modified with Carbon Nanotube and Reclaimed A...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using carbon nanotubes and reclaimed asphalt pavement to modify hot asphalt mixtures. It first provides background on using nanotechnology and recycled materials in pavement engineering to improve properties. It then discusses previous research on using carbon nanotubes and reclaimed asphalt pavement separately to enhance asphalt mixture performance. The study aims to investigate using both carbon nanotubes and reclaimed asphalt pavement together in hot mix asphalt to evaluate how it impacts Marshall test parameters like stability and flow.
Performance and durability of sustainable concrete made with aggregates produ...eSAT Publishing House
1) A new technology transforms returned concrete into aggregates that can be fully reused to make new concrete without generating waste. The returned concrete is treated with a superabsorbent polymer and aluminium compound to coagulate the cement paste around the original aggregates.
2) This process produces a granular material consisting of the original aggregates coated in a composite cement paste layer that can be reused as aggregates for new concrete.
3) The new technology supports sustainability by fully recycling returned concrete and saving natural aggregates, without waste production and at low cost for ready-mix plants. It provides an improved solution compared to current disposal methods.
The document discusses different methods for recycling pavements, including flexible and rigid pavements. For flexible pavements, it describes in-place hot and cold recycling processes as well as hot and cold central plant recycling. For rigid pavements, it discusses breaking, crushing and processing concrete to produce recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), which can be used in new concrete. It notes that recycling provides benefits like reduced costs, preservation of resources and the environment.
This document discusses elements of pavement materials and technology that should be considered in developing a green highway rating system. It identifies recycled materials and regional materials as the most suitable elements based on their ability to optimize sustainable design. The document also examines several existing green highway rating systems and compares their treatment of materials and pavement technology elements. Understanding the treatment of these elements in different rating systems can help identify important elements to include in a new rating system.
IRJET- Study on Concrete Replaced with Crushed Concrete Fine AggregateIRJET Journal
This document studies the use of crushed concrete as a replacement for natural fine aggregate in concrete. Four mixes of M20 grade concrete were tested with fine aggregate replaced at 0% (control), 25%, 50%, and 100% with crushed concrete aggregate. Specimens were tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength at ages of 1, 7, and 28 days. Test results found that early compressive strength was lower for mixes with replacement aggregate but 7-day and 28-day strengths increased compared to the control in some mixes. Mixes with 50% and 100% replacement showed increases in split tensile strength at 7 days. Flexural strength increased at 1 and 7 days for mixes with replacement aggregate
Recyclovia - The solution that revitalises roadsEurovia_Group
Given the need to conserve natural resources, transport resources over long distances to
worksites and regulations restricting landfilling, road maintenance companies are turning to
techniques that cut back on the use of added materials. The recent Grenelle Environment Forum
agreements have brought these concerns into even sharper focus and are driving the effort to
recycle, reduce raw material and energy consumption and utilise by-products.
STUDIES ON WARM RECYCLED DENSE BITUMINOUS MIXESIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on warm recycled dense bituminous mixes. It aims to understand the performance of such mixes by conducting indirect tensile strength and tensile strength ratio tests. The study uses VG-30 binder and Sasobit additive. Recycled pavement material (RAP) is added at different percentages to conventional DBM-II mixes. The goal is to optimize the advantages of warm mix asphalt and RAP in bituminous mixes for more durable and sustainable pavements. Testing includes extraction of bitumen from RAP, properties of aggregates and binders, and Marshall mix design.
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
To Study the Behavior of Concrete With the Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Q...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the behavior of concrete with the replacement of fine aggregate by quarry dust using recycled coarse aggregates. Specifically:
- The study examines the properties of concrete made by replacing fine aggregate with 0-35% quarry dust and using recycled coarse aggregates. It tests slump, compaction factor, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength.
- The goal is to develop a more sustainable and cost-effective concrete by using waste materials like quarry dust and recycled aggregates instead of natural sand and aggregates. This helps address problems like depletion of resources and high transportation costs.
- Initial tests are conducted on the materials used - cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,
Laboratory investigation on hot mix asphalt using reclaimed asphalt pavement ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Feasibility of an eco – friendly disposal method for Iron ore tailingstheijes
The greatest challenge ahead of the Iron ore mining industry is to tackle the issues related to management of tailings. The tailing disposal and storage methods are sensitive to the environment and care must be taken to keep them at the helm. The method being practiced for disposing the tailings is as thickener underflow at around 45% solids. The development of paste thickener & deep cone thickener are encouraging and can dispose tailings at around 65% solids. However, they are yet to be established over different range of mineral tailings and also the economic aspects related to their transportation are yet to be resolved. Thus the development of improved tailing disposal system is of paramount importance and need of the hour. Filtration of tailings after thickening is an alternative to current practices. However, the suitability of this application is to be assessed for tailings of different nature. In this perspective an attempt has been made to assess the filterability of tailings generated from beneficiation of slimes from Donimalai area. From the studies it is evident that the application of filtration process to these tailings is encouraging. By adopting pressure filtration technique it was possible to produce filtered tailings with moisture in the range of 16 - 21%. It is possible to get the filtration rate in the range of 200 – 300 Kg/hr/m2 while operating in the aforesaid moisture range. The greatest advantage ascertained is in the reduction in volume of tailings to be disposed by around 63% which is significant apart from increase in the water recovery by about 10%.
Development of Demolished Concrete Mix Using Pre-Coating TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document presents research on developing demolished concrete mix using a pre-coating technique. The study aims to effectively utilize recycled concrete aggregate in rigid pavement slabs by replacing natural coarse aggregate with different percentage levels of recycled concrete aggregate that has undergone surface treatments to reduce water absorption. Concrete mixes with 0%, 25%, 30%, 40%, and 100% replacement of recycled aggregates will be tested to evaluate properties relevant for pavement quality concrete and determine the optimum usage of recycled concrete aggregates. The results of compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength tests on the different mixes will be analyzed.
Effect of the use of crumb rubber in conventional bitumen on the marshall sta...eSAT Journals
Abstract In today’s era, solid waste management is the thrust area. Out of this various waste materials, plastic waste, tyre waste and municipal solid waste are of great concern. On the other side, the road traffic is increasing. The traffic intensity isalso increasing. The load bearing capacities of the road are to be increased. Our present work is helping to take care of both these aspects.Plastic waste, consisting of carry bags, cups, thermocoles, etc. can be used as a coating over aggregate and this coated stone can be used for road construction. Secondly the waste tires are powdered and the powder is blended with bitumen and this blend is used along with plastic coated aggregate. The mix polymer coated aggregate and tyre modified bitumen have shown higher strength. Use of this mix for road construction helps to use both plastics waste and tyre waste.Stone aggregate is coated with the molten waste plastics. The coating of plastics reduces the porosity, absorption of moisture and improves soundness.The polymer coated aggregate bitumen mix forms better material for flexible pavement construction as the mix shows higher Marshall Stability value and suitable Marshall Coefficient. Moreover the polymer coated aggregate helps to use Crumb rubber modified bitumen resulting in better result. Moreover the polymer coated aggregate helps to use Crumb rubber modified bitumen resulting in better result.Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) is hydrocarbon binder obtained through physical and chemical interaction of crumb rubber (produced by recycling of used tires) with bitumen and some specific additives. The Flextal range of CRMB offers binders which are stable and easy to handle with enhanced performances.( www.total.co.in)[1] Keywords:CRMB, Pavement, Bitumen, Crumb Rubber, and Marshall Stability Value
This document discusses various options for plastic waste management, including recycling, disposal through plasma pyrolysis technology, and conversion to liquid fuel. It summarizes studies on:
1) Recycling technologies like primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary recycling.
2) The performance of roads made from recycled plastics.
3) A study evaluating a plasma pyrolysis technology for plastic waste disposal.
4) A process for converting plastic waste to liquid fuel and its environmental impacts.
5) A study examining the biodegradability of various plastics.
Similar to Bituminous Pavement Recycling – Effective Utilization of Depleting Non-Renewable Resources (20)
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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Bituminous Pavement Recycling – Effective Utilization of Depleting Non-Renewable Resources
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 6 || Issue || 3 || Pages || PP 57-65|| 2017 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
DOI : 10.9790/1813-0603015765 www.theijes.com Page 57
Bituminous Pavement Recycling – Effective Utilization of
Depleting Non-Renewable Resources
Deepak Baskandi
Email: baskideepak@gmail.com
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
Bituminous pavement recycling is an effective and worldwide proven technique of conserving Energy,
Environment and Economy while ensuring maintenance and preservation of roadway network. In the pavement
recycling process, the materials from deteriorated pavements known as Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), is
partially or fully reused in fresh construction. The concept of RAP lies in restoring the physico-chemical
properties of the aged bitumen to its original and at the same time to enhance the mechanical properties and
strength of the aged binder. This paper gives a brief overview of various recycling methods of bituminous
pavement including (1) Hot mix recycling, (3) Hot-in-place recycling, (3) Cold central plant recycling, (4) Cold-
in-place recycling, and (5) Full depth reclamation, their advantages, selection considerations, review of mix
design procedure, unresolved issues related to their use and future scope in Indian context.
Keywords: Cold in-place recycling, Cold mix recycling, Full depth reclamation, Hot in-place recycling, Hot
recycling, RAP.
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Date of Submission: 28 February 2017 Date of Accepted: 11 March 2017
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I. INTRODUCTION
Rapid economic development and population growth have resulted in an extensive network of roads and the
demand for developing new and better road network has increased manifold in the last 15 to 20 years. As the
traffic volumes and gross vehicle weight have increased, so is the requirement for widening/improvement of
existing roadways. Further, due to rapidly expanding road network and since majority of earlier constructed
roads are near/at/or past the end of their intended design life, increased emphasis has been placed on preventive
maintenance and preservation of existing roadways. Funds available for preventive maintenance, pavement
improvement/rehabilitation/reconstruction have not been able to keep pace with the growing requirements
which has resulted in significant reduction in the overall road condition and the level of service provided by the
roadway within the network.
A world bank study has indicated that each $1.00 expended at the first 40 percent drop in roadway quality will
result in a saving of $3.00 to $4.00 compared to the expenditure which would be required at the 80 percent drop
in quality. As overall budgetary funds are always limited, innovation is required in order to do more preventive
maintenance, rehabilitation, reconstruction of roads at a lesser cost. Pavement recycling is one such effective
and well established proven technology for increasing the effectiveness of being able to do more at lesser cost. It
is a logical and practical solution to conserve our diminishing supply of construction materials and to help
reduce the ever increasing cost of preserving of existing pavement network.
Pavement recycling is not a new concept and recycling of bituminous pavements is a standard practice in many
countries of the world since last 35 years. The various ecological and economic advantages which contributed to
rapid enhancement of recycling processes throughout the world are:
Conservation of aggregates and binder.
Preservation of the environment and conservation of natural resources.
Preservation of existing pavement geometrics and clearances.
Conservation of energy and labour.
Less user delay during construction.
Reduction in reflection cracking.
Substantial saving in terms of cost.
II. RECYCLING METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
2.1Broad Classification
Based on the process adopted for recycling the bituminous mix, it can be broadly classified as central plant
recycling and in-situ recycling. If RAP is transported and modified in a central plant, away from construction
site then the process is known as central plant recycling. In-situ recycling process involves in place modification
2. Bituminous Pavement Recycling – Effective Utilization of Depleting Non-Renewable Resources
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and utilisation of the RAP. Further, if heat is applied to modify RAP, then the process is known as hot mix
recycling whereas, in case of cold mix recycling, RAP is modified using recycling agent (like, low viscosity
emulsion, small amount of cement or lime) without application of heat. The classification is schematically
summarized in Fig. 1.
Based on the depth of old pavement removed and re-laid recycling methods could be classified as surface
recycling and full depth reclamation [1]. Surface recycling involves scarification and relaying of only the top
layer however, if the base failure occurs then the pavement layers up to base layer is removed and constructed
again. This process is known as full depth reclamation. PIRAC[2] maintains that the types of recycling can be
classified according to:-
The type where mixing is carried out (in-situ or in-plant)
The characteristic of the material to be recycled.
The binder type selected for recycling (cement, bitumen, bitumen emulsion or bitumen)
ARRA [3] on the other hand categorized recycling as Cold Planning (CP), Hot Recycling (HR), Hot In Place
Recycling (HIR) which is further classified to include Surface Recycling, Remixing and Repaving, Cold
Recycling (CR) further sub-categorized into Cold In Place Recycling (CIR) and Cold Central Plant Recycling
(CCPR) and Full Depth Reclamation (FDR) which has further been classified as Pulverization, Mechanical
stabilization, Bituminous stabilization and Chemical stabilization. Karlsson and Isacsson[4] have schematically
presented the bituminous recycling classification as in Fig. 2.
Thus, recycling operations include Hot Mix Recycling, Hot In-place Recycling (HIR), Cold Central Plant
Recycling, Cold In-place Recycling (CIR), and Full Depth Reclamation (FDR). Among this, hot mix recycling
is very commonly used for producing hot mix asphalt, which can be used as overlays in preventive maintenance
operations where as thick layers in rehabilitation. Hot in- place and Cold in-place recycling are commonly used
for preventive maintenance operations, whereas full depth reclamation is generally used for rehabilitation work.
The choice of a particular technique depends on engineering considerations (such as pavement distress and
structural strength), availability of necessary equipment, availability of experienced contractor, initial cost,
construction impact on traffic, and long term maintenance costs. Different recycling methods are as follows.
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2.2Hot Mix Recycling
Hot mix recycling is a method in which the RAP is combined with new aggregate and an asphalt cement or
recycling agent to produce hot mix asphalt (HMA). Both batch and drum type hot mix plants are used to
produce recycled mix. The RAP is obtained from pavement milling with a rotary drum cold planing machine
and may be further processed by ripping and crushing operations, if needed. The mix laydown and compaction
equipment and procedures are same as for conventional HMA. The ratio of RAP to new aggregates depends on
the mix design, on the type of hot mix asphalt plants, and on the quality of stack emission generated. Typical
RAP to aggregate proportions vary between 10:90 to 30:70, although a maximum of 50:50 have been reported
for drum mix plants [5]. The use of microwave technology has allowed the use of a higher amount of RAP,
because the RAP can be preheated. The advantages of hot mix recycling are as follows.
Significant structural improvements can be obtained with little or no change in thickness by improving the
existing materials.
Additional right-of-way is not needed.
Surface and base distortion problems can be corrected
Performance of recycled mix is as good as conventional HMA mix.
Disposal problem inherent in conventional methods are eliminated.
Conservation of non-renewable resources.
Economic savings are achieved.
2.3 Hot In-Place Recycling
It is a method which is performed on site with the RAP material obtained from the existing pavement. The
deteriorated asphalt pavement is heated and softened to allow it to be scarified or mixed to a specified depth. If
required, new hot mix material and/or recycling agent is added to the RAP material thoroughly mixed and
further placed and compacted with regular HMA paving equipment. In this method, the existing pavement is
typically processed to a depth of 20 mm to 40 mm. The process can be carried out as a single-pass or as a
multiple-pass operation. In the single-pass operation, the scarified existing pavement material is combined with
new material, if needed, and compacted. In a multiple-pass operation, the scarified material is re-compacted and
then the new wearing surface is applied. The advantages offered by this method include the following:
Surface irregularities and cracks are filled.
Aggregate which has lost the asphalt binder coating through stripping, is remixed and recoated.
Ruts and holes are filled, shoves and bumps are levelled, drainage and crowns are reestablished.
Flexibility is restored by chemically rejuvenating the aged and brittle pavement.
Aggregate gradation and asphalt content may be modified by some variations of this process.
Enhances highway safety through increased frictional resistance.
Reduces interruptions in traffic flow when compared to other conventional rehabilitation techniques.
Hauling costs can be minimized.
Aggregate and asphalt binders are conserved.
2.4 Cold Central Plant Recycling
In this method, the bitumen recycling takes place in a central location using a stationary cold mix plant. The
RAP used is obtained by cold planning or by ripping, scarifying and crushing operations and is subsequently
stockpiled at the plant location. This plant usually has a number of cold feed bins for the RAP material and new
aggregate, a well-controlled liquid recycling additive system, a pugmill, a hopper for temporary storage and
conveyor belt. This process is similar to the hot central plant mixing except, no heating is involved and therefore
low viscosity emulsion is used as binder in most of the cases. Cold central plant recycling is used in projects that
require high rates of production or close control of the mix design[6].
In this method, existing pavement materials are used along with recycling agent. The depth of treatment is
typically from 75-100 mm. Although, in some cases, virgin aggregate may be added to the recycled material to
change or improve the RAP characteristics, normally this procedure is carried out without transportation of any
material except the recycling agent. The technique consists of pulverization of the existing pavement, sizing of
the RAP, addition of recycling agent and the placement and compaction of the recycled mix. The newly
developed recycling trains consist of large cold milling machine with a screening and crushing unit, and a
mixing device attached to it. Conventional HMA is laydown and compaction equipment are used to pick up the
processed material from windrow, and subsequent placement and compaction. The advantages of cold in-place
recycling include the following[7]:
Significant pavement structural improvements may be achieved without changes in horizontal and vertical
geometry and without shoulder reconstruction.
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All types and degrees of pavement distress can be treated.
Reflection cracking normally is eliminated if the depth of pulverization and reprocessing is adequate.
Pavement ride quality is improved.
Old pavement profile, crown, and cross slope may be improved.
Production rate is high.
Only thin HMA overlay or chip seal surfacing is required on most projects.
Engineering costs are low.
Conservation of non-renewable resources.
Energy is conserved.
Air quality problems resulting from dust, fumes, and smoke are minimized.
Frost susceptibility may be reduced.
Pavement widening operations may be accommodated.
2.5 Full Depth Reclamation
It is a recycling technique in which all of the HMA layer and a predetermined amount of underlying materials
are treated to produce a stabilized base course. According to ARRA[3], Full Depth Reclamation (FDR) is
defined as “ A pavement rehabilitation technique in which the full flexible pavement section and a
predetermined portion of the underlying materials are uniformly crushed, pulverized or blended, resulting in s
stabilized base course.”
It is basically a cold mix recycling method in which different types of additives including asphalt emulsion and
chemical agents such as calcium chloride, Portland cement, fly ash, and lime are used for improving the quality
of the base. In some cases, new material is added to obtain a required depth of the improved base. The five main
steps in this process are pulverization, introduction of additive, shaping of the mixed material, compaction, and
application of a surface or a wearing course. Full depth reclamation has been recommended for pavements with
deep rutting, load-associated cracks, nonload associated thermal cracks, reflection cracks, and pavements with
maintenance patches such as spray, skin, pothole, and deep hot mix. It is particularly recommended for
pavements having a base or subgrade problem.The advantages offered by full depth reclamation include the
following:
Significant improvement in pavement structure without changing its geometry and shoulder reconstruction.
Restores old pavement to the desired profile, eliminate existing wheel ruts, restores crown and slope, and
eliminate potholes, irregularities, and rough areas.
Recycles existing materials saving natural resources and energy.
Process is accomplished in-place.
Heating, mixing, and hauling costs of conventional maintenance techniques can be eliminated.
Roadway cross section can be maintained or adjusted; grade can be lowered in curbed sections to regain
curbs or reshaped in poor draining sections to improve drainage.
It can eliminate alligator, transverse, longitudinal, and reflection cracking. Ride quality can be improved.
Eliminate material disposal concerns.
Frost susceptibility may be improved.
Savings realized by reducing total pavement thickness.
III. CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING DIFFERENT RECYCLING TECHNIQUES
The choice of rehabilitation technique is broadly based on the engineering considerations, economic
considerations and energy considerations. The rehabilitation alternatives are decided based on the observed
pavement distress, laboratory and field evaluation of existing material and design information[8].The choice of a
particular recycling technique method should be primarily on the basis of the type of distress shown by the
existing pavement. This is because all of the recycling methods are not equally suited for treating different types
of distress, and hence the choice must be made for the particular method which is capable of rectifying the
existing distress conditions. The applicability of a particular recycling technique not only depends on the
pavement defect, but also on the extent and severity of the distress. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of
the existing pavement and its condition is necessary before selecting any recycling technique. A detailed study
of applicability for the use of different recycling techniques and considerations is presented in Table1 [9,10].
Table 1.Applicability and considerations for different recycling procedures
Process Applicability Considerations
Hot Mix Recycling Can be used to treat surface defects, deformation,
load and non-load associated cracks, and
maintenance patching. Material obtained from an
existing pavement can be stockpiled for future use.
Percentage of RAP that can be varied
depending on recycling mix properties
and the type of hot mix plant. RAP/virgin
material blend is typically 10:90 to 30:70,
5. Bituminous Pavement Recycling – Effective Utilization of Depleting Non-Renewable Resources
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Also, stockpiled RAP material can be carefully
blended in a plant with other materials to achieve
proper mix.
with a maximum of 50:50 (drum plant).
Hot In-Place Recycling Can be used to treat surface defects, corrugation and
surface rutting and longitudinal and slippage
cracking up to 50 mm depth. The existing pavement
material can be used fully, resulting in a minimal
demand for virgin materials. This method is
particularly suitable for busy highways or streets
which cannot be kept closed for a long time.
Hot in-place recycling can involve
significant amounts of heavy machinery
and equipment. Because of high
mobilization costs, there should be
enough work in a particular area to make
this process cost effective. Also, since this
method frequently involves long
equipment trains, it may not be suitable
for local residential streets with very
limited space for maneuvering of
equipment.
Cold Central Plant
Recycling
All types of cracks except those caused by fatigue
and base failure.
May require aeration before compaction
to reduce moisture. Wearing surface is
normally required.
Cold In-Place
Recycling
Can be used to treat rutting in asphalt layers below
the surface; load associated block and thermal
cracks; and maintenance patching. The existing
pavement material can be used fully leading to
substantial savingsby avoiding transportation of
new materials. Also, since no heat is used in this
technique, there are no air quality concerns
associated with it, and savings are also realized in
energy and money. This method can improve the
structural capacity of an existing pavement. Also,
disturbance to traffic is limited and can be used for
busy highways.
In most cases cold in-place recycled
materials require a curing period,
followed by an application of a wearing
course. Although smaller machines are
available, this technique can involve long
trains which may not be suitable for local
residential streets with very limited space
for maneuvering of equipment.
Full Depth Reclamation
(FDR)
Can be used to treat rutting in layers below the
surface, including base; load associated, block and
thermal cracking; and maintenance patching. This
technique is particularly suitable for pavements with
base problems or insufficient structural capacity.
Since this is basically a cold in-place process, it has
all the advantages of cold in-place recycling,
including savings in transportation cost and energy
and no occurrence of air quality problems due to
emissions.
Full depth reclamation usually results in a
new base, which must be covered with an
appropriate wearing course. As in cold in-
place recycling, a significant amount of
curing period may be required. Presently,
there is a lack of proper construction
guidelines and specifications for FDR,
and the whole process must be supervised
by an experienced person.
IV. DESIGN OF RECYCLED MIXES
4.1 Design
The design process for any recycling technique whether; hot or cold mix recycling, has two main aspects:
Mix design, specifying the types and quantities of RAP and virgin aggregates, virgin bitumen, cutback,
emulsion and additive.
Structural design defining the thickness of new layer as a function of traffic loading and pavement distress.
Several literatures have been reported suggesting various mix design methodology for different recycling
techniques. A brief review of the mix design methods for various bituminous pavement recycling techniques
suggested by various agencies are as under:
4.2 Hot Mix Recycling
The basis of mix design include the determination of material properties of RAP and new materials, evaluation
and selection of an appropriate blend of RAP and virgin aggregate to meet gradation, selection of suitable grade
of virgin bitumen binder to satisfy desired penetration and viscosity requirements, identifying need to add a
recycling or rejuvenating agent to soften the existing aged binder, and selection of job mix formula that comply
with stability, flow and air voids requirements.
ASTM D4887 [11]outlines the procedure for selection of quality of bitumen binder or recycling agent. This
includes a viscosity blending chart enabling the designer to determine the percentage of recycling or
rejuvenating agent to be added to the total binder to achieve desired value of absolute viscosity for the recycled
bitumen mix. The Asphalt Institute suggests that when 20 percent or less RAP is used in a mix, no change in
asphalt grade is required. However, for mixes with greater than 20 percent RAP, a drop in one grade is
recommended to compensate for the greater viscosity of the oxidized binder[12]. According to NCAT, the
fraction of RAP content in the total aggregate can be as high as 30 percent without impacting the properties of
the new mix. Hussain et al. [13] have shown that RAP mixes designed using conventional Marshall mix design
method performs either same or better than the conventional mixes, but when RAP percentage in recycled mixes
is above 45 percent of the total mix, the flow properties decreases below required levels, indicating that the
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mixture is likely to be under stress during loading thereby, making them less resistant to cracking. However,
Perez et al. [14] have shown through performance related laboratory tests that no relevant differences were
observed between the mixes with “ common” percentages of RAP and those with “ high” percentages of RAP,
and that the percentage of RAP in hot asphalt mixes can be increased without affecting the mix
performance.Kandhal et al. [5] recommends selection of virgin bitumen binder one grade softer than the normal
binder when RAP content is between 15 to 25 percent. However, for RAP content above 25 percent, use of
AASHTO M323 testing procedure to select binder type is recommended.
The Asphalt Institute’s manual on mix design methods for asphalt concrete[15] provides a method to determine
necessary mix design characteristics such as stability, flow and air voids content for either Marshall or Hveen
mix design methods. Mix design for hot-mix recycling includes the following steps:
Obtain representative field samples of the reclaimed materials.
Perform laboratory analysis to determine:
Composition, properties of the reclaimed bitumen materials and its binder content
Amount and gradation of new or recycled aggregate to be blended in the combined mix.
The type and amount of bitumen modifier
Select the optimum combination of mix components that meet the design criteria.
4.3 Hot In-Place Recycling
Itmay involve up to 100 percent recycling of the existing pavement unlike conventional recycled hot mix where
the RAP is combined with a significant amount of new aggregate material. Thus, the condition and
characteristics of the old mix has significant influence on the extent to which the existing pavement can be
improved or modified. ARRA [3] identifies nine variables for HIR mix design as compared to five for a HMA
mix design that HIR mix design.The variables for HIR mix design include:
Recycling agent type
Recycling agent source
Recycling agent amount
Virgin aggregate gradation
Virgin aggregate amount
Virgin aggregate source
New asphalt binder type
New asphalt binder source
New asphalt binder amount
Although, several mix design procedures for HIR are available however, all the procedures are very similar. The
following general steps are applicable whether traditional or Superpave. ARRA[3]modified by Button et al.
[16]:
Evaluation of existing HMA including RAP, new aggregates, and new bitumen binder selected.
Determine gradation of RAP aggregate including bulk specific gravity, binder content in RAP and its
properties to include penetration/ viscosity.
Selecting the type and amount of recycling agent.
Determining the requirement and amount of admix including aggregate gradation, its type, bulk specific
gravity and absorption and amount and grade or preferred penetration/ viscosity of new bitumen binder.
Preparing and testing both bitumen binder and mix specimens in the laboratory.
Evaluating test results and determining the optimum combination of admix and recycling agent.
4.4 Cold Mix Recycling
The specifications and design of cold plant mix recycling of bituminous pavements are referred to in ASTM
D4215[17]. Cold mix recycled mixes may be used for surface, base, or subbase courses. ARRA[18] guidelines
recommends three different methods for cold mix bituminous mix design. These include; Marshal and Hveem
methods intended for designing cold recycled mixtures with bitumen emulsion or emulsified recycling agents.
Third method has been developed by Oregon State University for determination of required bitumen emulsion
content.
Although there are no universally accepted mix design methods for cold mix recycling, the Asphalt Institute[19]
recommends the following mix design process:
Obtain representative field samples from the pavement or from the stockpiles [ASTM D979].
Process samples and extract bitumen for use in mix design [ASTM D2172].
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Evaluate bitumen content, gradation of aggregate separated from the bitumen and recycled material [ASTM
C136].
Select amount and gradation of new aggregate to be added.
Selection of bitumen binder or emulsion.
Estimate bitumen demand of the combined aggregate.
Estimate requirement of new bitumen binder in the mix based on the original aged bitumen in the RAP.
Mix, compact and run test trial mixes.
Establish job mix formula that meets optimum combination of mix components.
Adjust job mix formula in field.
4.5 Cold In-Place Recycling
The Asphalt Institutehas recommended a modified Marshall mix type procedure for the design of CIPR
mixes[20]. Mix design process for CIPR mixes have been recommended by Wirtgen Cold Recycling
Technology Manual[21] and Caltrans[22] :
Obtain RAP samples from the field using milling machine in order to get samples similar to during actual
construction process.
Determine RAP properties including; RAP gradation, moisture content, binder content, aggregate properties
and properties of aged binder.
Select the amount and type of new aggregate, if required.
Select type and grade of recycling additive. The most common CIPR recycling additives are bitumen
emulsions or emulsified recycling agents as they are liquid at ambient temperatures and are easily dispersed
in the recycling mixture.
Estimate the amount of recycling additive.
Determine liquid content for coating. To provide adequate total liquid to coat the aggregate and aid in the
compaction of final mixture, water is added to the CIPR mixtures. Optimum coating is determined by
observing the minimum amount of added water that just costs the RAP and new aggregate, and when
further addition of water does not improve this coating.
Test trial mixtures for initial curing properties, final curing properties and moisture sensitivity.
Establish job mix formula. The JMF includes the amount, grade and type of recycling additive, the
minimum amount of water to be added and the amount and type of aggregate requirements.
Field adjustments in the JMF may be required considering weather conditions, variation in the RAP or
changed demand for recycling agent.
Murphy et al.[23] have shown that the addition of 20 to 25 percent of virgin aggregates in the CIPR process
results in less voids and consequently, less flushing and improved stability. Castedo et al.[24] has shown that the
amount of recycling agent has a significant influence on the behaviour of the mix, with the ideal range of
recycling agent being between 2 and 3 percent by weight of dry RAP.
4.6 Full Depth Reclamation
Mix design process for FDR has been explained in the Wirtgen Cold Recycling Technology Manual[21] as:
Obtain representative samples of RAP and underlying materials from field.
Evaluate RAP for gradation, binder content, gradation of extracted aggregate, and aged binder.
Determine gradation and physical properties of underlying granular layers.
Select an amount and type of additional aggregate, if required.
Estimate requirement of additional recycling, additive demand.
Work-out requirement of pre-mix moisture content for coating.
Testing of trial mixtures, initial curing properties, final curing properties, and moisture sensitivity.
Establish job mix formula.
Make adjustments according to field conditions.
V. UNRESOLVED ISSUES
While bituminous pavement recycling technologies are well established and widely in use for past 35 years,
there is still considerable information void, particularly with regard to its rutting resistance, fatigue endurance,
durability and material variability considerations related with the use of RAP. Detailed guidelines are desired for
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better laboratory prediction of filed performance by more correlation of field and laboratory measurements.
Some issues that require emphasis include:
Further information on the variability of RAP. The gradation of RAP is different from the gradation of
original bituminous mixture, since it contains agglomerates rather than individual particles and has much
reduced fine content.
Validation of SUPERPAVE mix design procedures while designing mixtures containing RAP.
Influence of fluctuations of RAP characteristics on the performance of new mixes.
Performance of aged paving grade binder from RAP and its compatibility with polymer modified binders
(PBM) on new mixes.
An environmental code regarding gaseous emissions from hot mix plant recycling and HIPR.
Influence of prevailing weather conditions while laying particularly on in-place recycling methods.
Quality assurance and Quality control (QA/QC) is challenging.
VI. PAVEMENT RECYCLING IN INDIA
While most of the developed nations have standardized the procedures and have made significant advancements
in the bituminous pavement recycling techniques and in utilization of recycled materialsin pavement
construction to reduce the carbon footprints and to promote sustainability in pavement construction, we in India
are yet to make any significant advancement and here pavement recycling is still in nascent stage. Although, in
India, more than 90 percent of the pavements are bituminous pavementsyet during their rehabilitation and
maintenance, either the old pavement materials are being removed and dumped in a landfill or a new layer is
paved on top of the existing pavement thereby, resulting in burial of the limited non-renewal resources.
India with its 33 lakh kilometers of road network is the second largest in the world. Nearly 60 percent of freight
traffic and 88 percent passenger traffic is carried by the roads and annual growth is projected at 12-15 percent
for passenger traffic and 15-18 percent for cargo traffic. The value of roadways and bridge infrastructure in
India is expected to reach USD 10 billion by 2017. The length of National Highways is expected to grow from
92,850 kilometers in 2013-14 to 100,000 kilometers by the end of 2017. Government of India has also set an
ambitious target of achieving 30 kilometer length of road construction per day. Apart from the investments in
developing new roads, state transport agencies spend rupees worth thousands of crores annually to maintain and
rehabilitate existing pavements. Nearly 15,000 tons of natural aggregates are required to build every one
kilometer stretch of a highway in India. Pavement recycling is a logical and practical way to conserve our
diminishing supply of construction materials and to reduce the cost preserving our existing pavement network.
Recycling of pavements by re-using the existing materials will protect natural resources for future generation.
Thus, the significance of adopting bituminous pavement recycling techniques for road construction in India
cannot be overemphasized.
VII.CONCLUSION
The cost of construction using recycled mix are economical compared to virgin mix. Ability to mill and remove
old, distressed pavement allows for more effective rehabilitation techniques. Severely cracked or rutted layers
can be removed so that their damage is not reflected through a new surface layer.Multiple studies have shown
that the structural performance of recycled mixes is equal and in some instances better than that of the
conventional mixes. Recycling of pavements by re-using the existing materials will protect natural resources for
future generation. Thus recycling is a sustainable pavement construction for the environment.
The use of recycled pavement construction is gaining popularity for its advantage over conventional materials
including conservation of natural resources, conservation of energy, preservation of environment, reduced life-
cycle costs, besides conservation of depleting oil-based hydrocarbon binders. Developed nations have already
standardized the procedures to utilize recycled and secondary materials in the pavement construction. Thus,
pavement recycling has become an attractive rehabilitation and maintenance alternative. Unfortunately, in India,
the concept of bituminous pavement recycling has not yet gained much popularity. India has set ambitious road
construction future targets which requires huge reserves of natural resources and oil-based hydrocarbon binders.
It already has the second largest road network in the world, thus, it cannot afford to ignore bituminous pavement
recycling anymore.
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