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APPLICATIONS-AC/DC DRIVES-OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
IRJET- Utilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Ceramic Waste in Pavement Construction
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1327 Utilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Ceramic Waste in Pavement Construction P Akhilesh Rao1, Prof. Vinay Deulkar2 1M.E. Student JIT Borawan Khargone (M.P.) INDIA 2Asst. Professor JIT Borawan Khargone (M.P.) INDIA ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Today environmental and ecology concern has become a global issue and almost every industry is putting emphasis on environment friendliness use of material, technology etc. Construction industry is also one of them. Recently, there have been tremendous increasing in the prices of bituminous pavement materials which led to attempts to find alternative use of materials. As we all know, day by day the quarries are disappearing with the extensive mining work and as a result of it, we are in crisis of quarry materials. Many industries are successfully and effectively using the “Recycling”. The same can be utilized in construction industry and that too in road construction. In addition, more attention is focused on the use of Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials in new pavement design. So, recycling is one of the option by which more concerns are directed to preserving natural resource and reducing environmental impact of using fresh asphalt binders. Environmental wastes caused by technological and industrial development are increasing, whereas natural resource and disposal areas for those wastes are decreasing day by day. So recycling and reuse of waste materials has become crucial in terms of protection of environment and economy. Hot mix asphalt (HMA) which is used substantially in road construction, contains approximately 95% aggregate and 5% bitumen materials by weight. Because of high cost of aggregate, scientists focus on studies about using recycled waste in HMA nowadays. In Turkey tens of thousands of tons of ceramic wastes (CW) are disposed every month. One of the most effective ways to eliminate those CW and protect our environment is recycling them by using in HMA. This paper gives a brief details of recycling of using RAP materials and ceramic waste in pavement Construction specially in surface layer. And also discuss about their properties and laboratory test details. Key Words: Introduction, Material, Methodology, Test result 1. INTRODUCTION In the ceramic industry, about 15%-30% waste material generated from the total production. In roadway transportation system, highway can be differentiated functionally and structurally. According to functional classification it may be – National Highways, State Highways, Major District Road, Village Road etc and according to structural classification it is – rigid and flexible. It should be noted that major portion of highway in our country is flexible. Generally flexible pavement is preferred in many cases over rigid pavement because in flexible pavement, material and construction cost are low and these material is locally available. At the same time it can be easily constructed and maintained and upgraded. The study of ceramic waste can determine whether it is suitable to be used in road construction. Moreover, it may reduce the cost of road construction, other than this study will increase the awareness about environment problem which cause by disposal industrial waste. MA which is composed of bitumen and aggregate is used in road construction all over the world. HMA contains approximately %5 bitumen and %95 aggregate materials, by weight. Bitumen is obtained from the distillation of petroleum. Because of the reduction in natural resources like petroleum and high quality aggregate, the production cost of HMA is increasing day by day. On the other hand at the construction of base and sub-base courses under pavement, the usage of determined aggregate gradations due to natural subgrade increases the importance of aggregate. Day by day industrial waste reduction becomes priority for governments due to pollution and because of that the importance of waste material usage in road construction increases. RAP is one of the most recycled materials in the world. In Europe and United states, studies have concluded that 80% of the recycled material is utilized in road construction. Some studies have been carried out with 100% recycling of materials. 100% recycling can provide true sustainability by closing the materials cycle and to allow use of reclaimed asphalt in the same high value application as that of conventional asphalt. Strict regulations are still allowing mixes of RAP material in proportions range between 5 to 50 % for hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. Recent researches have established that RAP replacement at proportions above 50% is feasible to produce new HMA mixtures, and also obtaining satisfactory results in the mechanical properties. In this paper, The Marshall Design Method was used for HMA preparation. Different waste ceramic and RAP material ratio were used as aggregate for preparation of HMA specimens. And the experimental results were compared with specification values.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1328 2. MATERIAL – 2.1 Aggregate- Aggregate is a collective term for the mineral materials such as sand, gravel, and crushed stone that are used with a binding medium (such as water, bitumen, Portland cement, lime, etc.) to form compound materials (such as bituminous concrete and Portland cement concrete). . Aggregates can either be natural or manufactured. Natural aggregates are generally extracted from larger rock formations through an open excavation (quarry). Extracted rock is typically reduced to usable sizes by mechanical crushing. Manufactured aggregate is often a bye product of other manufacturing industries 2.2 Ceramic waste - Ceramic waste from ceramic industries is used into production of new concrete by replacing natural coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. In INDIA it has been estimated that nearly 30% of the daily production goes on waste during the manufacturing, transportation and usage. The ceramic waste is mounting up day by day, because of its enormous usage in modern way of construction activity. So, one solvable solution has to be necessary for the ceramic industries for diminishing the waste dump at ceramic industries is recycling, reusing and substitution of concrete ingredients. 2.3. Bitumen - Bituminous materials or asphalts are extensively used for roadway construction, primarily because of their excellent binding characteristics and water proofing properties and relatively low cost. Bituminous materials consists of bitumen which is a black or dark coloured solid or viscous cementitious substances consists chiey high molecular weight hydrocarbons derived from distillation of petroleum or natural asphalt, has adhesive properties, and is soluble in carbon disulphide. Tars are residues from the destructive distillation of organic substances such as coal, wood, or petroleum and are temperature sensitive than bitumen. Bitumen will be dissolved in petroleum oils where unlike tar. 2.4. RAP - This Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is recycling material which is generated from Rehabilitation or reconstruction of pavement. This material contains fine aggregate and bitumen binder. These are large quantities which produced during a highway reconstruction maintenance as well. 3. METHODOLOGY - In this portion we need to discuss the procedure that is used to check the suitability of use of ceramic waste with different proportions of RAP and need to check the optimum content of RAP and ceramic waste mixed with virgin aggregate that gives better results for the best use of this ceramic waste and RAP. For this we performed marshall test so, first of all we need to know the optimum bitumen content that is used to prepare samples of different percentage of RAP, ceramic waste and virgin aggregate. For the optimum bitumen content the marshall sample is prepared with collected bitumen and virgin aggregate and mix up for DBM 50-75 mm thickness (IRC 111 : 2009) and make sample with 4% ,4.5% and 5% bitumen content. For 4.5% bitumen content sample it gives better results as compare to 4% and 5% bitumen
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1329 content. So we decided to take 4.5% bitumen content and virgin aggregate are replaced with ceramic stone waste and RAP material. In gradation the nominal size of aggregate is 26.5mm i.e. according to IS 111 2009. According to above gradation the virgin aggregate is replace by ceramic stone waste and RAP material, the proportion of ceramic stone waste and RAP material which is used is given as below :- Marshall sample combination S.no. Sample no. Ceramic stone waste RAP material Total 1 CS-1 100% 0% 100% 2 CS-2 90% 10% 100% 3 CS-3 80% 20% 100% 4 CS-4 70% 30% 100% 5 CS-5 60% 40% 100% 6 CS-6 50% 50% 100% From the above results of marshall sample test results CS- 4 gives perform better as compare to other samples. Marshall stability of value of all the sample is low as compare to virgin aggregate marshall samples so we perform one more combination of sample that include the virgin aggregate, ceramic stone waste and RAP material, for these combinations the proportions of ceramic stone waste and RAP material is nearly equal to the optimum combinations of the marshall samples performed as shown in table above i.e. CS-4. The proportion of virgin aggregate, ceramic stone waste and RAP material which is used is given as below:- S.no. Sample no. virgin aggregate Ceramic stone waste RAP material Total 1 VAS-1 100% 0% 0% 100% 2 VAS-2 50% 25% 25% 100% 3 VAS-3 33% 33% 33% 100% Gradation for above samples of CS and VAS is based on the IRC-111(2009) the i.e. IS sieve size(mm) Cumulative percent by weight of total aggregate passing Upper limit Actual limit Lower limit 37.5 100 100 0 26.5 100 95 90 19 95 85 71 13.2 80 70 56 4.75 54 45 38 2.36 42 32 28 4. RESULT & DISCUSSION – Strength test including Aggregate Impact value and Crushing strength test, particle shape test i.e. Flakiness and elongation Index (combined), Water absorption test, test for Specific Gravity and Stripping test for Coating and Stripping of bitumen . 4.1 aggregate mixtures performed and the results of all these tests are in the tabular form: Sr. No. Property Test Result (Ceramic aggregate ) Result (fresh aggregate) Standa rd Values Test Metho d 1 Strength Aggregat e Impact value 18.75% 15.04% Max. 24 % IS : 2386 Part IV Crushing strength test 19.40% 16.23% Max. 30 % IS : 2386 Part IV 2 Particle shape Flakiness and elongatio n Index (combine d) 32% 19% Max. 35 % IS : 2386 Part I 3 Water absorption Water absorption 1.03% 0.45% Max. 2 % IS : 2386 Part III 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 26.5 19 13.2 4.75 2.36 %Passing Sieve Size Gradation Upper limit Actual limit Lower limit
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1330 4 Specific Gravity Specific Gravity 2.35-2.6 2.76 2.6 - 2.8 IS : 2386 Part IV 5 Stripping Coating and Stripping of bitumen aggregate mixtures 96% 97.50% Min retain coatin g 95% IS : 6241 Comparison for all the tests are in the graph form that gives the idea of values of test values with their standard limits :- As the graph shows Aggregate Impact value of virgin aggregate & Ceramic aggregate is less than standard values, the more value of impact means it has less impact strength so, virgin aggregate is tougher than ceramic aggregate. As the graph shows crushing value of virgin aggregate & Ceramic aggregate is less than standard values, the more value of crushing means it has less crushing strength so, virgin aggregate is harder than ceramic aggregate. 4.2 Tests on Bitumen:- Bitumen VG 30 is used in all sample of ceramic Sample (CS) and virgin aggregate sanple (VAS) marshall samples, penetration test, softening point test, ductility test, viscosity test, specific gravity test performed and the results of all these tests are in the tabular form :- Sr. No. Characteristics of tests VG 30 Min limits Test Method 1 Penetration test (mm) 65 45 IS : 1203 2 Softening point 54 47 IS : 1205 3 Ductility (cm) 93 40 IS : 1208 4 Viscosity (poise) @150* 2483 2400 IS : 1206 Part II 5 Specific Gravity 1.036 0.99 IS : 6241 Marshall test results – Marshall samples are prepared by 4.5% bitumen content that is already discuss in methodology 6 samples CS1 to CS6 are prepared by using ceramic stone waste and RAP material with different proportions. In these proportions RAP material is varies from 0% to 50%. The results of sample CS1 to CS6 are in below. From the above results of marshall sample test results CS- 4 perform better as compare to other samples. So we perform one more combination of sample that include the virgin aggregate, ceramic stone waste and RAP material, for these combinations the proportions of ceramic stone waste and RAP material is nearly equal to the optimum combinations of the marshall samples performed as shown in table above i.e. CS-4. The results of stability of optimum content of RAP ceramic agg and virgin agg are given as below – 15.04% 18.75% 24% 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% Result (fresh aggregate) Result (Ceramic aggregate) Standard Values Aggregate Impact value 16.23% 19.40% 30% 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% Result (fresh aggregate) Result (Ceramic aggregate) Standard Values Crusing strength test 100 % Cera mic Aggr eg… 10% RAP + 90% Cera mi… 20% RAP + 80% Cera mi… 30% RAP + 70% Cera mi… 40% RAP + 60% Cera mi… 50% RAP + 50% Cera mi… Series1 1087 1102 1170 1214 1095 1050 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 Stabiliy Marshall Stability
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1331 From the graph it is clear that the stability value decreases from VAS1 to VAS3. As we decreases percentage of virgin aggregate and increases the percentage of ceramic aggregate and RAP material. One more table is prepared that shows 100% ceramic aggregate, 100% virgin aggregate and optimum % of RAP, ceramic aggregate and virgin aggregate. CONCLUSIONS The reuse of old Asphalt in the production of new asphalt mixes in certainly one of procedures that enable a more rational and environment friendly construction of new asphalt pavement. An Internationally accepted name of reused asphalt is the RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement). It is the Asphalt obtained by tearing, crushing of the existing old pavement. That contains about 30% of good quality and well graded bitumen aggregate. Ceramic waste from ceramic industries is used into production of new concrete by replacing natural coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. In INDIA it has been estimated that nearly 30% of the daily production goes on waste during the manufacturing, transportation and usage. The ceramic waste is mounting up day by day, because of its enormous usage in modern way of construction activity. So, one solvable solution has to be necessary for the ceramic industries for diminishing the waste dump at ceramic industries is recycling, reusing and substitution of concrete ingredients. Both material (RAP & Ceramic waste) are useful material. On the basis of test and study we concluded that if mix up both material with suitable proportion with optimum bitumen content then it give enough stability and flow value. Based on laboratory test, the following conclusions were prepared- 1. Impact test result - Aggregate Impact value of virgin aggregate is 15.04% & Ceramic aggregate is 18.75% which is less than standard values, the more value of impact means it has less impact strength so, virgin aggregate is tougher than ceramic aggregate. 2. crushing value of virgin aggregate 16.23 % & Ceramic aggregate is 19.40% which less than standard values, the more value of crushing means it has less crushing strength so, virgin aggregate is harder than ceramic aggregate. 3. Flakiness and elongation Index (combined) of virgin aggregate 19% & Ceramic aggregate is 32% which less than standard values, the more value of Flakiness and elongation Index (combined) means it is more elongated flaky so, ceramic aggregate is elongated than virgin aggregate. 4. Water absorption of virgin aggregate 0.45% & Ceramic aggregate is 1.03% which is less than standard values, the more value of Water absorption means it has less water resistance so, virgin aggregate is good water resistant than ceramic aggregate. 5. Aggregate Stripping value of virgin aggregate 97.50% & Ceramic aggregate is 96% which is more than standard values, the more value of Stripping means it has good Coating and Stripping of bitumen aggregate mixtures value so, virgin aggregate is better than ceramic aggregate. 6. We performed marshall test so, first of all we need to know the optimum bitumen content that is 100% virgin Aggrega te 50% virgin Aggrega te + 25% RAP + 25% Cerami… 33% virgin Aggrega te + 33% RAP + 33% Cerami… Series1 1321.8 1276.48 1254.42 1220 1240 1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 stability Marshall stability 100% Ceramic Aggrega te 30% RAP + 70% Ceramic Aggrega te 100% virgin Aggrega te 33% virgin Aggrega te + 33% RAP + 33% Ceramic Aggrega te Series1 1087.08 1214.4 1321.8 1254.42 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Stability
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1332 used to prepare samples of different percentage of RAP, ceramic waste and virgin aggregate. For the optimum bitumen content the marshall sample is prepared with collected bitumen and virgin aggregate and mix up for DBM 50-75 mm thickness (IRC 111 : 2009) and make sample with 4% ,4.5% and 5% bitumen content. For 4.5% bitumen content sample it gives better results as compare to 4% and 5% bitumen content. So we decided to take 4.5% bitumen content and virgin aggregate are replaced with ceramic stone waste and RAP material. In gradation the nominal size of aggregate is 26.5mm i.e. according to IS 111 2009. After adopting 4.5% bitumen content we prepare marshall sample for bitumen content and ceramic waste and RAP material. We prepare 6 marshall sample with 100% ceramic waste to 50% ceramic waste with remaining portion use RAP material with 0% to 50% increase. _ After applying marshall test on 6 sample and we go on point that CS4 (70% ceramic waste and 30% RAP) sample has enough marshall stability and flow value as compared to other samples. _ From the above results of marshall sample test results CS-4 perform better as compare to other samples. So we perform one more combination of sample that include the virgin aggregate, ceramic stone waste and RAP material, for these combinations the proportions of ceramic stone waste and RAP material is nearly equal to the optimum combinations of the marshall samples performed. From these combination VAS 3(33% of Virgin aggregate+ 33% of ceramic waste stone + 33% of RAP material) performed good in all criteria. After all result and analysis we found CS 4 and VAS 3 as a good material which is useable in pavement construction. REFERENCES Abu El-Maaty, A.E.,and Elmor, A.I. (2015). “Characterization of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) for use in flexible pavement.” American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (AJEAS)., pp. 233- 248. Copeland, A. (2011). “Reclaimed asphalt pavement in asphalt mixture: state of the practice.” FederalHighway Administration. IRC (Indian Roads Congress). (2015). “Recommended practice for recycling of bituminous pavements.” IRC: 120-2015, New Delhi, India. Mhlongo, S.M., Abiola, O.S., Ndambuki, J. M., and Kupolati, W.K. (2014). “Use of recycled asphalt material for sustainable construction andrehabilitation of roads.” International Conference on Biological, Civil and Engineering (ICBCEE)., pp. 91-94. Pradyumna, A.T., Mittal, A., and Jain, P.K. (2013). “Characterization of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP) for use in bituminous road construction.” 2nd Conference of Transportation Research Group of India (2nd CTRG). Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 104 p. 1149-1157. Prithvi S. Kandhal. (1997). “Recycling of asphalt pavement – An overview.” National center for Asphalt Technology. Rao, M., and Shah, N.C. (2014). “Utilization of RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) material obtained by milling process: with several options in urban area at Surat, Gujrat, India.” International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications., ISSN: 2248- 9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7 (Version 4), pp. 01-04. Saride, S., Avirneni, D., and Javvadi, S.C. (2015). “Utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement in Indian low-volume roads.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., ASCE, ISSN 0899-1561/04015107(10), pp. 01-10. Sathikumar, R., and Nivedya, M.K. (2011). “Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) technology for a sustainable pavement.” National Technological congress college of Engineering Trivandrum, Kerala (NATCON)”., pp. 41- 45. Umesh Kamariya., L. B. Zala., and Amit A. Amin. (2018). “Characterization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement.” International journal of Technical Innovation in Modern Engineering & Science (IJTIMES)., e-ISSN: 2455-2585, Vol. 4, Issue 5, pp. 380- 390. West., R.C. (2010). “Reclaimed asphalt pavement management: Best practices.” National center for Asphalt Technology. Khushbu M. Vyas & Shruti B. Khara, (2013) “Technical Viability of using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Ahmedabad BRTS Corridor for Base Course”, ISSN: 0975-6760, Vol. 02, No. 02, pp307- 312. S. K. Khanna, C.E.G Justo & A. Veeraraghavan (2014) Highway Engineering,Nem Chand & Bros Publishers. “Specification for Road & Bridge Works” (Fourth Revision), Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport &Highways (MOSR&TH), Section: 400 Sub bases, bases (Non Bituminous) and shoulders, Published By“Indian Road Congress”, New Delhi – 2001. Pacheco-Torgal F. andJalali S. (2010), “Reusing ceramic wastes in concrete”. Elsevier Ltd., construction and building materials 24 (2010) 832-838. www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1333 Rajamannan B., Viruthagiri G. and Jawahar K. S. (2013), “Effect of grog addition on the technological properties of ceramic brick”, International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology, ISSN (Online):2278- 5299 Volume 2, Issue 6: Page No.81- 84,November-December 2013 http://www.mnkjournals.com/ijlrst.htm Raval A. k. D., Patel I. N. and Pitroda J. k. (2013),“Eco-Efficient Concretes: Use Of Ceramic Powder As A Partial Replacement Of Cement”, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278- 3075, Volume-3, Issue-2, July 2013. Sadek D. M., El-Sayed W. S., Heiegal A. M. A, Mohamed A. S. (2013), “Utilization of solid wastes in cement bricks for an environmental beneficial”. Annals of Faculty Engineering Hunedoaa- International Journal of Engineering, Tome XI (2013) Fascicule 3 (ISSN 1584-2673). Senthamarai R. M. and Devadas M. P., (2005), “Concrete with ceramic aggregates”.Elsevier Ltd., cement and concrete composites 27 (2005) 910-913. www.elsevier.com/locate/cemconcomp Zimbili O., Salim W., Ndambuki M. (2014), “A Review on the Usage of Ceramic Wastes in Concrete Production”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Civil, Environmental, and Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering Vol: 8, No: 1, 2014.
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