Production of methane CH4 from a mixture gas of carbon dioxide CO2 and hydrogen H2 has been established by two types of pulse discharges. One is an axial discharge with a use of thin pair Ni wire electrodes separated by a narrow gap, and the other is a coaxially radial discharge with a use of inner rod and outer tube electrodes made of stainless steel (SUS). The former provides an intense gap discharge, while the latter provides a gentle discharge in the annular region. Decomposition of CO2 is enhanced in the former case when Ni (nickel) mesh disc electrode is placed behind the gap. Ni is known as catalysis. When the radial discharge proceeds in a closed gas system, 2C hydrocarbons such as ethane and ethylene are generated in case that a cylindrical mesh electrode made of Ni is attached to the powered SUS tube electrode. Both of the CH4 production and the energy efficiency for CH4 production are enhanced in case of Ni mesh electrodes, without a use of additional heating for the Ni catalysis. Synergy effect of plasma and Ni catalyst is observed
Presentation given by Enzo Mangano of the University of Edinburgh on "Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas" at the UKCCSRC Gas CCS Meeting, University of Sussex, 25 June 2014
Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants - AMPGas, Enzo Mangano, University of Edinburgh - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Jonathan Lee (Newcastle University) - Intensification of Solvent Based Carbon Capture using Rotating Packed Beds - UKCCSRC Cranfield Biannual 21-22 April 2015
The document discusses carbon capture technologies that are likely to appear in future phases of carbon capture and storage (CCS) deployment. It provides information on various carbon capture technologies including post-combustion capture using solvents like amines, pre-combustion capture through integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants, and oxy-fuel combustion. Examples of large-scale CCS projects currently in operation or development are also mentioned, such as the Kemper County energy facility and White Rose CCS project.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Land Applied Swine Manure: Development of Metho...LPE Learning Center
For more: http://www.extension.org/67579 A new method was used at the Ag 450 Farm Iowa State University (41.98N, 93.65W) from October 24, 2012 through December 14, 2012 to assess GHG emission from land-applied swine manure on crop land. Gas samples were collected daily from four static flux chambers. Gas method detection limits were 1.99 ppm, 170 ppb, and 20.7 ppb for CO2, CH4 and N2O, respectively. Measured gas concentrations were used to estimate flux using four different models, i.e., (1) linear regression, (2) non-linear regression, (3) non-equilibrium, and (4) revised Hutchinson & Mosier (HMR). Sixteen days of baseline measurements (before manure application) were followed by manure application with deep injection (at 41.2 m3/ha), and thirty seven days of measurements after manure application.
Solar Thermochemical Conversion of CO2 into C via SnO2/SnO Redox Cycle: A The...IJERA Editor
In this paper we report the computational thermodynamic modeling of the solar thermochemical SnO2/SnO
redox cycle for solid C production via CO2 splitting. In this redox cycle, the first step corresponds to the solar
thermal reduction of SnO2 into SnO and O2 in presence of inert atmosphere. The second step, which is a nonsolar
exothermic stage, is the reaction of SnO with CO2 to produce solid C together with SnO2 that is recycled
back to the first step. Commercially available HSC Chemistry software and databases were used for the
computational thermodynamic modeling of this process. The thermodynamic analysis was performed in two
sections: 1) equilibrium composition analysis, and 2) exergy analysis. Results obtained via the computational
thermodynamic modeling are presented in detail. The simulation results indicate that the solar thermochemical
SnO2/SnO redox cycle for solid C production via CO2 splitting can achieve the solar to fuel conversion
efficiency upto 12%.
Presentation given by Enzo Mangano of the University of Edinburgh on "Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas" at the UKCCSRC Gas CCS Meeting, University of Sussex, 25 June 2014
Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants - AMPGas, Enzo Mangano, University of Edinburgh - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Jonathan Lee (Newcastle University) - Intensification of Solvent Based Carbon Capture using Rotating Packed Beds - UKCCSRC Cranfield Biannual 21-22 April 2015
The document discusses carbon capture technologies that are likely to appear in future phases of carbon capture and storage (CCS) deployment. It provides information on various carbon capture technologies including post-combustion capture using solvents like amines, pre-combustion capture through integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants, and oxy-fuel combustion. Examples of large-scale CCS projects currently in operation or development are also mentioned, such as the Kemper County energy facility and White Rose CCS project.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Land Applied Swine Manure: Development of Metho...LPE Learning Center
For more: http://www.extension.org/67579 A new method was used at the Ag 450 Farm Iowa State University (41.98N, 93.65W) from October 24, 2012 through December 14, 2012 to assess GHG emission from land-applied swine manure on crop land. Gas samples were collected daily from four static flux chambers. Gas method detection limits were 1.99 ppm, 170 ppb, and 20.7 ppb for CO2, CH4 and N2O, respectively. Measured gas concentrations were used to estimate flux using four different models, i.e., (1) linear regression, (2) non-linear regression, (3) non-equilibrium, and (4) revised Hutchinson & Mosier (HMR). Sixteen days of baseline measurements (before manure application) were followed by manure application with deep injection (at 41.2 m3/ha), and thirty seven days of measurements after manure application.
Solar Thermochemical Conversion of CO2 into C via SnO2/SnO Redox Cycle: A The...IJERA Editor
In this paper we report the computational thermodynamic modeling of the solar thermochemical SnO2/SnO
redox cycle for solid C production via CO2 splitting. In this redox cycle, the first step corresponds to the solar
thermal reduction of SnO2 into SnO and O2 in presence of inert atmosphere. The second step, which is a nonsolar
exothermic stage, is the reaction of SnO with CO2 to produce solid C together with SnO2 that is recycled
back to the first step. Commercially available HSC Chemistry software and databases were used for the
computational thermodynamic modeling of this process. The thermodynamic analysis was performed in two
sections: 1) equilibrium composition analysis, and 2) exergy analysis. Results obtained via the computational
thermodynamic modeling are presented in detail. The simulation results indicate that the solar thermochemical
SnO2/SnO redox cycle for solid C production via CO2 splitting can achieve the solar to fuel conversion
efficiency upto 12%.
BIO-CAP-UK: Air/Oxy Biomass Combustion with CO2 Capture Technology, UK Study - presentation by Karen Finney in the Biomass CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Numerical Modelling of Trans-Triple Point Temperature Near-Field Sonic Dispersion of CO2 from High Pressure Dense Phase Pipelines, Chris Wareing, University of Leeds. Presented at CO2 Properties and EoS for Pipeline Engineering, 11th November 2014
A perspective on transition engineering options from capture-readiness to fullsize capture on Natural Gas Combined Cycle Plants - presentation by Mathieu Lucquiaud in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
This document reports on analyses and experimentation conducted on a Quadrafire Classic Bay 1200 pellet stove to increase its efficiency and reduce emissions. The researchers have developed a theoretical model that characterizes the stove's heating output as a continuous function of distance along the heat exchanger, accounting for both convection and radiation heat transfer. Their experiments involved upgrading instrumentation to directly measure airflow rates and temperatures, validating assumptions in the previous model. Key findings include radiation significantly influencing heat output and an air-rich firepot reaction that reduces combustion efficiency. The updated model and experiments provide a foundation for redesigning the stove.
CO2 capture from offshore gas turbines using supersonic gas separation - presentation by Kristin Jordal of SINTEF Energy Research at the UKCCSRC Natural Gas CCS Network Meeting at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
The CarboCount-CH project established an observation network in Switzerland to measure carbon dioxide and methane concentrations at four sites between 2012-2013. It developed a high-resolution modeling system using COSMO meteorological data to simulate transport and surface fluxes of these gases. Initial results show good agreement between observed and modeled total CO2. Inverse modeling suggests Switzerland's biospheric CO2 sink is comparable to prior estimates, but occurs more in spring. Methane modeling validated Switzerland's national emissions inventory but identified an additional unknown source in eastern Switzerland.
The document discusses the establishment of India's first 100 MWe Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) demonstration plant. An R&D committee was formed to oversee development of IGCC technology for Indian coals. Experiments were conducted on existing BHEL gasification plants to optimize design of the 100 MWe plant. Results validated the technical feasibility and performance parameters. The committee recommended preparing a detailed project report for the 100 MWe plant.
This document discusses formulas for calculating the heating value of coal and coal char based on their composition. It describes the development of several existing formulas and presents the results of tests of four formulas on a database of 775 coal samples. A new formula is developed through regression analysis of the database that shows less bias and a lower standard deviation than the existing formulas tested. The accuracy of the new formula is comparable to a more complex existing formula but does not require determining pyritic sulfur content.
(1) Several carbon capture technologies were discussed including post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-fuel capture.
(2) Current state-of-the-art carbon capture technologies impose significant efficiency penalties on power plants, ranging from 7-12% points.
(3) There is an urgent need to reduce these efficiency penalties to accelerate full-scale deployment of carbon capture and meet climate change targets. Barriers including cost, technical challenges, and public acceptance must be addressed.
The objective is to analyze and propose a methodology to manage with the attenuating effect promoted by carbon dioxide - CO2 on the performance of ultrasonic flow meter in gas flaring applications. Such methodology is based on experiments performed in a wind tunnel with a Reynolds number about 10^4 and concentration of CO2 above 60%. The results indicate that the ultrasonic meter exhibited measurement readings failures, especially in stages of abrupt changes in gas concentration, whose contents were above 5%. It is verified, as well, that the approximation of ultrasonic transducers tends to reduce such measurement failures.
1) The document describes the construction of an attainable region (AR) for a steam-methane reforming process to maximize CO composition and selectivity.
2) Kinetic expressions are provided for the two main equilibrium reactions, and five species are involved containing three elements.
3) The principle of reaction invariants is applied to project the system onto a reduced two-dimensional space of independent species to allow application of the AR analysis.
The document discusses phase equilibrium studies of impure carbon dioxide systems relevant to carbon capture and storage technologies. It presents new vapor-liquid equilibrium and solubility data for binary and ternary mixtures of CO2, N2, H2, and H2O measured using high-pressure facilities. The data aims to expand understanding of thermodynamic properties to inform the design of CO2 compression, pipeline transport, and the presence of impurities like H2 which increase the pressure required for a homogeneous CO2 phase. Equations of state are evaluated against the experimental data.
Shenhua ccs program strategy and accomplishments for China Ren Xiankun 2009Steve Wittrig
This document discusses carbon capture and storage (CCS) in China's coal-to-liquids and coal chemical industries. It notes that Shenhua Group, China's largest coal producer, is actively researching CCS to reduce CO2 emissions from its coal gasification and chemical processes. Specifically, Shenhua is collaborating on projects to study capturing and storing CO2 from its direct coal liquefaction plant and investigating CCS opportunities at its proposed coal chemical facilities. The document outlines various technical and policy suggestions to help advance CCS in China, such as considering CO2 storage when siting new energy and chemical projects.
LES Analysis on Confined Swirling Flow in a Gas Turbine Swirl BurnerROSHAN SAH
This presentation describes a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) investigation into flow fields in a model gas turbine combustor equipped with a swirl burner. A probability density function was used to describe the interaction physics of chemical reaction and turbulent flow as liquid fuel was directly injected into the combustion chamber and rapidly mixed with the swirling air. Simulation results showed that heat release during combustion accelerated the axial velocity motion and made the recirculation zone more compact
A General-Purpose Architectural Approach to Energy Efficiency for Greendroid ...theijes
Mobile application processors are soon to replace desktop processors as the focus of innovation in microprocessor technology. Already, these processors have largely caught up to their more power hungry cousins, supporting out-of order execution and multicore processing. In the near future, the exponentially worsening problem of dark silicon is going to be the primary force that dictates the evolution of these designs. We have argued that the natural evolution of mobile application processors is to use this dark silicon to create hundreds of automatically generated energy-saving cores are called conservation cores, which can reduce energy consumption by an order of magnitude. Conservation cores(C-cores) try to solve utilization wall and consequently Dark Silicon issues.Greendroid is a development library for the android platform. It is intended to make UI developments easier and consistent through your applications. This paper describes Greendroid, a research prototype that demonstrates the use of such cores to save energy broadly across the hotspots in the android mobile phone software stack.
Concepts and Trends on E -Learning in Romaniatheijes
E-Learning systems analysis appears to be simple if we take into consideration some of the approaches employed by researchers so far. But the dynamics of e-Learning requires caution. For more than seven years there have been discussions about a new generation of e-Learning, namely e-Learning 2.0. The e-Learning market is estimated to bring revenue of U.S. $ 56.2 billion in 2013 according to Certifyme.net, the industry leader in online training, and this amount is projected to double its value by the end of 2015. In Romania, a team of researchers from the Centre for Development and Innovation in Education – has been using techniques aimed at identifying and classifying theoretical and practical approaches to training and education. If we consider the mission of this non-governmental organization (with no political affiliation) to promote the principles and values in education through innovative technologies and approaches (such as conducting programs and e-Learning projects, developing curricula, education for democratic citizenship, lifelong learning and continuous training of teachers) then we can rely on the experience of the organization and the seriousness with which the foundation is involved in defining and e-Learning phenomenon.
An Analysis of the E-Agriculture Research Field Between 2005 and 2015theijes
In this study, research papers featured in the following peer reviewed journals and conference were analysed: The African Journal of Information Systems (AJIS), The African Journal of Information and Communication Techn ology (AJICT), the Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC) and the IST-Africa Conference series. These papers are those which covered the e-government field, and they were released between 2005 and 2015 with the African context. The intention of the analysis was to establish research patterns characterising the publications in a period of 10 years. The results show the increase of published papers on e-agriculture over the years. Most of the papers were conducted in East Africa and were assessing the potential of available ICTs for agriculture. Moreover, the predominant scope of analysis was the country level, while descriptive research questions featured more. Furthermore, the most adopted research paradigm was the critical theory, and the knowledge contribution was the best practise. Lastly, the most adopted technology-object (of many papers) was the infrastructure, while the large per cent of recommendations were on planning.
Delay of Geo/Geo/1 N-limited Nonstop Forwarding Queuetheijes
Nonstop forwarding is designed to minimize packet loss when a management system fails to function. A system with non-stop forwarding can continue to forward some packets even in the event of a processor failure. We consider a Geo/Geo/1 N-limited nonstop forwarding queue. In the queueing system, when the server breaks down, up to customers can be serviced during the repair time.The delay distribution of customers is given by matrix geometric analysis.
Queue with Breakdowns and Interrupted Repairstheijes
This paper considers a queue, consisting of a Poisson input stream and a server. The server is subject to breakdowns. The times to failure of the server follows exponential distribution. The failed server requires repair at a facility, which has an unreliable repair crew. The repair times of the failed server follows exponential distribution, but the repair crew also subjects to breakdown when it is repairing. The times to failure of the repair crew is also assumed to be exponentially distributed. This paper obtains the steady-state performance of the queuewith server breakdowns and interrupted repairs.
BIO-CAP-UK: Air/Oxy Biomass Combustion with CO2 Capture Technology, UK Study - presentation by Karen Finney in the Biomass CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Numerical Modelling of Trans-Triple Point Temperature Near-Field Sonic Dispersion of CO2 from High Pressure Dense Phase Pipelines, Chris Wareing, University of Leeds. Presented at CO2 Properties and EoS for Pipeline Engineering, 11th November 2014
A perspective on transition engineering options from capture-readiness to fullsize capture on Natural Gas Combined Cycle Plants - presentation by Mathieu Lucquiaud in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
This document reports on analyses and experimentation conducted on a Quadrafire Classic Bay 1200 pellet stove to increase its efficiency and reduce emissions. The researchers have developed a theoretical model that characterizes the stove's heating output as a continuous function of distance along the heat exchanger, accounting for both convection and radiation heat transfer. Their experiments involved upgrading instrumentation to directly measure airflow rates and temperatures, validating assumptions in the previous model. Key findings include radiation significantly influencing heat output and an air-rich firepot reaction that reduces combustion efficiency. The updated model and experiments provide a foundation for redesigning the stove.
CO2 capture from offshore gas turbines using supersonic gas separation - presentation by Kristin Jordal of SINTEF Energy Research at the UKCCSRC Natural Gas CCS Network Meeting at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
The CarboCount-CH project established an observation network in Switzerland to measure carbon dioxide and methane concentrations at four sites between 2012-2013. It developed a high-resolution modeling system using COSMO meteorological data to simulate transport and surface fluxes of these gases. Initial results show good agreement between observed and modeled total CO2. Inverse modeling suggests Switzerland's biospheric CO2 sink is comparable to prior estimates, but occurs more in spring. Methane modeling validated Switzerland's national emissions inventory but identified an additional unknown source in eastern Switzerland.
The document discusses the establishment of India's first 100 MWe Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) demonstration plant. An R&D committee was formed to oversee development of IGCC technology for Indian coals. Experiments were conducted on existing BHEL gasification plants to optimize design of the 100 MWe plant. Results validated the technical feasibility and performance parameters. The committee recommended preparing a detailed project report for the 100 MWe plant.
This document discusses formulas for calculating the heating value of coal and coal char based on their composition. It describes the development of several existing formulas and presents the results of tests of four formulas on a database of 775 coal samples. A new formula is developed through regression analysis of the database that shows less bias and a lower standard deviation than the existing formulas tested. The accuracy of the new formula is comparable to a more complex existing formula but does not require determining pyritic sulfur content.
(1) Several carbon capture technologies were discussed including post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-fuel capture.
(2) Current state-of-the-art carbon capture technologies impose significant efficiency penalties on power plants, ranging from 7-12% points.
(3) There is an urgent need to reduce these efficiency penalties to accelerate full-scale deployment of carbon capture and meet climate change targets. Barriers including cost, technical challenges, and public acceptance must be addressed.
The objective is to analyze and propose a methodology to manage with the attenuating effect promoted by carbon dioxide - CO2 on the performance of ultrasonic flow meter in gas flaring applications. Such methodology is based on experiments performed in a wind tunnel with a Reynolds number about 10^4 and concentration of CO2 above 60%. The results indicate that the ultrasonic meter exhibited measurement readings failures, especially in stages of abrupt changes in gas concentration, whose contents were above 5%. It is verified, as well, that the approximation of ultrasonic transducers tends to reduce such measurement failures.
1) The document describes the construction of an attainable region (AR) for a steam-methane reforming process to maximize CO composition and selectivity.
2) Kinetic expressions are provided for the two main equilibrium reactions, and five species are involved containing three elements.
3) The principle of reaction invariants is applied to project the system onto a reduced two-dimensional space of independent species to allow application of the AR analysis.
The document discusses phase equilibrium studies of impure carbon dioxide systems relevant to carbon capture and storage technologies. It presents new vapor-liquid equilibrium and solubility data for binary and ternary mixtures of CO2, N2, H2, and H2O measured using high-pressure facilities. The data aims to expand understanding of thermodynamic properties to inform the design of CO2 compression, pipeline transport, and the presence of impurities like H2 which increase the pressure required for a homogeneous CO2 phase. Equations of state are evaluated against the experimental data.
Shenhua ccs program strategy and accomplishments for China Ren Xiankun 2009Steve Wittrig
This document discusses carbon capture and storage (CCS) in China's coal-to-liquids and coal chemical industries. It notes that Shenhua Group, China's largest coal producer, is actively researching CCS to reduce CO2 emissions from its coal gasification and chemical processes. Specifically, Shenhua is collaborating on projects to study capturing and storing CO2 from its direct coal liquefaction plant and investigating CCS opportunities at its proposed coal chemical facilities. The document outlines various technical and policy suggestions to help advance CCS in China, such as considering CO2 storage when siting new energy and chemical projects.
LES Analysis on Confined Swirling Flow in a Gas Turbine Swirl BurnerROSHAN SAH
This presentation describes a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) investigation into flow fields in a model gas turbine combustor equipped with a swirl burner. A probability density function was used to describe the interaction physics of chemical reaction and turbulent flow as liquid fuel was directly injected into the combustion chamber and rapidly mixed with the swirling air. Simulation results showed that heat release during combustion accelerated the axial velocity motion and made the recirculation zone more compact
A General-Purpose Architectural Approach to Energy Efficiency for Greendroid ...theijes
Mobile application processors are soon to replace desktop processors as the focus of innovation in microprocessor technology. Already, these processors have largely caught up to their more power hungry cousins, supporting out-of order execution and multicore processing. In the near future, the exponentially worsening problem of dark silicon is going to be the primary force that dictates the evolution of these designs. We have argued that the natural evolution of mobile application processors is to use this dark silicon to create hundreds of automatically generated energy-saving cores are called conservation cores, which can reduce energy consumption by an order of magnitude. Conservation cores(C-cores) try to solve utilization wall and consequently Dark Silicon issues.Greendroid is a development library for the android platform. It is intended to make UI developments easier and consistent through your applications. This paper describes Greendroid, a research prototype that demonstrates the use of such cores to save energy broadly across the hotspots in the android mobile phone software stack.
Concepts and Trends on E -Learning in Romaniatheijes
E-Learning systems analysis appears to be simple if we take into consideration some of the approaches employed by researchers so far. But the dynamics of e-Learning requires caution. For more than seven years there have been discussions about a new generation of e-Learning, namely e-Learning 2.0. The e-Learning market is estimated to bring revenue of U.S. $ 56.2 billion in 2013 according to Certifyme.net, the industry leader in online training, and this amount is projected to double its value by the end of 2015. In Romania, a team of researchers from the Centre for Development and Innovation in Education – has been using techniques aimed at identifying and classifying theoretical and practical approaches to training and education. If we consider the mission of this non-governmental organization (with no political affiliation) to promote the principles and values in education through innovative technologies and approaches (such as conducting programs and e-Learning projects, developing curricula, education for democratic citizenship, lifelong learning and continuous training of teachers) then we can rely on the experience of the organization and the seriousness with which the foundation is involved in defining and e-Learning phenomenon.
An Analysis of the E-Agriculture Research Field Between 2005 and 2015theijes
In this study, research papers featured in the following peer reviewed journals and conference were analysed: The African Journal of Information Systems (AJIS), The African Journal of Information and Communication Techn ology (AJICT), the Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC) and the IST-Africa Conference series. These papers are those which covered the e-government field, and they were released between 2005 and 2015 with the African context. The intention of the analysis was to establish research patterns characterising the publications in a period of 10 years. The results show the increase of published papers on e-agriculture over the years. Most of the papers were conducted in East Africa and were assessing the potential of available ICTs for agriculture. Moreover, the predominant scope of analysis was the country level, while descriptive research questions featured more. Furthermore, the most adopted research paradigm was the critical theory, and the knowledge contribution was the best practise. Lastly, the most adopted technology-object (of many papers) was the infrastructure, while the large per cent of recommendations were on planning.
Delay of Geo/Geo/1 N-limited Nonstop Forwarding Queuetheijes
Nonstop forwarding is designed to minimize packet loss when a management system fails to function. A system with non-stop forwarding can continue to forward some packets even in the event of a processor failure. We consider a Geo/Geo/1 N-limited nonstop forwarding queue. In the queueing system, when the server breaks down, up to customers can be serviced during the repair time.The delay distribution of customers is given by matrix geometric analysis.
Queue with Breakdowns and Interrupted Repairstheijes
This paper considers a queue, consisting of a Poisson input stream and a server. The server is subject to breakdowns. The times to failure of the server follows exponential distribution. The failed server requires repair at a facility, which has an unreliable repair crew. The repair times of the failed server follows exponential distribution, but the repair crew also subjects to breakdown when it is repairing. The times to failure of the repair crew is also assumed to be exponentially distributed. This paper obtains the steady-state performance of the queuewith server breakdowns and interrupted repairs.
Effects of Self Compacting Concrete Using the Discrete Models as Binary & Ter...theijes
The effect of using nanosized[4],[5] pozzolanic materials [1], [12], 14] like Fly ash(FA) [3], Metakeolin (MK) [8],Silica fume(SF)[6],Rise husk ash(RHA)[14],Ground granulated blust furnace slag (GGBFS)[2] etc. as partial replacement with dry weight of Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC) to enhance the strength, durability, workability of concrete. The test results of fresh and the hardened properties of Self compacting concrete (SCC)[8],[19] incorporating pozzolanic materials at various percentage by fixing the Water to Binder (i.e. powder)ratio(w/b) of 0.45. The effects of pozzolanic materials properties of SCC were investigated by comparing the test results. Various tests [4],[5],[9] were conducted on fresh SCC like the slump flow, L-box passing ability of the SCC mixtures and T500mm slump flow time were also done. Compressive strength test [9] along with the Initial surface absorption test(ISAT) and the Capillary suction test(CST)[7] were also performed on the hardened SCC[8]
The Investigation of Primary School Students’ Ability to Identify Quadrilater...theijes
In Vietnamese mathematics curricula, primary school students explicitly learn the concept of quadrilaterals such as parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle, square and trapezoid in the Grades 3, 4 and 5. They are presented individually, and there is no comparison between their characteristics. Therefore, the students will be difficult to recognize the relationships among kinds of quadrilaterals. The results of an investigation of 186 primary school students revealed that most of them found it easy to identify squares and rectangles but many of them asserted that “a square is not a rectangle”
The Effect of Personality Traits on Social Identification, Transformational L...theijes
This study aims to establish the role model the effect of personality traits on social identification, transformational leadership and employees performance. To examine the patterns of the effect between the variables used inferential analysis tool that Software SPSS version 21.0. The results of this study indicate that, personality traits that can improve employees performance when incorporating the variables that come into play, namely social identification and transformational leadership in Provincial Government Southeast Sulawesi.
The Characteristics of Traffic Accidents Caused by Human Behavior on the Road...theijes
The document summarizes a study analyzing characteristics of traffic accidents caused by human behavior on Mayjen Sungkono Road in Malang City, Indonesia from 2008 to 2012. Some key findings include:
1) 87% of accidents were caused by private individuals.
2) Over 50% of accident perpetrators came from Malang district.
3) Nearly 50% of accident perpetrators and over 35% of pedestrian victims involved were between 26-45 years old.
Analytical Execution of Dynamic Routing Protocols For Video Conferencing Appl...theijes
In modern network communications, Routing protocols are getting an important function for the user data path that are responsible for controlling the routers to communicate together and forward packets by routers over the best trip path from a base node to a destination one. Dynamic routing protocols represented by RIP, OSPF and EIGRP are explained here for addressing various networks with different traffic environments. In this paper, the performance of these protocols are estimating with many factors like convergence activity and duration, average throughput, network end-to-end delay, Point-to-Point Utilization over the simulation based on OPNET academic version. From Simulation results, EIGRP have a fastest time convergence compared with other topologies of networks are confirmed and the OSPF has the highest Point-to-Point Utilization in the network followed by EIGRP then RIP. So, there is an attempt for finding out which protocols are suitable for the networks and from analyses to understand the role of the routing protocols in different network scenarios
Paleoenvironment and Provenance Studies of Ajali Sandstone in Igbere Area, Af...theijes
The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Ajali Sandstone successions in Igbere area,Afikpo Basin were studied in order to determine plaeoenvironmental setting and sourcemodel of the deposits. The studied deposits consist of five lithofacies namely: pebblysandstone facies, cross-bedded, laminated, bioturbated sandstone facies and mudstonefacies. Paleoenvironmental interpretation based on facies associations and sedimentarystructures revealed tide-influenced fluvial deposits, while inferences from bivariate plotsof calculated univariate parameters indicated fluvial deposits. The granulometricanalyses of the sediments indicated a predominantly moderately sorted, medium-grainedsandstone with some poorly sorted populations. The kurtosis ranged from mesokurticthrough leptokurtic to extremely leptokurtic sand populations and generally with somesymmetrical, positive and negative skewness. This result is suggestive of a sandpopulation with different tails, especially for the facies representing the poorly sortedpopulations. The sandstone in the area is essentially quartz sandstone or quartz arenitebased on petrographic analysis. The relative abundance of the framework elements (Q96, F 0 and R 4) suggests super-mature sand with a maturity index 19.0. Themineralogical and textural maturity of the sandstone therefore, indicated a polycyclicdeposit. This together with the constituent heavy minerals and paleocurrent directionsinferred that sources of detritus were from both the uplifted continental pluton and old sedimentary domain, respectively. The Crystalline Basement rocks of both theCameroon and Adamawa Highlands, the Oban Massif and western Nigeria Ilesha Spuron the one hand and the Abakaliki Anticlinorium on the other hand both satisfied suchsource models for the post-Santonian Ajali quartz–sand deposit.
Bituminous Pavement Recycling – Effective Utilization of Depleting Non-Renewa...theijes
Bituminous pavement recycling is an effective and worldwide proven technique of conserving Energy, Environment and Economy while ensuring maintenance and preservation of roadway network. In the pavement recycling process, the materials from deteriorated pavements known as Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), is partially or fully reused in fresh construction. The concept of RAP lies in restoring the physico-chemical properties of the aged bitumen to its original and at the same time to enhance the mechanical properties and strength of the aged binder. This paper gives a brief overview of various recycling methods of bituminous pavement including (1) Hot mix recycling, (3) Hot-in-place recycling, (3) Cold central plant recycling, (4) Coldin-place recycling, and (5) Full depth reclamation, their advantages, selection considerations, review of mix design procedure, unresolved issues related to their use and future scope in Indian context.
E-Governance and the ICT Legislative Frameworktheijes
This study assesses the effect of ICT policies and practices toward ensuring the governance supported by information sharing in Tanzania. Logically, the work is organized in four main categories. The first category introduces the study through providing the background, statement of the problem and objectives. This part is followed by a research method. The study was based on interpretive principles, and it used secondary data to arrive to its conclusions. The analysis is conducted through grouping elements, which responds to the same pattern of the study, under the same section. The last part of the study provides the conclusion and recommendations to the local legislative framework
Turbofan Engine Modelling and Control Design using Linear Quadratic Regulator...theijes
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#Abstract:
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#Prerequisites:
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Production of CH4 and C2 hydrocarbons by axial and radial pulse H2/CO2 discharges with Ni catalysis
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 6 || Issue || 2 || Pages || PP 62-68 || 2017 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
DOI : 10.9790/1813-0602016268 www.theijes.com Page 62
Production of CH4 and C2 hydrocarbons by axial and radial pulse
H2/CO2 discharges with Ni catalysis
Fumiaki Sato, Satoru Iizuka
Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
Production of methane CH4 from a mixture gas of carbon dioxide CO2 and hydrogen H2 has been established by
two types of pulse discharges. One is an axial discharge with a use of thin pair Ni wire electrodes separated by a
narrow gap, and the other is a coaxially radial discharge with a use of inner rod and outer tube electrodes made
of stainless steel (SUS). The former provides an intense gap discharge, while the latter provides a gentle
discharge in the annular region. Decomposition of CO2 is enhanced in the former case when Ni (nickel) mesh disc
electrode is placed behind the gap. Ni is known as catalysis. When the radial discharge proceeds in a closed gas
system, 2C hydrocarbons such as ethane and ethylene are generated in case that a cylindrical mesh electrode
made of Ni is attached to the powered SUS tube electrode. Both of the CH4 production and the energy efficiency
for CH4 production are enhanced in case of Ni mesh electrodes, without a use of additional heating for the Ni
catalysis. Synergy effect of plasma and Ni catalyst is observed.
Keywords - Carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen plasma, pulse discharge, Ni catalysis, 2C hydrocarbons.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 19 January 2017 Date of Accepted: 20 February 2017
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
It is clear that fossil fuel reserves are finite. If we continue to consume oil, for example, crude oil reserves
are vanishing at the rate of 4 billion tons a year, which may result in oil deposits gone by 2052 [1]. An increase in
natural gas production to fill the energy gap left by oil will also result in its vanishing by 2060. The coal deposits we
know about will only give us enough energy as far as 2088 [1]. Further, another problem comes up, i.e., CO2
emission from burning fossil fuels. It is well known that CO2 is a greenhouse gas. The amount of radiation which
escapes from the earth depends on the concentration of greenhouses gases in the atmosphere. The increase in CO2
in the atmosphere will cause an increase in the surface temperature of the earth, which could have disastrous
consequences, such as sea level rise, reduction of the ozone layer, increased extreme weather, spread of diseases,
and ecosystem change. In this way, the effect of CO2 emissions by the consumption of fossil fuels could be
extremely far reaching and cause major energy and environmental problems [2]. To solve these problems, reusable
energy such as solar power is desirable. To suppress CO2 emission into the environment from electrical power
plants, for example, it could be possible that CO2 is collected and converted to CH4 before exhausting, if any
surplus renewable electric power exists. Methane is a main component of natural gas and can be used as raw
materials in the chemical engineering. This means that the surplus renewable energy can be stored as CH4 [3, 4].
Production of CH4 from CO2 is rather easily established by hydrogen discharge plasmas [5-12]. However,
a little work has been reported for CH4 production from a mixture gas of CO2/H2. In most cases, CO2 was reduced
by CH4 to produce syngas of CO and H2, because methane is also one of the greenhouse gases [13-20]. The
production of CH4 was studied by a dielectric barrier discharge with H2 in detail [5], where mixed gas of CO2 and
H2 was employed for CH4 production. However, for an efficient formation of methane a new innovative method has
been expected.
The generation of CH4 from a mixture gas of CO2 and H2 is known as Sabatier reaction in the chemical
engineering [21]. By employing catalysis such as Ni (nickel), CH4 was generated under high pressure and high
temperature (200- 400 K) condition, where decomposition of CO2 was carried out on the catalysis surface [21-23].
On the other hand, in a combined system of plasma and catalysis, which we intend to develop, CO2 can be easily
decomposed by plasma electrons, together with decomposition of H2. The produced reactive species such as CO*
and H*
in the discharge might be available for relaxing the severer reaction condition on the catalysis surface if
such plasma and catalysis reaction system is employed.
The purpose of this study is to investigate fundamental process of the reduction of CO2 by hydrogen
radicals that were produced in CO2/H2 discharge [24-28]. Here, we compare two type discharges, i.e., a discharge
in the axial direction (axial discharge) and a discharge in the radial direction (radial discharge), with a use of Ni
2. Preparation of Papers for the International Journal of Engineering and Science
DOI : 10.9790/1813-0602016268 www.theijes.com Page 63
catalysis for efficient methane production. Our method proposed here is quite unique for a production of reusable
organic materials, CH4, by using simple CO2/H2 pulse discharges with Ni catalysis. Further, we examine the
possibility of the production of C2 hydrocarbons, such as ethane and ethylene. The production of these materials is
demonstrated.
II. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
Fig. 1(a) shows CO2 decomposition device, consisting of a glass tube of 18 mm in inner diameter and a
pair of Ni wire electrodes of 1 mm in diameter with a gap of 1 mm. Two mesh discs (1st
and 2nd
) of 15 mm in
diameter made of Ni or SUS (stainless steel) are placed behind the gap at 4 mm and 14 mm. Mesh size is 100 mesh.
Pulse discharge in the axial direction (axial discharge) is performed in Figs. 1(a). On the other hand, a pulse
discharge in the radial direction (radial discharge) is performed in an annular space between a SUS rod electrode of
9 mm in diameter at the center, grounded electrically, and a SUS tube powered electrode of 10 mm long, placed just
inside the glass tube, as shown in Fig. 1(b). Mixture gas of CO2 and H2 was supplied to the glass tube by changing
discharge parameters under fixed flow rate ratio at H2/CO2 = 5 sccm/1 sccm (standard-state cubic centimeter per
minute). The plasma discharge was triggered by applying a negative square pulse voltage to the electrodes. The
pulse width is 5 μs. The experiment was carried out by changing the discharge current Id, i.e., input discharge
power, total gas flow rate, and total pressure. The gas components before and after the discharge were analyzed by
FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy).
The results were evaluated by the following quantities.
(1) CO2 decomposition ratio α (%) = 1 - [CO2] OUT/[CO2]IN.
(2) CH4 selectivity β (%) = [CH4]/[all carbon species produced].
(3) CH4 production energy efficiency γ (L/kWh) = [CH4 in litter] / electric input energy (kWh) for the discharge.
Electric input power was calculated from a time averaged V(t) I(t) measured directly in the discharge
circuit. Here, V(t) and I(t) are voltage and current for the discharge at time t, respectively.
Fig. 1 Experimental apparatus for (a) axial discharge and (b) radial discharge.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
3.1 Effect of discharge types with and without Ni mesh on CH4 production
First, we examine the effects of discharge types and Ni mesh for CH4 production by using the
experimental apparatus shown in Figs. 1(a) and (b) for the axial and radial discharges, respectively. Dependence of
CO2 decomposition ratio α on discharge current Id is shown in Fig. 2(a) for the axial and radial discharges with a
use of Ni mesh or SUS mesh. In the case of the axial discharge, α increases almost linearly with an increase in
discharge current Id in the range Id ≤ 70 mA as shown by solid lines, where there appears not much difference
between Ni and SUS meshes. In the range Id ≥ 70 mA, however, α in case of Ni mesh becomes higher than that of
SUS mesh. On the other hand, in the case of the radial discharge, the increase in α is rather slow as shown by dotted
lines in Fig. 2(a), where also no clear difference is observed between Ni and SUS meshes in the range Id ≤ 100 mA.
It is clear that the axial discharge is quite effective for CO2 decomposition, about 2 times higher, compared to the
radial discharge. Fig. 2(b) shows variation of CH4 selectivity β as a function of Id for the axial and radial discharges
with a use of Ni mesh or SUS mesh. In both discharge cases, β in case of Ni mesh becomes larger than that of SUS
mesh. Moreover, it is remarkable that the maximum of β is achieved at a rather low current of 40 mA for the axial
discharge with Ni mesh, compared with 85 mA in the case of the radial discharge with Ni mesh. As a result, the
energy efficiency γ raises to about 1.1 L/kWh in the case of the axial discharge with Ni mesh as shown in Fig. 2(c).
From this experiment it is found that the axial discharge with Ni mesh is quite effective for CH4 generation from
CO2, compared to the radial discharge.
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Fig. 2 Dependences of (a) CO2 decomposition ratio α, (b) CH4 selectivity β, and (c) energy efficiency γ on
discharge current Id using different mesh materials (Ni or SUS) for the axial and radial discharges.
To examine the effect of total gas flow rate on CH4 production, variations of α, β, and γ are shown in Figs.
3(a), 3(b), and 3(c), respectively, as a function of gas flow rate of CO2 under a fixed gas flow rate ratio H2/CO2 = 5
for the axial discharge. With an increase in CO2 flow rate, α decreases gradually at first, then α is almost saturated
around 13 %, as shown in Fig. 3(a). Variation of β is rather simple, decreasing monotonically from 50 % to about
30 % with an increase in CO2 flow rate, as shown in Fig. 3(b). However, the energy efficiency always increases
with an increase in CO2 flow rate and reaches the maximum 2.7 L/kWh at 10 sccm. This is reasonable, because γ is
proportional to αβΓ. Here, Γ is CO2 flow rate. Therefore, it means that the increase in CO2 flow rate surpasses the
decrease in α β. Next, an effect of total pressure on CH4 production is also examined as shown in Fig. 4 under a
fixed gas flow rate ratio H2/CO2 = 5. There appears not much change in values α, β, and γ by the change of total
pressure. Axial discharge is found to be available even in a sub-atmospheric pressure range of 2 104
Pa.
Fig.3 Dependences of (a) CO2 decomposition ratio α, (b) CH4 selectivity β, and (c) energy efficiency γ on CO2 flow
rate under fixed gas mixture ratio H2/CO2 = 5 for the axial discharge.
Fig.4 Dependences of (a) CO2 decomposition ratio α, (b) CH4 selectivity β, and (c) energy efficiency γ on total
pressure under fixed gas mixture ratio H2/CO2 = 5 for the axial discharge.
3.2 Effect of cathode configuration on CH4 production
Effect of the powered electrode configuration on CH4 production is examined by using two kinds
powered electrodes. One is the same as shown in Fig. 1(a), consisting of a Ni wire with the 1st
and 2nd
Ni mesh disc
electrodes. The other is a Ni wire with the 1st
Ni mesh disc, connected to a Ni mesh cylinder of 10 mm long, placed
just on the inner surface of the glass tube, surrounding the gap between Ni wire pair electrodes. In this case, the 2nd
mesh is removed. The former configulation is a conventional gap discharge with Ni mesh disc behind. On the other
hand, the latter configulation is a so-called hollow cathode configulation, where the tip of the powered Ni wire
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electrode is surrounded by Ni clyindrical mesh and Ni mesh disc. Figs. 5(a), (b), and (c) show the variations of α,
β, and γ, respectively, as a function of the discharge current Id. It is confirmed that the hollow cathode configulation
made of Ni mesh disc and Ni mesh cylynder is quite effective for maximizing γ and reducing the optimized
discharge current from 40 mA to 25 mA. In fact, the maximum γ is increased in the hollow cathode configulation at
Id = 25 mA. This is because that owing to the potential varrier provided by a hollow cathode configulation, the
electrons in the discharge are well confined in a narrow gap region, which would enhance the dissociation of CO2
and a resultant increase in the energy efficiency γ.
Fig.5 Dependences of (a) CO2 decomposition ratio α, (b) CH4 selectivity β, and (c) energy efficiency γ on
discharge current Id for axial discharge with powered electrode consisting of a Ni wire with Ni mesh disc (red) and
a Ni wire with Ni mesh disc/Ni mesh cylinder (blue) under gas mixture ratio H2/CO2 = 5.
3.3 Production of higher order (C2) hydrocarbons in a closed discharge system
Higher order hydrocarbons such as ethane, ethylene, and acetylene are more valuable because of an
inclusion of higher chemical energy in comparison with methane. For this reason, we intend to perform a longer
time discharge in a closed gas system for promoting the secondary reactions among methane and hydrocarbons in
the discharge. Here, we employ the radial discharge system shown in Fig. 1(b), with a cylindrical Ni or SUS mesh
electrode, attached to the inner surface of a tube powered electrode made of SUS. Before turning on the discharge,
input and output valves connecting to gas feeding and evacuation pipes, respectively, are closed after packing a
mixture gas at the ratio H2/CO2 = 5. Then, after turning on the discharge temporal variation of gas components in
the closed system is measured.
Fig. 6 Temporal variations of (a) CO2 decomposition ratio α, (b) CH4 selectivity β, and (c) CH4 and C2 yield
α βCH4+C2 in cases of Ni and SUS mesh electrode for the radial discharge. Initial total pressure is 10 kPa and initial
gas mixture ratio is H2/CO2 = 5.
Figure 6(a) shows variations of α as a function of the discharge time in cases of Ni and SUS mesh
electrodes. Although there observed a little ambiguous change in α just after turning on the discharge, α gradually
increases with time and attains to the maximum α ≈ 40 % after 20 minutes. There appears not much difference in α
by the change of the mesh materials. Similarly, as shown in Fig. 6(b), β of CH4 also gradually increases with time,
indicating that the concentration of CO2 and CO is reducing in time by their reactions with methane produced. As
a result, a larger value of total hydrocarbon yield including CH4 and others C2Hm (m = 4, 6) is established in case of
Ni mesh, compared with SUS mesh, as shown in Fig. 6(c). It is remarkable that hydrocarbon yield including CH4
and C2 attains to the maximum of about 25 % after 20 minutes. Variations of the selectivity of each gas component
as a function of discharge time in cases of Ni and SUS mesh electrodes are shown in Fig. 7(a) and 7(b), respectively.
(a) (b) (c)
α(%)
α×βCH4/100(%)
α×βCH4+C2/100(%)
discharge time (min) discharge time (min) discharge time (min)
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After 1 minute, ethane C2H6 is already observed in the discharge with Ni mesh electrode, in spite of the absence of
C2H6 in case of SUS mesh electrode. Total concentration of CH4 and C2H6 in case of Ni mesh is rather bigger than
that in case of SUS mesh. As the discharge further proceeds, ethylene C2H4 also appears after 5 minutes in case of
Ni mesh, but still almost no C2H4 is observed in case of SUS mesh. As can be seen in Fig. 7, the selectivity of CO
is reduced in case of Ni mesh, indicating that higher order C2 hydrocarbons are effectively produced on Ni mesh
catalysis in the closed discharge by consuming CO and CO2.
Fig. 7 Variation of selectivity of each materials as a function of discharge time with (a) Ni mesh and (b) SUS mesh
electrodes. Initial total pressure is 10 kPa and initial gas mixture ratio is H2/CO2 = 5.
IV. DISCUSSION
The results shown in Fig. 2 are redrawn in Fig. 8 as a function of input discharge power. Variation of α in
a lower power range less than 10 W in case of Ni mesh is not much different from that in case of SUS mesh, as
shown in Fig. 8(a). This means that the dissociation of CO2 is mainly proceeded in the discharge space, i.e., CO2 →
CO* + O* (in discharge), and the dissociation of CO2 on Ni surface can be neglected. Here, * denotes radical
species in the excited state. Further, regardless of the electrode materials, high values α were obtained in the axial
discharge, compared with radial discharge. This is considered that decomposition of CO2 is enhanced by an
increase in main discharge current density due to a concentration of electric field between pair electrodes.
Generally, α becomes higher in the axial discharge. On the other hand, β in case of Ni mesh in the axial discharge
is fairly increased with an increase in input power, compared with that in case of SUS mesh, as shown in Fig. 8(b).
This indicates that generation of CH4 was promoted on Ni surface, in addition to a production in the discharge. In
this case, the following reactions are supposed on Ni surface, i.e., CO* (arriving and adsorbed on Ni) → C* (on Ni)
and O* (on Ni), then C* (on Ni) + H2* → CH2* (on Ni) + H2* → CH4.
Fig. 8 Dependences of (a) CO2 decomposition ratio α, (b) CH4 selectivity β, and (c) energy efficiency γ on input
discharge power using different mesh materials (Ni or SUS) for the axial or radial discharge. Axial discharges with
1: Ni, and 2: SUS mesh, and radial discharge with 3: Ni and 4: SUS mesh.
In a high power range more than 10 W, α in case of Ni became larger than SUS. This means that some part
of CO2 is dissociated on Ni surface, resulting in an increase in α in case of Ni mesh. Conversely, β in case of Ni
became lower than SUS. These results were consistently explained by a reversal reaction, CO2 + C* (on Ni) →
2CO, instead of the forward reaction, C* (on Ni) + H2* → CH2* (on Ni) + H2* → CH4. The reversal reaction is
triggered by an increase in the surface temperature of Ni mesh. Therefore, methane selectivity β drops much, but
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conversely CO2 decomposition α increases in such higher power range. Paying attention to the change of β in case
of Ni mesh, the maximum value of β was shifted to a low power side (12.7W→7.5W) in the axial discharge. As a
result, as shown in Fig. 8(c), γ in the axial discharge was raised up to the maximum 1.1 L/kWh around 5W, about
3 times higher than that in the radial discharge.
When the hollow cathode configuration consisting of mesh cylinder and mesh disc is employed, the
plasma density effectively increases, resulting in a raise of Ni electrode temperature even in a lower discharge
current (power) range. Reasonably higher surface temperature is necessary for catalysis effect. Owing to such
increase in temperature, the discharge current for γ becoming the maximum might be shifted to a low discharge
current regime, accompanied by an increase in α, as shown in Fig. 5.Variations of CH4 yield (α×β)/100 and energy
efficiency γ are shown in Fig. 9. The axial discharge with Ni mesh (red line) is found to give a most efficient
operation for the methane production, compared with the radial discharge (blue line). Further, the use of Ni mesh is
superior to SUS mesh, in both types of discharge, as described above. We achieved CH4 yield (α×β)/100 = 10.5
[%] and energy efficiency γ = 0.84 [L/kWh] simultaneously.
Fig. 9 Relationship between CH4 yield and energy efficacy for CH4 production for four cases, i.e., red
line: axial discharge with Ni and SUS mesh; blue line: radial discharge with Ni and SUS mesh.
The production of the higher order hydrocarbons such as ethane and ethylene is promoted in case of Ni
mesh electrode in the closed discharge system, because the reactants in the gas phase can remain for a long time,
compared with the gas flowing system. With an increase in the concentration of CH4 in the discharge, CH4 is able
to react with hydrocarbon radicals on Ni surface, i.e., CH4 + CH2* (on Ni) → C2H6 and CH4 + CH2* (on Ni) →
C2H2 + H2. As a result, concentration of CO in the discharge diminishes, accompanying simultaneous reactions
CO* (on Ni) → C* (on Ni) + O* (on Ni), and C* (on Ni) + H2 → CH2* (on Ni). Methane production occurs
basically in the space of discharge, where CO2 is decomposed to CO* + O* by plasma electrons. Then, CO* is
reduced by H* and H2* radicals for the generation of CH4 in the plasma space. However, when Ni catalysis is
introduced in the discharge, some amount of CO2 and CO, arriving at Ni surface, can be decomposed on Ni surface
by the reactions CO2 → CO* (on Ni) + O* (on Ni) and CO* (on Ni) → C* (on Ni) + O* (on Ni). Then, finally both
of them are reduced by H2* and desorbed through the reaction C* (on Ni) + H2* → CH2* (on Ni) + H2* → CH4.
Therefore, components of CO2 and CO in the space of discharge are decreased. Conversely, CH4 yield is increased.
As a result, both of CO2 decomposition ratio α and methane yield β are increased in case of Ni electrode. Note that
Ni has low oxidization potential, compared to SUS (alloy of Fe and Cr). Therefore, desorption of decomposed C*
from Ni surface by H2* reduction would be easier than those from SUS surface. In this way, energy efficiency γ for
CH4 production in case of Ni electrodes is increased, without using additional heating system for the Ni catalysis.
Synergy effect of plasma and catalyst has been established.
V. CONCLUSION
Effect of discharge type is examined for CH4 production. Axial discharge is quite effective compared with
radial discharge. This is because in the axial discharge the discharge current is confined within a narrow channel in
a space between the electrode gap. Therefore, decomposition of CO2 is enhanced by plasma electrons. Further, CO
produced has a possibility to react with H2 in a residual space of the discharge and even on the Ni surface. Ni acts
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as a catalysis for CH4 formation from CO2. The catalysis effect of Ni also well acts for a generation of higher order
C2 hydrocarbons in a closed gas discharge system. Ethane and ethylene are generated in the discharge with Ni
mesh electrode. The concentration of hydrocarbons in the gas is increased with discharge time. Catalysis effect of
Ni is found to be effective for the increases of CO2 decomposition ratio α, methane selectivity β, and energy
efficiency γ for methane production and even for C2 hydrocarbons production.
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