Eco friendly construction techniques are gaining immense importance nowadays. Many innovations have
come in pavement construction and design. The use of reclaimed aggregates in constructing pavements is
one among them. Reclaimed aggregates come mainly from two sources - construction & demolition waste
and asphalt pavements. The optimized use of reclaimed aggregates along with fresh aggregates helps
decrease construction cost without compromising strength and durability. It also minimizes the use of
virgin aggregate and helps decrease crude oil import for producing paving bitumen. Reclaimed material is
first crushed and screened before using. Tests are then conducted to analyse its properties. Only those
batches which satisfy standard conditions are used. Reclaimed aggregate pavements hence help pavement
rehabilitation with minimum energy expenditure. This paper deals with the tests on reclaimed aggregate
and their property study. The various sources and means of retrieving aggregate from reclaimed material
are also dealt with.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Avoidance of waste and recycling of construction and demolition waste Dr K M SONI
Waste generation has to be stopped whether food, water, energy or even construction and demolition. This will save natural resources and help in emission of greenhouse gases and climate change.
Use of Demolished and Construction Building Waste in Paver Block with Coir FibreAnil Shirgire
Use of Demolished and Construction Building
Waste in Paver Block with Coir Fibre
Use of Demolished and Construction Building
Waste in Paver Block with Coir Fibre
Use of Demolished and Construction Building
Waste in Paver Block with Coir Fibre
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Avoidance of waste and recycling of construction and demolition waste Dr K M SONI
Waste generation has to be stopped whether food, water, energy or even construction and demolition. This will save natural resources and help in emission of greenhouse gases and climate change.
Use of Demolished and Construction Building Waste in Paver Block with Coir FibreAnil Shirgire
Use of Demolished and Construction Building
Waste in Paver Block with Coir Fibre
Use of Demolished and Construction Building
Waste in Paver Block with Coir Fibre
Use of Demolished and Construction Building
Waste in Paver Block with Coir Fibre
Exploring the Durability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Ahmad Shah Kakar
Exploring the durability properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete based on some recent researches in this area. Durability issues associated with Recycled Aggregates presented and mitigation measures suggested.
Durability Studies on Concrete and Comparison with Partial Replacement of Cem...IJERA Editor
This research work describes the feasibility of using the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
(SCBA) waste in concrete production as a partial replacement of cement. This present work deals with the effect
on strength and mechanical properties of concrete using RHA and SCBA instead of cement. The cement has
been replaced by rice husk ash, accordingly in the range of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. Concrete
mixtures with RHA, were produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive strengths with the
Conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for the test results of
7, 28, 60, 90 days for compressive strengths in normal water and in MgSO4 solution of 1%, 3% and 5%. Also
the durability aspect for rice husk ash concrete for sulphate attack was tested. Similarly the above tests were also
performed for SCBA. The result indicates that the RHA and SCBA improve concrete durability. Finally the test
results for RHA and SCBA were compared. Key words: Rice Husk Ash, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Concrete,
M35 grade concrete, cubes, cylinders, MgSO4, durability.
Bituminous Pavement Recycling – Effective Utilization of Depleting Non-Renewa...theijes
Bituminous pavement recycling is an effective and worldwide proven technique of conserving Energy, Environment and Economy while ensuring maintenance and preservation of roadway network. In the pavement recycling process, the materials from deteriorated pavements known as Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), is partially or fully reused in fresh construction. The concept of RAP lies in restoring the physico-chemical properties of the aged bitumen to its original and at the same time to enhance the mechanical properties and strength of the aged binder. This paper gives a brief overview of various recycling methods of bituminous pavement including (1) Hot mix recycling, (3) Hot-in-place recycling, (3) Cold central plant recycling, (4) Coldin-place recycling, and (5) Full depth reclamation, their advantages, selection considerations, review of mix design procedure, unresolved issues related to their use and future scope in Indian context.
Effect of stone slurry and recycled aggragate on concrete propertiesDev Sablaniya
how to vary concrete properties parameter with the replace cement by some % of stone slurry and use with recycled aggregate (recycled aggregate- those aggregate which is already used in construction. after demolished structure aggregate are separated)
Development of Green Paving Blocks Using Recycled Aggregates: An Approach tow...iosrjce
Present study deals with the laboratory investigations for fabrication of M-35 grade concrete paving
blocks using recycled coarse and fine aggregates as a replacement of natural aggregates from 25 to 100 % level
by weight and results were compared with control. It was observed that properties of recycled aggregates were
inferior to natural aggregates. However, the properties of recycled aggregates enhanced after washing. The test
results of blocks showed that the replacement of natural aggregates by recycled aggregates at the level of 25 %
had little effect on the compressive strength and it decreased beyond these levels. As compare to natural
aggregates, the flexural strength of paving blocks was higher using recycled aggregates. Durability
performance of blocks like water absorption, density and abrasion resistance was also improved using washed
recycled coarse aggregates. Petrographic image analysis showed improvement in the interface of washed
recycled coarse aggregates and surrounding matrix.
This document quantifies the construction and demolition waste generated in select cities in India – Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Coimbatore, and Patna. The survey is analysed to understand current practices of waste management and the potential use of C&D waste in the construction sector for resource efficiency
Different methods used for construction of surface course in flexible pavement which are environmental friendly and quick method of construction which are adopted in INDIA and also in other countries. To decrees green house gas emission.
A study on properties of concrete using pond ash as partial replacement of ce...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents the experimental investigation carried out to study use of pond ash in concrete. Now a day it is important to think about effective utilization of pond ash to preserve natural resources and to have sustainable development. The concrete was prepared with different percentage of pond ash (15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 %) and it was tested at different ages (3,7,28,56,90, and 180 days). Results of pond ash concrete were compared with control concrete. For all proportions slump in a range of 100-120 mm was maintained. A property of pond ash concrete in fresh state and hardened state was tested. IST and FST of pond ash concrete goes on increasing as replacement level of pond ash with cement increases this is because of less content of cement. Also it is found that rate of increase of compressive strength at early ages mainly 3,7 and 28 days was low and during later age this rate was faster. This shows that later age strength of pond ash concrete is very good and has a scope to use in concrete which are of great importance in the present context of sustainability in the construction field.
Keywords: Pond ash, Compressive strength, Slump, and Fly ash
A study on use of cowdung ash and rice husk ash in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper present the experimental study of CDA and RHA as partial replacement of ordinary portland cement in M:15 mix proportional ratio 1:2:4 is used and tested for consistency limit ,setting time, workability of CDA and RHA with ordinary portland cement .cement was replace with CDA and RHA by weight of 5%,10%,15%,20%,25% respectively in concrete. Compressive strength test was carried out on 150x150x150mm3 concrete cube after 7, 14, and 28 days curing. It was observed that optimum content of CDA and RHA is 5% at that content maximum compressive strength is achieved. While workability decreases when increasing % of CDA and RHA in concrete and setting time also increases by increasing replacement in cement. KEYWORDS:- Cement concrete, Compaction factor, Compressive strength, Consistency Cow dung ash, Rice husk ash, Setting time.
Sustainable construction trough heat processed recycled coarse aggregateAlok Sharma
Heat process recycling of coarse aggregate has made vital possibilities in civil and construction industry, cement can not take stand temperature above 300-degree centigrade, therefore concrete disintegrated easily at high temperature
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their
role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The
indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations, Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found that the water quality ranged from satisfactory to marginal category at Khadakwasla and fell under very poor category at all other locations.This research have a vast future scope as the rapid industrialization results in formation of toxic contaminants leading to enormous damages to environment directly putting the lives at risk. Thus, this
gathered information would be handy and helpful for preventing or at-least reducing the hazardous impacts.
HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE & THE ANCIENT ART OF PLANNING: THE ERA FORGOTTENcivej
This paper is a literature study that discusses the magic of ancient Architecture, planning and construction
techniques of the World. It is a brief study that describes and explains various elements of how
architecture, planning and construction evolved in various corners of the world. Architecture is the art
form which merges Art with Science. It unites aesthetics, safety, structure, dimensions and emotions in a
solid built state. Architecture, planning and construction of shelters, temples and cities had a very primitive
origin dating to the beginning of mankind. As mankind evolved so did Architecture and planning. This
paper follows the traces of historic changes in trends, cultures, traditions, styles and regions through time.
The various stages of evolutions are described below along with the visionary changes in Architecture,
planning and construction over time. This paper is an effort to concise the evolution of architecture,
planning and construction from the very beginning to a few pages.
Exploring the Durability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Ahmad Shah Kakar
Exploring the durability properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete based on some recent researches in this area. Durability issues associated with Recycled Aggregates presented and mitigation measures suggested.
Durability Studies on Concrete and Comparison with Partial Replacement of Cem...IJERA Editor
This research work describes the feasibility of using the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
(SCBA) waste in concrete production as a partial replacement of cement. This present work deals with the effect
on strength and mechanical properties of concrete using RHA and SCBA instead of cement. The cement has
been replaced by rice husk ash, accordingly in the range of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. Concrete
mixtures with RHA, were produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive strengths with the
Conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for the test results of
7, 28, 60, 90 days for compressive strengths in normal water and in MgSO4 solution of 1%, 3% and 5%. Also
the durability aspect for rice husk ash concrete for sulphate attack was tested. Similarly the above tests were also
performed for SCBA. The result indicates that the RHA and SCBA improve concrete durability. Finally the test
results for RHA and SCBA were compared. Key words: Rice Husk Ash, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Concrete,
M35 grade concrete, cubes, cylinders, MgSO4, durability.
Bituminous Pavement Recycling – Effective Utilization of Depleting Non-Renewa...theijes
Bituminous pavement recycling is an effective and worldwide proven technique of conserving Energy, Environment and Economy while ensuring maintenance and preservation of roadway network. In the pavement recycling process, the materials from deteriorated pavements known as Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), is partially or fully reused in fresh construction. The concept of RAP lies in restoring the physico-chemical properties of the aged bitumen to its original and at the same time to enhance the mechanical properties and strength of the aged binder. This paper gives a brief overview of various recycling methods of bituminous pavement including (1) Hot mix recycling, (3) Hot-in-place recycling, (3) Cold central plant recycling, (4) Coldin-place recycling, and (5) Full depth reclamation, their advantages, selection considerations, review of mix design procedure, unresolved issues related to their use and future scope in Indian context.
Effect of stone slurry and recycled aggragate on concrete propertiesDev Sablaniya
how to vary concrete properties parameter with the replace cement by some % of stone slurry and use with recycled aggregate (recycled aggregate- those aggregate which is already used in construction. after demolished structure aggregate are separated)
Development of Green Paving Blocks Using Recycled Aggregates: An Approach tow...iosrjce
Present study deals with the laboratory investigations for fabrication of M-35 grade concrete paving
blocks using recycled coarse and fine aggregates as a replacement of natural aggregates from 25 to 100 % level
by weight and results were compared with control. It was observed that properties of recycled aggregates were
inferior to natural aggregates. However, the properties of recycled aggregates enhanced after washing. The test
results of blocks showed that the replacement of natural aggregates by recycled aggregates at the level of 25 %
had little effect on the compressive strength and it decreased beyond these levels. As compare to natural
aggregates, the flexural strength of paving blocks was higher using recycled aggregates. Durability
performance of blocks like water absorption, density and abrasion resistance was also improved using washed
recycled coarse aggregates. Petrographic image analysis showed improvement in the interface of washed
recycled coarse aggregates and surrounding matrix.
This document quantifies the construction and demolition waste generated in select cities in India – Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Coimbatore, and Patna. The survey is analysed to understand current practices of waste management and the potential use of C&D waste in the construction sector for resource efficiency
Different methods used for construction of surface course in flexible pavement which are environmental friendly and quick method of construction which are adopted in INDIA and also in other countries. To decrees green house gas emission.
A study on properties of concrete using pond ash as partial replacement of ce...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents the experimental investigation carried out to study use of pond ash in concrete. Now a day it is important to think about effective utilization of pond ash to preserve natural resources and to have sustainable development. The concrete was prepared with different percentage of pond ash (15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 %) and it was tested at different ages (3,7,28,56,90, and 180 days). Results of pond ash concrete were compared with control concrete. For all proportions slump in a range of 100-120 mm was maintained. A property of pond ash concrete in fresh state and hardened state was tested. IST and FST of pond ash concrete goes on increasing as replacement level of pond ash with cement increases this is because of less content of cement. Also it is found that rate of increase of compressive strength at early ages mainly 3,7 and 28 days was low and during later age this rate was faster. This shows that later age strength of pond ash concrete is very good and has a scope to use in concrete which are of great importance in the present context of sustainability in the construction field.
Keywords: Pond ash, Compressive strength, Slump, and Fly ash
A study on use of cowdung ash and rice husk ash in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper present the experimental study of CDA and RHA as partial replacement of ordinary portland cement in M:15 mix proportional ratio 1:2:4 is used and tested for consistency limit ,setting time, workability of CDA and RHA with ordinary portland cement .cement was replace with CDA and RHA by weight of 5%,10%,15%,20%,25% respectively in concrete. Compressive strength test was carried out on 150x150x150mm3 concrete cube after 7, 14, and 28 days curing. It was observed that optimum content of CDA and RHA is 5% at that content maximum compressive strength is achieved. While workability decreases when increasing % of CDA and RHA in concrete and setting time also increases by increasing replacement in cement. KEYWORDS:- Cement concrete, Compaction factor, Compressive strength, Consistency Cow dung ash, Rice husk ash, Setting time.
Sustainable construction trough heat processed recycled coarse aggregateAlok Sharma
Heat process recycling of coarse aggregate has made vital possibilities in civil and construction industry, cement can not take stand temperature above 300-degree centigrade, therefore concrete disintegrated easily at high temperature
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their
role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The
indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations, Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found that the water quality ranged from satisfactory to marginal category at Khadakwasla and fell under very poor category at all other locations.This research have a vast future scope as the rapid industrialization results in formation of toxic contaminants leading to enormous damages to environment directly putting the lives at risk. Thus, this
gathered information would be handy and helpful for preventing or at-least reducing the hazardous impacts.
HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE & THE ANCIENT ART OF PLANNING: THE ERA FORGOTTENcivej
This paper is a literature study that discusses the magic of ancient Architecture, planning and construction
techniques of the World. It is a brief study that describes and explains various elements of how
architecture, planning and construction evolved in various corners of the world. Architecture is the art
form which merges Art with Science. It unites aesthetics, safety, structure, dimensions and emotions in a
solid built state. Architecture, planning and construction of shelters, temples and cities had a very primitive
origin dating to the beginning of mankind. As mankind evolved so did Architecture and planning. This
paper follows the traces of historic changes in trends, cultures, traditions, styles and regions through time.
The various stages of evolutions are described below along with the visionary changes in Architecture,
planning and construction over time. This paper is an effort to concise the evolution of architecture,
planning and construction from the very beginning to a few pages.
BOTTOM-UP AND TOP DOWN APPROACHES FOR URBAN AGRICULTUREcivej
Urban Agriculture, developed in several forms according to different contexts, is a trend that is acquiring
strength as it responds to the common need of a sustainable city in terms of environmental, economic,
social and institutional sustainability..
Urban Agriculture is a complex phenomena that involves different kind of approaches and intervention
typologies such as low tech and high tech solutions (from community gardens to vertical farms), that
characterizes the city at different scales (territory, town, neighbourhood, building and house), and that
responds to several exigencies and requirements fitting different users.
The paper aims to classify and describe the different typologies of integration of agriculture in urban areas
and its environmental, social and economics implications starting by dividing them according to the main
approaches identified: bottom-up approach, top-down and commercial approach.
REPAIR, REHABILITATION &RETROFITTING OF RCC FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITH ...civej
The construction material mainly reinforced concrete is being used extensively for various types of
construction projects. However, the deterioration of Reinforced Concrete structures is recognized as a
major problem worldwide. Apart from requiring regular maintenance, many structures require extensive
Repair, Rehabilitation &Retrofitting. Over a period of time, as these structures become older, we find in
them certain degradation or deterioration with resultant distress manifested in the form of cracking,
splitting, delaminating, corrosion etc. Such deteriorated structures can be rehabilitated and retrofitted by
using various types of admixtures & modern repair materials. The paper brings out the present state of
concrete structures & the major areas where improvement is needed during its service life stage for
sustainable development & also the method of carrying out Repair, Rehabilitation &Retrofitting.This has
been brought in details in the paper along with Case studies, where the Author of the paper was directly
involved in planning and execution of the jobs.
ALTERNATE ROPEWAY TRANSIT SYSTEM FOR MANPADA ROADcivej
Cities grow in dynamic complex patterns, creating many problems. The study area of Dombivli - Manpada road has grown haphazardly in past decade due to population xplosion. Manpada road attracts heavy traffic but due to narrow roads and inefficient transit options, it leads to severe traffic congestion, side friction, delays, stress, accidents and other problems. Alternate ropeway transit system provides a better
public transit option and plays important role in reducing use of fossil fuels thus helping fight climate change. Total travel during peak hours is expected to double from 48000 to 88000 by 2031 which needs to be supported by various public transits. Cost benefit analysis is used here for evaluating desirability of project by weighting benefits against costs. Ropeway is expected to provide sustainable development,
efficient and effective public transit option and contribute to protection and enhancement of environment.
This study examined principal risks affecting performance in the Nigeria’s east-west coastal highway
project. The objective was to identify critical risks and their allocation preference. The study involved a
two tier descriptive research processes. The first stage involved 10 high profile engineering design
consultants and 6 projects managers, and the second stage was a survey of 66 construction/projects
managers in Akwa Ibom and Rivers states, Nigeria. During the first stage, respondents were presented
with a risk register containing 245 risk factors relating to the pre-construction stages to determine their
applicability in the project. In the second phase, critical risks were ranked for degree of impact and
likelihood of occurrence. Risk matrix was used to map risk impact and probability. Among the high
impact/probability risk factors are government lack of political will; change in government, and
corruption. 66% of the risks are allocated to contractor while the client bears only 34%. To ensure smooth
delivery of the project, the study advocates the allocation of all policy; economic, financial, social,
environmental, and technological risks to the client based on their shifting nature and existing contractual
practice. The study provides an in-depth risk analysis and a comprehensive risk register for managing
risks apparent in the project.
RISK-SENSITIVE MITIGATION PLANNING IN SEISMICALLY VULNERABLE URBAN AREAScivej
Over the past decade, several number of commercial and non-commercial catastrophe risk models havebeen developed to assess the financial losses caused by natural catastrophes including earthquakes. Theoutput of such models are in different sectors such as disaster risks management, financial institutions and
also research centers. Generally, due to great amount of inherent uncertainty in these models the direct
deployment of the results by the user is a tough process. As an example, in disaster risk reduction sector a
common missing link in this context is a decision-support medium that interprets the risk analysis outputs
to the non-technical stakeholders. To overcome this problem, user-friendly analytical tools can be
employed to translate the disaster risk analysis results into an understandable language for the potential
stakeholder user. Presenting two models, attempts to address two different examples of such decisionsupport
tools. The first model, UERI, is structured to incorporate several urban risk components (hazard,physical vulnerability, disaster management facilities and human exposure) based on a number earthquake
risk indicators. The second tooles the use of a mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model to
finds an opt spatil land-use allocation patter a given urban environment area.
Both models are capable of assisting decision-makers in using the output results of existing damage and
loss estimation methodologies and also facilitating the process of risk reduction planning by providing
basic solutions for stakeholders. The proposed models have been applied to a vulnerable urban area in
Tehran, Iran and their performances have been examined.
This study investigated the use of uncertainty management tools within the construction sector in Nigeria.
The objectives were to evaluate the level of use of uncertainty management tools and techniques and to
determine the factors responsible for the low knowledge and misconception of uncertainty within the
construction sector. Views from project managers obtained from two sub-sectors, the real estate and the oil
and gas was evaluated. Finding of the study revealed low level of use of uncertainty management tools and
techniques due to the lack of clear understanding of uncertainty and its management parameters. Further
finding identifies the type of project management practice in use, and over reliance on the use of
deterministic approach as factors responsible for the low knowledge of uncertainties. The challenge
therefore is how to improve the state of misconception among practitioners and to explore refinements to
the traditional project management framework. To develop appropriate knowledge about uncertainty
management, the notion that uncertainty management is about creating previously unknown information,
must be repealed to embrace approaches encouraging information sharing, learning, and competence. The
study provides an insightful perspective into understanding uncertainty in projects;and highlight possible
refinements to extant project management practice in order to enhance uncertainty management within the
construction sector.
MICROBIAL FUEL CELL (MFC) TECHNOLOGY FOR HOUSEHOLD WASTE REDUCTION AND BIOENE...civej
MFC is a bioreactor, extracts chemical energy from organic compounds, directly as electrical energy,
through microbial degradation under anaerobic conditions. The main objective of the current study is to
compare the degradation ability and corresponding electric potential development from different
household substrates using lab scale MFC. 50hr batch experiments were conducted with household
organic rich substrates like coconut water, rice starch and milk. Different concentrations of KMnO4were
used as oxidizing agent in the cathode chamber. A voltage of about 300to 700mV was produced from
125ml of substrates seeded with cow dung. Coconut water and starch produced electric potential with the
support of oxidizing agent KMnO4, where as the potential produced by milk found to be independent of the
KMnO4concentration. The maximum electric potential developed was 762mV from coconut water at
1500mg/l KMnO4with a COD reduction of 22%.
This paper is a concise discussion on the classical Indian Architecture. The history of architecture in India
is defined by the strong and deep rooted history, traditions, religion and culture. India, over the years has
seen riches beyond imagination as well as destruction like no other country. India is the only country to
have such a varied picture of annexations by such a diverse list of dynasties ruling and assimilating their
cultures with the traditions of India. A mixture of cultures, dynasties and kingdoms defined the
architecture of India. The western influence of the British raj further contributed to the diversity of the
Classical Architectural style. Moulded and nurtured by time, Indian Architecture ha s evolved into the vast
style of architecture it is today.
What has redefined Indian Architecture in modern times is the use of Indigenous materials and
construction techniques.
An Ex-Ante Evaluation for Solid Waste Treatment Facilities using LCCAcivej
The application of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) in infrastructure facilities projects has been
marginalised so far especially in real-life projects. In many cases, the significance of this tool is not the
end result by itself but the improvements that can be made to the infrastructure facility design during and
as a result of the LCCA model development. This paper presents lessons-learnt from analysing and
developing a LCCA model for an actual integrated municipal solid waste management infrastructure
facility using the anaerobic treatment technology and recycling. The development of the LCCA model for
the facility involved several distinctive steps such as system analysis and disintegration, maintenance and
operation cost data acquisition, identifying relevant performance indicators for each operation that can be
utilized in tandem with the LCCA model, setting up serviceability threshold for each operation. In addition
to model development description, the paper highlights the requirements needed and the impediments that
may be encountered when developing LCCA model for solid waste management facilities. At the end, the
paper concludes with providing recommendations for decision makers and researchers in this field based
on the experience gained from the model development.
Experimental investigation on concrete by replacing crusher dust as fine aggr...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work we identified and investigated the use of crusher dust and granite floor slab chips in concrete as an alternative fine aggregate and coarse aggregate respectively, the tests were conducted on standard concrete cubes (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm), cylinders (150 mm x 300 mm) and prisms (100 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm). Tests on the physical properties of crusher dust, granite chips and its influence on the strength of fresh and hardened state, along with a comparative study with the concrete of river sand are made. The properties investigated were specific gravity, fineness modulus, water absorption, free surface moisture, bulk density and grading zone. Tests were conducted on 6 cubes, 6 cylinders and 6 prisms for M20 grade mix design with sand and crusher dust as fine aggregates, granite metal and granite floor slab chips as coarse aggregates. The strength parameters compressive strength, Split-Tensile strength and flexural strength were compared at 7 days and 28 days respectively. Mix design procedure in accordance with IS 10262-2009, IS 456-2000 and Sp 23-1982 using 20mm coarse aggregate was adopted for investigation. The investigation indicates that crushed stone dust has vast potential as fine aggregate in concrete construction. Crusher dust not only reduces the cost of construction but also helps reduce the impact on environment by consuming the material hitherto considered as a waste product with few applications. Keywords: Crusher Dust, Granite Floor Slab Chips, Concrete Mix.
Effect of Acid and Sea Water Curing in Recycled Aggregate Concrete and Streng...paperpublications3
Abstract: Environmental issues such as climate change and associated global warming, depletion of natural resource and biodiversity, water and soil pollution, generation of huge amount of waste materials and their disposal are some of great challenges faced by present day civilization. Recycling of materials and reuse of the material is very important. Recycled concrete aggregates are used in concrete in replacement of nominal concrete aggregates 20mm and grit aggregates, replacement of 50%. Different various percentage of aggregate replacement gives optimum replacement content 50% in mix design of M20 without admixture using. Cubes are curing in sea water solution and H2SO4 + HCl acid solution. After duration of 28 day, 56 day and 90 day considering mass loss of 0.07633%, 0.157% and 8.4767% recycled aggregates to nominal cubes for acid curing, and strength will achieved at end of 28 days and 56 day, strength is decreased 4% and at the end of 90 days strength will decreased 4% and same as mass loss. The porosity and voids are generated due to curing of specific condition.
To Study Characterstic Behaviour of Recycled Concrete Aggregateijtsrd
Near about 30 of concrete is produce by concrete industry and it is calculated that in a year 165 million tonnes of concrete is used. Hence, to produce other total sources that are based on waste products, there are many significant incentives. Recycling products are used to produce aggregate Martials for unbound fills, pipe bidding and sub base as the RCA "Recycled Concrete Aggregate" or RCA is not suitable for concrete that is ready to mix because it is blended with another products. Many sites did trials with RCA that mix with ready mix concrete but it was not useful choice. Utilities organizations produce brick, containing stone, clay, Trench arising, asphalt, and concrete but that could be merged in low power concrete which were a cost effective trench product. IN trench reinstatement from RCA formed concrete is used that has 4mm fines and in formed concrete, it has ability to use burner bottom ash. BS 8500 concrete improved the potential for recycling as BS EN 12620. Presently recycled products for concrete is not available but it is a hope that they will be used in future. Nitin Jain | Ashish Verma "To Study Characterstic Behaviour of Recycled Concrete Aggregate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29348.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29348/to-study-characterstic-behaviour-of-recycled-concrete-aggregate/nitin-jain
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
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Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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PAVEMENTS USING RECLAIMED AGGREGATES
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
DOI:10.5121/civej.2016.3213 145
PAVEMENTS USING RECLAIMED
AGGREGATES
Dr. Soosan George T, Susan P. Rajan, K. N. Ameena Nesreen, Sarathlal G and
Nithin Thomas
Department of Civil Engineering, Mar Athanasius College Of Engineering, Kerala
ABSTRACT
Eco friendly construction techniques are gaining immense importance nowadays. Many innovations have
come in pavement construction and design. The use of reclaimed aggregates in constructing pavements is
one among them. Reclaimed aggregates come mainly from two sources - construction & demolition waste
and asphalt pavements. The optimized use of reclaimed aggregates along with fresh aggregates helps
decrease construction cost without compromising strength and durability. It also minimizes the use of
virgin aggregate and helps decrease crude oil import for producing paving bitumen. Reclaimed material is
first crushed and screened before using. Tests are then conducted to analyse its properties. Only those
batches which satisfy standard conditions are used. Reclaimed aggregate pavements hence help pavement
rehabilitation with minimum energy expenditure. This paper deals with the tests on reclaimed aggregate
and their property study. The various sources and means of retrieving aggregate from reclaimed material
are also dealt with.
KEYWORDS
Reclaimed Aggregate, Pavement Construction, Construction Method
1. INTRODUCTION
Industrialization and urbanization exposes challenges of various concerns pertaining to depletion
of resources like aggregates. The amount of waste produced from building demolition is
continuing to grow due to increasing need for repair and renewal of buildings. Within the
construction industry, road design and construction is one of the largest economic and material
consuming industries in the world. Emphasis on material conservation, reuse and recycling had
encouraged a number of government and highway agencies to commission research and
investigations to use recycled material in pavement construction.
The use of reclaimed material considerably saves material, money and energy, without
compromising the strength. Its importance rises in the light of increasing cost of bitumen, scarcity
of good quality aggregate and priority towards the preservation of environment. Recycled
aggregates are the materials of future. The application of recycled aggregates has been started in
many construction projects in European, American, and Asian countries. Some countries have
even relaxed infrastructural laws for the increased use of recycled aggregates. This sustainable
practice is an effective means of pavement rehabilitation as the materials which have reached the
end of their service life are still made valuable. In Europe and US, studies have concluded that
80% of the recycled material is used in construction of roads. However, the quality of the
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
146
pavement constructed depends on the origin, variability, stocking and production conditions of
the reclaimed material. The strength of the reclaimed material can be improved through the use of
rejuvenators. Considering the material and construction cost alone it is estimated that using
recycled materials, saving ranging from 14%- 34% can be achieved. Hence bituminous
pavements using reclaimed aggregates can evolve into a regular practice for sustainable
construction.
2. SOURCES OF RECLAIMED AGGREGATES
The use of reclaimed materials enables to improve the quality of infrastructure in sustainable
ways. This includes reclaiming aggregates and rejuvenating their component parts for use in new
pavements. The two major sources to obtain them are- Construction & Demolition waste (CDW)
and Reclaimed Asphalt from old pavements (RAP).
2.1 Construction and Demolition Waste
Over the year’s construction and demolition waste has been increasing, while the amount of
landfill available to contain this waste is decreasing. Retrieving aggregates from CDW is thus a
viable solution. The use of these materials as recycled base course in new roadway construction
has become most common in the last 20 years.
2.2 Asphalt Pavements
Existing asphalt pavements can be removed and reprocessed to obtain aggregates. Since
aggregates obtained from asphalt pavements are coated with bitumen, they have reduced water
absorption qualities.
3. RETRIEVING AGGREGATE FROM RECLAIMED MATERIAL
RAP can be removed from existing roadways using one of the two basic methods. The pavement
can be broken and “ripped” up, or it can be milled. While ripping up pavement, the obtained RAP
must then be processed through crushers like impactor crushers. After it leaves the impactor, it
must be screened and separated into different material sizes and stockpiled.[1][5]
Unless the entire thickness of roadway is being removed, milling the road is far superior to
ripping it up because of the condition in which this process leaves both the roadway and the RAP.
By milling each individual layer of pavement from the road, material of differing qualities can be
kept separate. In addition, milling offers the opportunity to significantly improve the surface
smoothness of the milled pavement, often eliminating the need for additional preparation before
paving. Milling a road versus overlaying with new pavement offers many important benefits.
Overlaying often requires additional work in raising the elevation of shoulders and utilities.
Overlays also add dead weight to bridges and overpasses. Milling involves grinding and
collection of the existing hot mix asphalt (HMA).The typical aggregate gradation is obtained
through pulverization of the material which is typically performed with rubber tired grinder.[6]
The production of reclaimed cement aggregate (RCA) involves crushing the CDW to a gradation
comparable to that of typical roadway base aggregate. Fresh RCA contains high amount of debris
and reinforcing steel which has to be removed through processing. The material is first crushed in
3. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
147
a jaw crusher that breaks the steel from the material and provides an initial crushing of concrete.
The material is sent down a picking belt from where steel is removed. The remaining concrete
material is further crushed and screened to pre-determined gradation.
4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
4.1 Benefits:
• Reduce the production of greenhouse gas emission and other pollutants by reducing the
need to extract raw materials and ship new materials over long distances.
• Conserves land fill spaces, reduces the need for new landfills and their associated costs.
• Saves energy and reduces the environmental impact of producing new materials.
• Proves economic
4.2 Barriers:
• Quality assurance and quality maintenance can be challenging.
• Impurities in reclaimed materials can result in decreased stability and strength.
• Dust generation during aggregate retrieval may possess hazards to workers and
environment
5. COST SAVING
The economical aspect of using reclaimed aggregate is illustrated through an example: [7]
Consider an existing four-lane national highway with a total length of 120 km which is to be
made a six-laned highway. Due to construction of under passes and flyovers a total of about 30
km of the existing four lanes of bituminous pavement will get buried if not reclaimed and
recycled. The total tonnage of bitumen, which will be buried, is estimated to be about 7,000 tons
which has a value of more than 22 crore rupees. The total tonnage of aggregate in the bituminous
pavement, which will also get buried, is estimated to be about 165,000 tons which has a value of
over 6 crore rupees. So we will have a gross savings of over 28 crore rupees. The estimated cost
of cold milling and transport of RAP to hot mix plant for recycling is about 8 crores. Therefore, a
net saving of rupees 20 crores can be realized on this six-laning project if hot mix recycling is
implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). There are many projects of
this nature which can save us hundreds of crores. The one-time cost of modifying an existing
asphalt batch plant to do hot mix recycling in India is only 20 lakhs rupees.
Besides huge savings in cost, we will also have to obtain less virgin aggregate from our stone
quarries and also will have to import less crude oil to produce the paving bitumen. In some states
such as Punjab and Haryana where stone quarries are prohibited, aggregate is transported from
the neighboring states covering over 150 km that makes the aggregate very expensive.
4. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
148
Reclaimed aggregates obtained from demolition material can reduce the cost of transporting the
material to the landfill. The expense needed for the disposal can be minimized. Also the cost of
processing natural aggregate can be avoided. The use of aggregates from reclaimed asphalt
pavement also minimizes transportation cost.
6. MATERIAL CHARACTERISATION
Reclaimed aggregate for conducting laboratory investigation was collected from various
demolition sites. The sieve analysis of the demolition waste gave the following results
Table 1- Gradation of aggregates from sieve analysis
Figure 1:Particle size distribution curve
Sample 1-Flat demolition waste
Sample 2-House demolition waste
Sample 3-Shop demolition waste
The particle size distribution curve suggested that the demolition waste showed similar grain size
distribution irrespective of the source. The obtained material was greyish black in appearance.
The test sample was shaped angular with a rough texture due to the hand crushing.
5. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
149
7. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION
Table 2 Test Results [4][3] [2]
Sl
No.
Property Test Result Standard IS
Code
1 Specific Gravity Specific Gravity 2.5-2.72 2.6-2.8 IS
2386
Part
III
2 Toughness Impact Test 25-27% Maximum 24% IS
2386
Part
IV
3 Porosity Water Absorption 0.3-2% Maximum 2% IS
2386
Part
III
4 Shape Combined Flakiness and
Elongation Index
26% Maximum 35% IS
2386
Part I
5 Hardness Los Angeles Abrasion
Test
27% Maximum 30% IS
2386
Part
V
8. MIX DESIGN
8.1 Bituminous Macadam
8.1.1 Materials
a.Broken stone aggregate 20 mm and down (Aggregate A)
b.Broken stone aggregate 12 mm and down (Aggregate B)
c.Broken stone aggregate 6 mm and down (Aggregate C)
d. Quarry sand (Aggregate D)
e. Bitumen -60/70 grade
6. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
150
8.1.2 Grading of Aggregates supplied
Table 3Gradation of aggregates and their blends for bituminous mixture
Sieve
Size
(mm)
Percentage Passing AdoptedGrading
A: B: C: D
Specified
Grading
(Table
500.7)
Grading2
AggA Agg B Agg C Agg D
26.5 100 100 100 100 100 100
19 93.9 100 100 100 97.87 90-100
13.2 16.4 92.3 100 100 68.82 56-88
4.75 0.7 6.9 69.1 100 16.8 16-36
2.36 0.3 2.55 47.55 16.6 16.66 4-19
0.3 0 0.85 8.5 15.3 4.3 2-10
0.075 0 0 0 0 0 0-8
8.1.3 Mix Proportioning
Based on calculations, the proportions which satisfied the requirements given in table 500.7 of
MORTH specification for grading 2 aggregates are as follows:
Aggregate A : 35%
Aggregate B : 25%
Aggregate C : 30%
Aggregate D : 10%
As per Table 500.7 of MORTH specifications fifth edition (2013) bitumen content % by weight
of total mixture is 3.4
Optimum Binder Content : 3.4% by weight of total mix
: 3.5 % by weight of aggregate
Table 4 Materials required
Materials % by weight of mix
Aggregate A-20 mm 33.8
Aggregate A-12 mm 24.2
Aggregate A- 6 mm 28.9
Aggregate A- Dust 9.7
Bitumen 3.4
8.2 Bituminous Concrete
8.2.1 Materials
a.Broken stone aggregate 12 mm and down (Aggregate A)
7. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
151
b.Broken stone aggregate 6 mm and down (Aggregate B)
c. Quarry sand (Aggregate C)
d. Bitumen -60/70 grade
8.2.2 Grading of Aggregates supplied
Table 5Gradation of aggregates and their blends for bituminous mixture
Sieve
Size
(mm)
Percentage Passing AdoptedGrading
A: B: C: D
Specified
Grading
(Table
500.7)
Grading2
Agg A Agg B Agg C
26.5 100 100 100 100 100
19 100 100 100 100 100
9.5 92.3 100 100 97.69 70-88
4.75 6.9 69.1 100 62.8 53-71
2.36 2.55 47.55 16.6 21.67 21-58
0.3 0.85 8.5 15.3 8.925 8-28
0.075 0 0 0 0 0-10
8.2.2 Mix Proportioning
Based on calculations, the proportions which satisfied the requirements given in table 500.17 of
MORTH specification for grading two aggregates are as follows:
Aggregate A : 30%
Aggregate B : 30%
Aggregate C : 40%
8.2.2.1 Determination of optimum binder content
To determine the optimum binder content for a particular gradation of aggregates by Marshall
Method, test specimen were prepared with binder contents 4.5, 5, 5.5 & 6 percentages by weight
of mix. For each binder content, three specimens were prepared and tested under the specified
conditions.
Based on the observations, graphs were plotted with bitumen content on the X-axis and following
values on Y-axis.
1. Marshall stability value
2. Flow value
3. Unit weight
4. Percentage weight in total mix.
5. Voids filled with bitumen.
8. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
152
From the graphs, optimum binder content was found out.
Optimum binder content : 6% by weight of total mix
: 6.4% by weight of aggregate
8.2.5 Job Mix Formula
The properties of mix corresponding to optimum binder content are as follows:
Table 6. Job Mix Formula
Description Test Results Requirements as per
Table 500.11 of MORTH
specifications
Remarks
Optimum binder
content
(% of total mix)
6 Minimum 5.4 Satisfies
Marshall stability value
(kN)
14 Minimum 12 Satisfies
Marshall flow value
(mm)
3 2.5 to 4 Satisfies
Table 7 Materials required
Materials % by weight of mix
Aggregate A-12 mm 28.2
Aggregate A- 6 mm 28.2
Aggregate A- Dust 37.6
Bitumen 6
9. CONCLUSION
Test results confirm that reclaimed aggregate is a good substitute for fresh aggregate. In
conclusion Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Reclaimed Cement Aggregate are not waste
products and contributes in conserving natural resources and providing more miles of pavement
from available revenues. As virgin resources become more limited and prices rise, the use of
reclaimed aggregate in pavement construction is definitely an eco-friendly innovation
9. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.3, No.2, June 2016
153
REFERENCES
[1] Khushbu M. Vyas & Shruti B. Khara, (2013) “Technical Viability of using Reclaimed Asphalt
Pavement in Ahmedabad BRTS Corridor for Base Course”, ISSN: 0975-6760, Vol. 02, No. 02,
pp307-312.
[2] S. K. Khanna, C.E.G Justo & A. Veeraraghavan (2014) Highway Engineering,Nem Chand & Bros
Publishers.
[3] “Specification for Road & Bridge Works” (Fourth Revision), Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport
&Highways (MOSR&TH), Section: 400 Sub bases, bases (Non Bituminous) and shoulders, Published
By“Indian Road Congress”, New Delhi – 2001.
[4] “IRC 29-1988 Specification for Bituminous Concrete (Asphaltic Concrete) for Road Pavements”,
Published By“Indian Road Congress”, New Delhi – 1998.
[5] S. M. Mhlongo, O. S. Abiola, J. M. Ndambuki1 &W. K. Kupolati1,(2014) ‘Use of Recycled Asphalt
Materials for Sustainable Construction and Rehabilitation of Roads’
[6] Eric J. McGarrah, (2007) “Evaluation of Current Practices of Reclaimed Asphalt
Pavement/VirginAggregate as Base Course Material”, Washington State Department of
Transportation, WA-RD 713.1, pp. 1-30
[7] Prithvi Singh Kandhal, (2012)“Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements, Its Long Overdue In India”
Authors
[1] Dr. Soosan George T . - Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Department of Civil
Engineering, Kothamangalam, Kerala
[2] Susan P. Rajan -Graduate Student, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering,
Depatment Of Civil Engineering, Kothamangalam,Kerala
[3] K. N. Ameena Nesreen - Graduate Student, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering,
Depatment of Civil Engineering, Kothamangalam,Kerala
[4] Sarathlal G. -Graduate Student, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering,
Depatment of Civil Engineering, Kothamangalam,Kerala
[5]Nithin Thomas -Graduate Student, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering,
Depatment of Civil Engineering, Kothamangalam,Kerala