The document outlines various biosynthetic pathways in plants, focusing on secondary metabolites important for herbal industries, including alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, coumarins, and terpenoids. It emphasizes the shikimic acid, acetate, and amino acid pathways, along with the use of radioactive isotopes in biogenetic studies. Additionally, the document discusses the biosynthesis of compounds such as pyridine, anthracene glycosides, steroidal glycosides, and flavonoidal glycosides.

1. BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS
By: Swapnil S. Tirmanwar
Priyadarshini J.L.College of Pharmacy ,
Nagpur.
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2. 2
1.Biosynthetic pathways and Radio tracing techniques:
Constituents & their Biosynthesis,
Isolation, Characterization and purification with a
special reference to
their importance in herbal industries of following phyto-
pharmaceuticals containing drugs:
a) Alkaloids: Ephedrine, Quinine, Strychynine, Piperine,
Berberine, Taxol, Vinca alkoloids.
b) Glycosides: Digitoxin, Glycyrrhizin, Sennosides,
Bacosides, Quercitin.
c) Steroids: Hecogenin, guggulosterone and
withanolides
d) Coumarin: Umbelliferone.
e) Terpenoids: Cucurbitacins
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3. 3
Metabolic pathways in higher plants and their
determination
a) Brief Study of basic metabolic pathways and
formation of different secondary metabolites through
these pathways-
Shikimic acid pathway,
Acetate pathways and
Amino acid pathway.
b) Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the
investigation of Biogenetic studies.
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4. Metabolic pathways in higher plants &their
determination
a) Brief study of basic metabolic pathways and
formation of different secondary metabolites
through these pathways- Shikimic acid pathway,
Acetate pathways and Amino acid pathway.
b) Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the
investigation of Biogenetic studies.
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5. 5
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6. Plant Metabolism
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7. 7
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8. 8
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9. 9
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10. 10
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11. 11
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12. 12
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13. 13
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14. Biosynthetic Pathways
1. Acetate
Mevalonate Pathway
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15. 16
Biosynthetic pathway
2. Acetate Malonate Pathway
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16. C
H3
O
S.CoA
O
S.CoA
OOC
C
H3
O
S-ACP
O
S-ACP
OOC
Acetyl CoA Malonyl CoA
S
O O
ACP
S-ACP
O
S-ACP
O
S-ACP
O
Acetyl ACP
Acetoacetyl ACP
Palmitolyl-ACP
Palmitic acid
Stearoyl ACP
Stearic acid
Oleic acid
(16:1)
Oleoyl ACP
S-ACP
O
S-ACP
O
S-ACP
O
Linoleioyl ACP
Linolenoyl ACP
Linoleic acid
(16:2)
Linolenic acid
(16:3)
Arachidonic acid
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17. Biosynthetic pathway
3. Shikimic Acid Pathway
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18. COOH
C
CH3
O PO3H2
+
CHO
C
C
OH
H
H OH
H2PO3OH2C
COOH
C
CH2
CHOH
O
CHOH
CHOH
CH2OPO3H2
COOH
O
H
O OH
O
H
COOH
O OH
O
H
HOOC
OH
O
H
O
H
O
CH2
COOH
HOOC
O
H
HOOC CH2
C O
COOH
H
O
H
COOH
NH2
N
H
COOH
NH2
H2C
C O
COOH
H2C
C O
COOH
O
H
Erythrose- 4 -Phosphate
2- keto-3-deoxy-7-phospho-D-glucoheptonic acid
3-Dehydro shikimic acid
3-Dehydroquinic acid
Shikimic acid
Chorismic acid
Prephenic acid
Anthranillic acid
p-hydroxy phenyl
pyruvic acid
Phenyl-pyruvic acid
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine Tyrosine
Phosphoenol Pyruvate
COOH
NH2
O
H
COOH
NH2
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Amino Acid Pathway
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N
H
N
H
pyrrolidine pyrrole
N
H
N
piperidine pyridine
N
N N
H
quinoline isoquinoline indole
N
H
dihydroindole
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N N
N
H
N
quinolizidine pyrrolizidine tropane
benzylisoquinoline
N
N N
N
H
purine
C C N
-phenylethylamine
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23. 24
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24. 25
GLUCOSE  GLUC-6-PHOSPHATE    RIB-5-PHOS→ HIS


3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE  SERINE
 
 GLYCINE
E-4-PHOS + PEP CYSTEINE
 
PHE→TYR PYRUVATE  ALA
TRP  VAL
CITRATE LEU, ILE
↓
OXALOACETATE, -KETOGLUTARATE
ASP, ASN, GLU, GLN, PRO, ARG, LYS, THR, MET
AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW
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25. 26
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26. 27
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27. 28
Biosynthesis of Pyridine from
Tryptophan
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28. 29
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29. Biosynthesis of
Anthracene
Glycosides
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30. H3C COOH
CH3
HOOC
H3C
COOH
H3C
COOH
H3C
COOH
CH3
HOOC
CH3
HOOC
CH3
HOOC
O
O
O
O
O
O
Enz-So
O
O
OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
O
8 Acetate units
Anthrone
Polyketide
Endocrocin
Emodin
Enolization oxidation
Decarboxylation
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31. Biosynthesis of Steroidal Glycosides
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34. 35
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35. 36
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36. 37
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37. Biosynthesis of Flavonoidal glycosides
Shikimic acid Pathway
P-coumaric acid
A polyketide
Chalcone
Flavanone
Aurone Dihydroflavanol Isoflavone Flavone
Catechin Anthocyanin Flavonol
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38. 39
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39. 40
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